Narrow Particle Size Distribution Research Articles

Optical Constants of Martian Dust Analogs at UV–Visible–Near-infrared Wavelengths

We present an advanced light-scattering model to retrieve the optical constants of three Martian dust analogs: Johnson Space Center regolith simulant, Enhanced Mojave Mars Simulant, and Mars Global Simulant. The samples are prepared to have narrow particle-size distributions within the geometric-optics domain. We carry out laboratory measurements to obtain the particle-size distributions, shapes, and diffuse reflectance spectra of the Martian analogs deposited on a surface. Our model framework includes a ray-optics code to compute scattering properties for individual particles, and a radiative-transfer treatment to simulate the surface. The irregular shapes of the dust particles are taken into account in the model. We compare our derived imaginary parts of the refractive indices with those in the literature and find that they are much smaller than the ones that are commonly used for Martian dust. A sensitivity study shows that the retrieved optical constants are sensitive to the particle shape, which needs to be accounted for in applications that use different shapes. Finally, the derived values are validated by using them to reproduce the reflectance spectrum of the Martian surface regolith as observed by the Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery instrument on board the ExoMars mission.

Comparison of size distributions of recovered particles generated from Ag wire in air by pulsed wire discharge and electric explosion of wire methods

Electric explosion of a wire (EEW) with discharge and pulsed wire discharge (PWD) are essential methods for producing nanosized and micronized metal particles. The study of Ag particle size distributions is important for Ag particle recovery from photovoltaic panel sheets using these methods performed in previous studies. In this study, we examined the size distributions of Ag particles generated from an Ag wire in air by EEW and PWD to clarify the difference between, and effects of these methods on particle generation. The particle size distribution generated in PWD was concentrated in a narrower range. The simulation results suggest that volume expansion occurred for a liquidized Ag wire in EEW and for a gasified Ag wire in PWD. Visualized images of processes and current waveforms in EEW and PWD indicated that after the wire explosion the restrike with plasma occurred in the expanding Ag particles in air in PWD. These results suggest that the narrower particle size distribution obtained in PWD may be attributable to monodisperse powderization by plasma evaporation of the gasified wire. These results show that PWD with plasma of an Ag wire in air effectively creates particles that are more monodispersed than those formed by EEW.

Imidazole-octyl mixed-mode stationary phase based on macroporous silica for the purification of ovomucoid and ovotransferrin.

A process-simplified hard template approach was established to synthesize the monodisperse macroporous silica microspheres with homogeneous structures by twice alkali-thermal treatment and calcination routes. Porous vinyl-functionalized polysesquioxane microspheres (V-PMSQ) were synthesized through a hydrolyzation-polycondensation method and used as templates. The template particles with large aperture and high pore volume were obtained by adjusting the pH value and reaction time of the twice alkali-thermal reaction. After calcination, monodisperse silica microspheres with an average pore size of 30nm, homogeneous pore structures, and narrow particle size distribution were fabricated, which can be directly used as chromatographic matrices without classification. After that, a new reversed-phase/strong anion-exchange (RP/SAX) mixed-mode stationary phase Sil-S-VOIM was prepared by bonding the 1-vinyl-3-octyl-imidazole ligands to the above silica microspheres through a "thiol-ene" click reaction. The performance of the Sil-S-VOIM column was evaluated by one acidic protein (transferrin) and two basic proteins (lysozyme, α-chymotrypsin) and compared to a single imidazole-modified Sil-S-VIM column and an octyl-modified Sil-C8 column, respectively. Due to the synergistic effect of electrostatic repulsion and hydrophobic interactions, baseline separations of the above proteins were observed only on the Sil-S-VOIM column, with resolutions of 2.55 and 2.01 between lysozyme and transferrin, and between transferrin and α-chymotrypsin, respectively, indicating good selectivity and separation ability compared with single-mode stationary phases. It was applied to the isolation of egg white samples with peaks identified by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS. The results showed that the selective retention and isolation of ovomucoid and ovotransferrin were successfully achieved, with yields of 78.8% and 67.2%, respectively. The protocol described in this work is simpler, faster, and has higher protein recovery. Overall, this new mixed-mode stationary phase provided a promising potential for the separation and determination of intact proteins.

