Nasal Cavity Of Pigs Research Articles

A study of air quality and respiratory infections in pigs raised in confinement

Air quality, respiratory disease, and growth rate were followed in four different farrowing and nursery systems. Ammonia levels varied with ambient air temperature, but were within normally accepted levels (25 ppm). These levels of ammonia did not appear to affect the health or performance of the pigs raised in these units. Hydrogen sulfide levels were consistently low. Counts of bacterial colony forming particles (BCFP) varied and the organisms identified were predominantly micrococci. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from nasal cavities of pigs from 3 out of 4 farms. Three of the farms did not have evidence of atrophic rhinitis; pigs farrowed in the last quarter of the test year on one farm from which B. bronchiseptica was isolated developed lesions of atrophic rhinitis. The B. bronchiseptica isolates from the 3 farms were virulent for gnotobiotic piglets. Groups of pigs for slaughter inspection from one farm had lungs with 11–28% pneumonic lesions; these lesions were not typical of mycoplasmal pneumonia.

The recovery of Bordetella bronchiseptica strains by means of smears from the nasal cavities of pigs

The paper presents results obtained from a study on the recovery of Bordetella bronchiseptica strains from the nasal cavities of pigs by means of tampon smears. There are several important factors influencing the reliability of recovery: restraining of animals, thorough disinfection of the snout about the nostrils prior to the taking of samples, correct method of sample collection using suitable tampons, suitable culture media for cultivation, correct cultivation method and diagnostic procedure for the isolation and identification of grown cultures.

Isolation of Mycoplasma suipneumoniae from the Nasal Cavities and Lungs of Pigs Affected with Enzootic Pneumonia or Exposed to this Infection

Summary Samples from the nasal cavities and lungs of pigs that had been experimentally inoculated with lung suspensions derived from cases of enzootic pneumonia, or of pigs that had been housed in both direct and indirect contact with this disease, were cultured for Mycoplasma suipneumoniae. The mycoplasma was regularly recovered from pneumonic lesions, but it was also recovered from the lungs of 3 out of 21 pigs that did not show pneumonic lesions. M. suipneumoniae was frequently recovered from the nasal cavities of pigs with pneumonia, but it was also recovered from the nasal cavities of one third of the inoculated pigs that did not have pneumonia. Nasal washings yielded M. suipneumoniae much less frequently than pieces of nasal mucosa, and in no case was a nasal washing positive when the nasal mucosa was negative. A group of uninoculatcd pigs housed in continuous close contact with cases of enzootic pneumonia, failed to develop pneumonia, and M. suipneumoniae was not cultured from their lungs or nasal mucosae. Some evidence was obtained to suggest that previous exposure to M. suipneumoniae, without the induction of pneumonia, might have resulted in an immunity to challenge with infective lung suspensions. One small experiment indicated that tylosin, given at the time of infection, might reduce the incidence and extent of the pneumonia.

The Morphology and Incidence of the Trichomonads of Swine, Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond), Tritrichomonas rotunda, n. sp. And Trichomonas buttreyi, n.sp.*

SYNOPSIS.A Tritrichomonas foetus‐likt flagellate was found in the stomach, small intestine, and cecum as well as in the nasal cavity of pigs. Xo appreciable differences in morphology or response to cultivation could be found among the trichomonads from the different sites; therefore, it is considered that they.belong to a single species, Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond). a description of which is given. This organism could be grown indefinitely in various media, and, after a short period of cultivation, it was the only species surviving in cultures that originated from cecal samples containing 2 or 3 species. T. suis was found in the nasal cavity in 55 of 100 pigs, in the stomach in 41 (8.0%) of 512, in the small intestine in 3 of 100. and in the cecum in 215 (43.370) of 496. A T. batrachorum‐type trichomonad, herein described as Tritrichomonas rotunda n. sp., was found in the cecum in 52 (10.5%) of 496 pigs. This species is typically broadly pyriform or rotund (average length 8.95 ± 0.83 ii, range, 6.83‐11.4), with 3 equal or subequal anterior flagella slightly longer than the body, a relatively low undulating membrane extending y2 to 2/1 of the length of the body, and a posterior free flagellum usually a little shorter than the body. The narrow axostyle, expanded anteriorly into a curved capitulum closely associated with the large, spherical, anteriorly located nucleus, projects from the posterior surface of the flagellate for a distance which equals about 2/3 half of the body length. The parabasal apparatus is biramus. This species could be maintained only temporarily in media not containing extracts of cecal contents. A Trichomonas pronazeki‐typt flagellate, found in the cecum in 126 (25.4%) of 496 pigs and in the small intestine in 1 of 100. is described as Trichomonas buttreyi n. sp. This organism is relatively small (average length 5.92 ± 0.79 μ, range 4.55‐7.49). ellipsoidal in shape, with 5 to 4 flagella up to twice as long as the body, a relatively high undulating membrane of body length, a narrow axostyle with an inconspicuous capitulum closely associated with the usually oval nucleus, a projecting part of the axostyle that equals about j; of the body length, and a disc‐shaped parabasal body lying dorso‐lateral to the nucleus. In media without cecal extract this species could not be subcultured.