Investigating the synergistic effects of high-pressure homogenization and pH shifting on the formation of tryptophan-rich nanoparticles

A combined treatment of high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and pH-shifting on the mixture of α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and tryptophan (Trp) was used to fabricate nanoparticles (α-LA-Trp-NP). The optimal α-LA/Trp ratio (5:1), HPH pressure (206.8 MPa), and recirculation time (40 min) was found to produce small α-LA-Trp-NP (243.0 ± 7.2 nm) with a narrow particle size distribution. Comparing the size and morphology of α-LA-NPs with α-LA-Trp-NPs indicated that the presence of Trp significantly affected the size and morphology of the NPs in the dry form. The stability of the α-LA-Trp-NPs was improved by using the combination of HPH and pH-shifting. The α-LA-Trp-NPs showed better freeze–thaw stability and retained the particle characteristics with heat treatment at 63 °C, 30 min after the freeze–thaw cycle. α-LA-Trp-NPs were also observed to have remarkable stability against pH changes and thermal treatments at 63 °C, 30 min, and 90 °C, 2 min.

Preparation of spherical tungsten powder with uniform distribution of lanthania by plasma spheroidization

The high ductile-brittle transition temperature of tungsten (W) makes it prone to crack during additive manufacturing. Incorporating lanthania (La2O3) to tungsten had been proven to be an efficient way to solve the cracking problem. However, the current incorporation methods are often accompanied by problems such as uneven dispersion of lanthania. In this study, W-La2O3 spherical powder with uniform distribution of lanthania was successfully prepared by spray granulation, heat treatment, and plasma spheroidization. The morphology, particle size distribution, flowability, apparent density, and element distribution of W-La2O3 powder at different stages were studied. The results show that the final obtained W-La2O3 powder has smooth surface and narrow particle size distribution, which also has excellent flowability (8.2 s/50 g) and apparent density (10.7 g/cm3). Moreover, it was observed that the plasma spheroidization resulted in the decrease of lanthania content in the powder, and the law of variation of lanthania content was obtained by the linear fitting method. The spheroidization mechanism of W-La2O3 composite powders was also proposed by studying the microstructure of incompletely spheroidized powders and the change of lanthania content.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EVALUATIONS OF TOPICAL RADIANCE SERUM CONTAINING NANOEMULSION COMBINATION OF ASTAXANTHIN AND ZEAXANTHIN: DESIGNED AS ANTI-WRINKLE AND SKIN-BRIGHTENING SERUM

Objective: The present study was conducted to formulate and evaluate the radiance serum containing the combination of astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion designed for anti-wrinkle and skin brightening serum by topical route of administration. Methods: The nanoemulsion containing astaxanthin and zeaxanthin was prepared using the self-nano emulsifying method, followed by incorporation into the radiance serum by the conventional mixing method. The quantity and ratio of surfactant, co-surfactant, and oil phase have been optimized in the previous study, as well as the radiance serum formula. The evaluation of the nanoemulsion and radiance serum was carried out by physical and chemical characterization. At the end of the study, an antioxidant activity of the serum containing nanoemulsion of astaxanthin and zeaxanthin was performed by DPPH method and the antioxidant activity was compared to its pure forms. The evaluation of the ex vivo permeation study was carried out to evaluate its possibility as an anti-wrinkle and skin brightener. Results: An astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion had a good physical properties with a globule size around of 20 nm (narrow particle size distribution), an entrapment efficiency range greater than 85%, and had a spherical morphology. The radiance serum had a good organoleptic and spreadability with the semifluid characteristic. Based on the result of antioxidant activity, the radiance serum had a highly active antioxidant activity. The radiance serum contained of astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion of 1% concentration, astaxanthin had a 2-6 times cumulative released compared than zeaxanthin (p<0.05) and all of the formulations exhibited a high skin permeation significantly. Conclusion: A formulation of nanoemulsion-based serum containing astaxanthin and zeaxanthin for topical delivery has been successfully developed. Based on the results of physical evaluation and especially from the permeation study, it seems that radiance serum containing astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion was potential to be used as an anti-wrinkle and skin brightening, however this function must be proven in further research.

A surprisingly narrow particle size distribution for polyacrylic acid nanospheres produced by precipitation polymerization and revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering

A surprisingly narrow particle size distribution for polyacrylic acid nanospheres produced by precipitation polymerization and revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering

Microscopic dissolution process of cellulose in alkaline aqueous solvents and its application in CNFs extraction - Investigating temperature as a variable

The target of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the micro-dissolution process of cellulose in alkaline aqueous solutions and to develop a novel method for extracting cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Herein, the dissolution process of cellulose in alkaline aqueous solutions will be controlled by varying the temperature, and the undissolved cellulose will be analyzed to reveal the microscopic dissolution process of cellulose, and a novel process for extracting cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) will be developed based on the findings. The crystalline structure of cellulose was gradually disrupted as the dissolution progressed, and the crystal form of cellulose changed gradually from cellulose I to cellulose II during the dissolution process, while all undissolved cellulose crystals remained as cellulose I. Cellulose, after its structure is disrupted during the dissolution process, will inevitably decompose into CNFs, and the microscopic dissolution process of cellulose follows a “top-down” dissolution sequence. The CNFs extraction method developed in this study can extract CNFs with high yield (>60 %) in a stable manner, as well as narrow particle size distribution, high crystallinity (>77 %), and good thermal stability. This study enhances the comprehension of the dissolution process of cellulose and paves a possible way for industrialization of CNFs production.

Multistep Extraction Transformation of Spent Coffee Grounds to the Cellulose-Based Enzyme Immobilization Carrier

The present study investigated the possibility of spent coffee ground (SCG) transformation to a cellulose-based enzyme immobilization carrier using a multistep extraction procedure. In the first step, SCGs were extracted with n-hexane by Soxhlet extraction in order to obtain SCG oil, while the remaining solid residue was subjected to continuous solvent flow sequential subcritical extraction with 96% and 50% ethanol and water. Afterwards, the obtained solid residue was subjected to alkaline liquefaction with 8% NaOH in order to remove lignin and produce cellulose-enriched SCGs as a potential enzyme immobilization carrier. Multistep extraction transformation of SCGs was monitored by chemical analysis of extracts and obtained solid residues. Soxhlet extraction of 100 g of SCGs yielded 10.58 g of SCG oil rich in linoleic and palmitic acid, while continuous solvent flow sequential subcritical extraction of 100 g of defatted SCGs yielded a total of 1.63 g of proteins, 5.58 g of sugars, 204 mg of caffeine, 76 mg of chlorogenic acid, and 11.97 mg of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural. Alkaline liquefaction of 100 g of sequentially extracted defatted SCGs by 8% NaOH yielded 7.45 g of proteins, 8.63 g of total polyphenols, 50.73 g of sugars, and 20.83 g of cellulose-enriched SCGs. Based on the characteristics of cellulose-enriched SCGs including a volume-weighted mean particle size of 277 μm, relative narrow particle size distribution with a span value of 1.484, water holding capacity of 7.55 mL/g, and a lack of carrier leakage, it could be safely concluded that produced cellulose-enriched SCGs fulfills criteria to be used as potential enzyme immobilization carrier. Overall, it seems that the proposed multistep extraction transformation of SCGs has great potential to be used for the production of several high-value added products.

SDS-capped 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde nanoprobe for selective detection of Cu2+ ion from water samples: Spectroscopic approach.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-capped 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde nanoparticles (PyalNPs) were prepared using a reprecipitation method in an aqueous medium and exhibited red-shifted aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE). The dynamic light scattering (DLS) examination showed narrower particle size distribution with an average particle size of 41 nm, whereas -34.5mV zeta potential value indicate the negative surface charge and good stability of nanoparticles (NPs) in an aqueous medium. The AIEE was seen at λmax = 473 nm in a fluorescence spectrum of a PyalNP suspension. In the presence of Cu2+ ions, the fluorescence of PyalNPs quenches very significantly, even in the presence of other metal ions like Ba2+ , Ca2+ , Cd2+ , Co2+ , Al3+ , Fe2+ , Hg2+ , Ni2+ and Mg2+ . The changes in the fluorescence lifetime of PyalNPs in the presence of Cu2+ ions suggested that the type of quenching was dynamic. The fluorescence quenching data for the NPs suspension fitted well into a typical Stern-Volmer relationship in the concentration range 1.0-25 μg/ml of Cu2+ ions. The estimated value of the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9877 was close to 1 and showed the linear relationship between quenching data and Cu2+ ion concentration. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.94 ng/ml and is far below the tolerable intake limit value of 1.3μg/ml accepted by the World Health Organization for Cu2+ ions in drinking water. The fluorescence quenching approach for a SDS-capped Pyal nanosuspension for copper ion quantification is of high specificity and coexisting ions were found to interfere very negligibly. The developed method was successfully applied for the estimation of copper ions in river water samples.

Fabrication of Novel Crosslinking Carboxylic Styrene-Acrylate Latices as Binders for Exterior Flexible Facing Tiles.

To overcome the shortcomings of the temperature sensitivity of exterior flexible facing tiles (EFFIs), a series of crosslinking carboxylic styrene-acrylate (SA) latices were prepared via the semicontinuous seed emulsion polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylic acid (AA), butyl acrylate (BA), and styrene (St), and were applied as binders to fabricate EFFTs with mineral powder. The obtained latices exhibited Bragg diffraction because of the narrow particle size distribution. Owing to the low dosage of emulsifiers and the crosslinking reaction between the epoxy group and the carboxyl group, the latex films displayed excellent water resistance, with water adsorption as low as 7.1%. The tensile test, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) test, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicated that at a GMA dosage of 4-6% the latex films had high mechanical strengths, which remained relatively stable in the temperature range of 10 to 40 °C. The optimal AA dosage was found in the range of 2 to 3%, at which the wet mixture exhibited good processability, conducive to forming an EFFT with a compact microstructure. Using the optimal SA latex, the obtained EFFT displayed a series of improved performances, including low water absorption, high mechanical strength, and stable self-supporting ability over a wide temperature range, exhibiting the application potential in the decoration and construction industries.

Continuous Flow Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol Using Palladium@Mesoporous TiO2 Core@Shell Nanoparticles

Palladium@mesoporous titania core@shell nanoparticles with uniform and narrow particle size distribution were synthesised using a four component ‘‘water in oil’’ microemulsion system. The prepared materials were well characterised using N2 adsorption–desorption measurements, temperature program oxidation, X-ray diffraction, ICP-OES, DRS UV-Vis, PL, TGA and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The core@shell nanoparticles showed very good absorption in both the UV and visible regions and a low bandgap, indicating that the prepared materials are visible-light-active, unlike the pristine TiO2 P25. The activity of the prepared materials was evaluated in the photodegradation of phenol using both UV and visible light, in batch and continuous flow trickle-bed and Taylor flow photoreactors. The prepared 2%Pd@mTiO2 core@shell nanoparticles showed better photocatalytic performance for phenol degradation in visible light in comparison to pristine TiO2 P25 and conventional 0.5%Pd/TiO2 P25 catalysts. The TiO2 P25 and conventional 0.5%Pd/TiO2 P25 catalysts showed gradual catalyst deactivation due to photocorrosion, the deposition of intermediates and Pd metal leaching. In comparison, the 2%Pd@mTiO2 catalyst showed higher catalyst stability and reusability. The 2%Pd@mTiO2 catalysts showed very high and stable phenol degradation (97% conversion) in continuous flow over 52 h. The results showed the feasibility of utilising the developed continuous Taylor flow photoreactor for phenol degradation or as a wastewater treatment plant.

The Influence of Wet Granulation Parameters on the Compaction Behavior and Tablet Strength of a Hydralazine Powder Mixture.

The aim of this paper was to describe the influence of high-shear wet granulation process parameters on tablet tensile strength and compaction behavior of a powder mixture and granules containing hydralazine. The hydralazine powder mixture and eight types of granules were compacted into tablets and evaluated using the Heckel, Kawakita and Adams analyses. The granules were created using two types of granulation liquid (distilled water and aqueous solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone), at different impeller speeds (500 and 700 rpm) and with different wet massing times (without wet massing and for 2 min). Granulation resulted in improved compressibility, reduced dustiness and narrower particle-size distribution. A significant influence of wet massing time on parameters from the Kawakita and Adams analysis was found. Wet massing time had an equally significant effect on tablet tensile strength, regardless of the granulation liquid used. Granules formed with the same wet massing time showed the same trends in tabletability graphs. Tablets created using a single-tablet press (batch compaction) and an eccentric tablet press showed opposite values of tensile strength. Tablets from granules with a higher bulk density showed lower strength during batch compaction and, conversely, higher strength during eccentric tableting.

Reducing total nitrogen and dimethyl sulfide content of dry malt extract powder via spray-freeze drying method

Abstract Dry malt extract (DME) is powder prepared by dehydrating the wort, which is mainly produced by spray drying on the market. In addition, the beer industry has problems with the nitrogen content of wort, which is not easily controlled, and with the undesired volatile dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which is caused unpleasant odors in beer. In this study, DME was prepared using spray-freeze drying (SFD) technology by comparing with freeze dried DME and spray dried DME. The results show that SFD can be used as a novel engineering technique to improve the physical properties of DME having a narrow particle size distribution as well as high solubility and flowability. The freezing process was found to migrate proteins to the droplet surface by elemental analysis, and the drying process partially modified the surface protein and SFD powder fragility characteristics to achieve the purpose of reducing nitrogen content in DME.

Numerical investigation of wide continuous particle size distribution on the supersonic powder loading oxygen jet

Supersonic oxygen-powder jet injection has spanned wide range of operations in chemical engineering. However, the ubiquitous polydispersity of solid powder known to exert different flow behavior than the monodisperse counterpart has not been revealed. In this work, numerical simulation of the supersonic oxygen-powder jet injection via the Laval nozzle is performed under the Eulerian-Lagrangian framework to explore the impact of wide continuous size distribution of solid phase on the gas-solid hydrodynamics. Specifically, the gas phase is solved using the Eulerian method, while the particle motion is tracked under the Lagrangian framework. The numerical model is well validated with the experimental measurements. The results reveal that the blending of particles restricts the gas phase expansion, leading to the obvious reduction of gas velocity and increase of gas temperature. Additionally, a narrow particle size distribution (PSD) width corresponds to a higher proportion of large particles, inducing stronger vortices and hindering gas phase expansion. With regard to solid phase, the penetration ability of particles is significantly enhanced within the supersonic gas flow by accelerating the particle velocity to about 300 m/s. Furthermore, particles with wider PSD exhibit increased sensitivity to interphase interaction, particle-particle collisions and lift forces, resulting in higher velocities, lower temperatures along the axial direction and greater dispersion along the radial direction. Lastly, the interphase heat transfer mainly occurs in the convergent section, divergent section, and one nozzle length downstream from the nozzle exit. The findings obtained in this study offer valuable insights for industrial applications.

Sol-Gel-Controlled Size and Morphology of Mesoporous Silica Microspheres Using Hard Templates.

Mesoporous silica microspheres (MPSMs) represent a promising material as a stationary phase for HPLC separations. The use of hard templates provides a preparation strategy for producing such monodisperse silica microspheres. Here, 15 MPSMs were systematically synthesized by varying the sol-gel reaction parameters of water-to-precursor ratio and ammonia concentration in the presence of a porous p(GMA-co-EDMA) polymeric hard template. Changing the sol-gel process factors resulted in a wide range of MPSMs with varying particle sizes from smaller than one to several micrometers. The application of response surface methodology allowed to derive quantitative predictive models based on the process factor effects on particle size, pore size, pore volume, and specific surface area of the MPSMs. A narrow size distribution of the silica particles was maintained over the entire experimental space. Two larger-scale batches of MPSMs were prepared, and the particles were functionalized with trimethoxy(octadecyl) silane for the application as stationary phase in reversed-phases liquid chromatography. The separation of proteins and amino acids was successfully accomplished, and the effect of the pore properties of the silica particles on separation was demonstrated.

Effect of Ultrafine Cement (UFC) on the Corrosion Resistance of Cement Soil in Peat Soil Environment.

Many peat soils are distributed around plateau lakes, and the reinforcement of peat soils with high organic matter content by ordinary cement cannot meet the actual engineering requirements. In order to obtain better mechanical properties and durability of the reinforcement, this experiment prepared peat soil by mixing humic acid reagent into the alluvial clay soil with low organic matter content. The cement soil samples were prepared by adding cement and ultrafine cement (UFC) by stirring method; the samples were then soaked in fulvic acid solution to simulate the cement soil in the peat soil environment. Using the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, scanning electron microscope (SEM) test, and pores and cracks analysis system (PCAS) test, the effect of UFC content change on cement soil's humic acid erosion resistance was explored, and the optimal UFC content range was sought. The results of the UCS test show that with an increase in immersion time, the strength curves of cement soil samples gradually increase to the peak strength and then decrease. Significant differences in the time correspond to the peak strength, and the overall presentation is two processes: the strength enhancement stage and the corrosion stage of the sample. The incorporation of UFC makes the cement soil in the peat soil environment exhibit excellent corrosion resistance, and the optimal UFC content is 10%. The results of the SEM and PCAS tests show that the microstructure of cement soil after immersion time exceeds 90 days, increases with an increase in immersion time, and its structural connectivity gradually weakens. The excellent characteristics of UFC particles, such as small particle size, narrow particle size distribution, fast hydration reaction rate, high hydration degree, and many hydration products, weakened the adverse effects of humic acid on the cement soil structure to a certain extent. Therefore, although the number of macropores increases, they are not connected. It still presents a relatively compact honeycomb overall structure, which correlates well with the UCS results.

Solvent free continuous hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzene over Pt/amide group grafted AC catalysts

Solvent-free hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzene is considered as the most efficient and cleanest method for the production of chloroanilines which are important intermediates in the medicine, pigment and dye industry. However, it is difficult to suppress the side reaction of dechlorination in the solvent-free hydrogenation process. Herein, a novel Pt /amide group grafted AC catalyst was prepared by covalently grafting N-containing groups on commercial activated carbon which forms amide bond for solvent-free hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzene. Several Pt /amide group grafted AC catalysts grafted with different N-containing groups were prepared and experimental results indicate that Pt /amide group grafted AC catalysts covalently grafted with 1,3-cyclohexanediamine exhibit excellent performance on the suppression of dechlorination. The characterization results reveal that Pt/C catalyst grafted with 1,3-cyclohexanediamine has a narrower particle size distribution and smaller average size in comparison with Pt/C. The catalyst was evaluated in the solvent-free continuous hydrogenation of o-CNB to o-CAN and no dechorinated products was detected and high yield of o-CAN (more than 99.9%) was obtained in the range of 50∼120 ℃ compared with the severe dechlorination using Pt/C catalyst (yield of dechlorinated products≥70%). Additionally, no catalyst deactivation was observed in 200 h and turnover number per mole active metal (12290) is higher than the catalysts reported in the literatures (364∼9280) exhibiting the remarkable stability of Pt/C-N catalyst.

Microfluidics for nano-drug delivery systems: From fundamentals to industrialization.

In recent years, owing to the miniaturization of the fluidic environment, microfluidic technology offers unique opportunities for the implementation of nano drug delivery systems (NDDSs) production processes. Compared with traditional methods, microfluidics improves the controllability and uniformity of NDDSs. The fast mixing and laminar flow properties achieved in the microchannels can tune the physicochemical properties of NDDSs, including particle size, distribution and morphology, resulting in narrow particle size distribution and high drug-loading capacity. The success of lipid nanoparticles encapsulated mRNA vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 by microfluidics also confirmed its feasibility for scaling up the preparation of NDDSs via parallelization or numbering-up. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of microfluidics-based NDDSs, including the fundamentals of microfluidics, microfluidic synthesis of NDDSs, and their industrialization. The challenges of microfluidics-based NDDSs in the current status and the prospects for future development are also discussed. We believe that this review will provide good guidance for microfluidics-based NDDSs.

Alginate-chitosan-microencapsulated tyrosols/oleuropein-rich olive mill waste extract for lipopolysaccharide-induced skin fibroblast inflammation treatment

The Ca2+ ion-driven emulsification-ionotropic gelation method produced chitosan-alginate microspheres (CAMSs) with a narrow particle size distribution (PSD). Particle size distribution and zeta potential studies, as well as spectral electron microscopy, were used to assess the microspheres' physicochemical properties and morphology. The tyrosols (hydroxytyrosol (HT), tyrosol (TY), and oleuropein (OE) were loaded into these microspheres using a polyphenol extract (PPE) from Koroneki olive mill waste (KOMW). The microencapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of microspheres for PPE were 98.8% and 3.9%, respectively. Three simulated fluids, including gastric (pH = 1.2), intestinal (pH = 6.8), and colonic (pH = 7.4), were used to examine how the pH of the releasing medium affected the ability of CAMSs to release bioactive phenols. At a severely acidic pH (1.2, SGF), PPE release is nearly halted, while at pH 6.8 (SCF), release is at its maximum. Additionally, the PPE-CAMPs have ameliorated the endogenous antioxidant content SOD, GST, GPx with significant values from 0.05 to 0.01 in the treated LPS/human skin fibroblast cells. The anti-inflammatory response was appeared through their attenuations activity for the released cytokines TNF-α, IL6, IL1β, and IL 12 with levels significantly from 0.01 to 0.001. Microencapsulation of PPE by CAMPs significantly improved its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities.