Narrow Face Research Articles

Natural selection on anthropometric traits of Estonian girls

Abstract Natural selection is a key mechanism of evolution, which results from the differential reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. We describe fecundity selection on 13 anthropometric traits in a sample of 4000–10,000 of Estonian girls, who were born between 1937 and 1962 and measured at around 13 years of age. Direct selection favoured shorter, slimmer and lighter girls with smaller heads, more masculine facial and body shapes and slower rates of sexual maturation. Selection was stabilizing for weight, body mass index and face roundness. Direct selection was absent on two markers of general health and viability – handgrip strength and vital lung capacity – although these traits experience negative indirect selection due to their association with educational attainment. Similarly, indirect selection, mediated by educational attainment, accounted for a significant portion of selection for girls with smaller heads, narrower faces, and higher shoulder/hip ratios. These traits are thus subject to gene-culture coevolution, in that selection on body dimensions arises via cultural and behavioural mechanisms.

Are buccal corridors and smile width relating to smile esthetics? - A Photometric Study

The present photometric study investigated the correlation of buccal corridor and smile width to an esthetic smile and the influence of the facial form on it. Standardized photographs of posed smile of 60 subjects in the age range of 17-25 years were taken. Among those 60 subjects, 3 groups were divided as 20 subjects each in leptoprosopic facial form, mesoprosopic facial form and euryprosopic facial form (according to morphological facial index given by Martin and Saller in 1957). Frontal smile photographs were taken and measurements of maximum smile width, right and left buccal corridor spaces were done according to methodology proposed by Johnson and Smith (1995) using software Corel DRAW X7. As separate evaluation done by orthodontists and lay persons and both of them presented with no differences of buccal corridor width and the total smile width in the esthetic smiles from comparing the percentage between the study groups. Remarkable finding was that the buccal corridor width and total smile width does not alter with the 3 types of facial form and broad faces have a tendency for broader buccal corridor and narrow faces have smaller buccal corridor.

Virchow Seckel Syndrome: The First Case in Iraq and the Early Documentation of the Syndrome in the Literature.

Abstract Background: Virchow Seckel syndrome or bird-headed dwarfism syndrome is a very rare genetic syndrome characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation with very poor growth of the body and head, narrow bird-like face with a peculiar nose, mental retardation and other congenital abnormalities. An autosomal recessive inheritance and a heterogeneous nature of the condition have been expected. This Virchow Seckel syndrome has not been reported in Iraq. Patients and methods: Four years and four months old girl was referred to the pediatric neuropsychiatry clinic of the Children Teaching Hospital of Baghdad Medical City because of significant growth and developmental retardation. The child was studied and the relevant medical literature was reviewed with aim of describing the early documentation of her rare condition in the medical literature. Results: The girl weight at birth was about 1.5 kilograms. She was experiencing very poor growth and her height was 72 cm and her weight 6 kilograms. She had low set ears, small head with narrow face, downward slanting eyebrows and a peculiar nose. She was also mentally retarded with poor language development. Family history was negative for similar cases. Bone age assessment was performed using radiographs of the left and wrist, left elbow, hips and knee and showed delayed bone age of about one year. Conclusion: During the first century of documentation of this syndrome (1882-1981, about 35 were reported in the literature and in this paper, the first case of this syndrome in Iraq is described.

Niche partitioning among three montane ground‐dwelling pheasant species along multiple ecological dimensions

Pheasants (order Galliformes) are typical ground‐dwelling birds, having a large body size and weak flight abilities. Sympatric pheasants are expected to share narrower niche space and face more extensive interspecific competition. However, little work has been undertaken simultaneously to investigate niche partitioning among sympatric pheasant species across multiple ecological dimensions. We compared microhabitat use, activity pattern and foraging strategy of sympatric Blood Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus, Buff‐throated Partridge Tetraophasis szechenyii and White Eared‐pheasant Crossoptilon crossoptilon on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, China, to identify potential interspecific niche partitioning along different ecological dimensions in the breeding season. We found that the Buff‐throated Partridge differed significantly from the other two species in microhabitat use, and the three species showed different foraging strategies. It is likely that niche partitioning reduced potential interspecific competition, thus facilitating the species’ stable coexistence. Our study provides practical evidence of multidimensional niche theory within sympatric ground‐dwelling pheasant species, emphasizing that species interactions and coexistence within a guild are often not uni‐dimensional. Given global conservation concern for maintaining bird diversity, we recommend further restriction of yak grazing in these species’ habitat.

Numerical simulations of solidification and hot tearing for continuous casting of duplex stainless steel

Hot tearing is one of the major defects in continuous casting of steels, which severely limits the productivity of steelmaking processes. To further understand the defect, the problem of hot tearing in duplex stainless steel produced by a vertical continuous caster was investigated. A three-dimensional heat transfer and elastic–plastic model was developed based on the realistic roller layout in continuous slab casting, using ProCAST software. According to the hot tearing indicator criterion, the influence of operating parameters on the hot tearing susceptibility was evaluated. The results show that the surface temperature distribution is not sensitive to the superheat. The center of wide surface shell at the mold exit is the thinnest, and the thickness is about 10.52 mm at the superheat temperature of 40 °C. The hot tearing mainly concentrates on the slab solidification front and near the narrow face. However, corner cracks are prone to appear near the corner. With the increase in casting speed and the decrease in the cooling intensity in the secondary cooling zone, the solidification end point is rushed, which leads to the position of hot tearing lowering accordingly.

Growth of solidified shell in bloom continuous casting mold of hypo-peritectic steel based on a FeS tracer method

Solidification behavior in the mold region plays an important role in production efficiency and steel quality. To investigate shell growth within a mold, the sulfur prints of the entire shell thickness profile from the meniscus to 100 mm below the mold were obtained by adding FeS tracer into molten steel during bloom continuous casting of hypo-peritectic steel. The law of shell thickness evolution along mold height and circumference was analyzed. The results show that there are three weak regions of solidification, which are in the mold upper part, in the mold lower part, and just below mold exit, possibly resulting from periodic fluctuation of air gap between the shell and the mold, the impingement of melt jets on the solidification front, and the decreasing cooling intensity, respectively. Initial solidification point along casting direction appears at approximately 35 mm below the meniscus. Overall, the solidified shell thickness in the inner side of the mold is a little larger than that in the outer side, and the former and the latter reach 25.5 and 24.3 mm at the mold exit, respectively. The non-uniform shell growth in the inner side of the bloom is provided, while shell thicknesses in the narrow face and the outer side follow relatively regular growth. Out of the mold, the thinnest shells on the transverse section exist in the regions of 60–90 mm and 40–70 mm from the corners of the inner and outer sides, respectively, i.e., the off-corners.

Research of inorganic fire‐extinguishing materials on preventing and controlling gas and coal spontaneous combustion in the narrow coal pillar and adjacent goaf

SummaryTo reduce the pressure on underlying coal seam and maximize the mining efficiency of coal resource, narrow coal pillar mining technology is often used. However, for coal mines with high gas and spontaneous combustion, this technology can cause gas and coal spontaneous combustion composite disaster easily. In this paper, we adopted a new type of inorganic fire‐extinguishing material (IFEM) to prevent and control gas and coal spontaneous combustion composite disaster. The result shows that the destruction of narrow pillar caused by stress extrusion and mining disturbance is the internal cause of gas and coal spontaneous combustion composite disaster. IFEM can go deep into the cracks of coal mass to seal up the cracks and reduce gas exchange between roadway and adjacent goaf. Meanwhile, it is full of moisture in the interior, which can reduce the temperature of coal mass through evaporation and heat absorption. The IFEM has the characteristics of high water retention, strong fluidity, and strong flame retardant, which can inhibit the generation of free radicals in coal mass at both physical and chemical levels, prevent the spontaneous combustion of coal mass, and reduce the occurrence of composite disasters of gas and coal spontaneous combustion.Highlights The crack inside the narrow coal pillar develops, and the gas permeability is good. The combined disaster in the narrow coal pillar working face is serious. IFEM can seal cracks and increase the strength of narrow coal pillars. IFEM can inhibit the generation of free radicals in coal and prevent coal from contact with oxygen.

Effect of Argon Blowing Rate on Multiphase Flow and Initial Solidification in a Slab Mold

The multiphase flow, heat transfer, and initial solidification behaviors in a 230 × 1300 mm2 continuous casting slab mold under different argon blowing rates were investigated by a multi-physical model. Water model experiments were conducted to validate the numerical models. The results showed that the simulated steel/slag level fluctuation and argon bubble trajectories were basically consistent with the experimental results. Only the bubbles less than 1 mm were dragged to the narrow face, while larger bubbles were more likely to escape from the free surface. When the argon blowing rate increased from 0 to 15 L/min, the impact depth of the molten steel decreased. The velocity and level fluctuation range near the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) first decreased and then increased. Moreover, the largest level fluctuation decreased to 4 mm when the argon blowing rate was 5 L/min. Meanwhile, the solidified shell thickness at narrow face of mold outlet decreased from 12.5 to 6.7 mm and became too thin to easily break out when argon blowing rate reached over 10 L/min. By comprehensively considering the multiphase flow, heat transfer, and solidification behavior in the mold, the proper argon blowing rate range should be 5 L/min, by which the disqualification rate of inclusion at strip edge can be decreased from 4.28 to 1.75 pct.

SEX-RELATED FEATURES OF THE ASYMMETRY OF CRANIOMETRICS PARAMETERS IN VARIOUS FORMS OF THE FACIAL SKULL

The aim was to study the severity of asymmetry on different forms of the facial skull with regard to gender. It was studied 70 specially selected turtles of people of different ages from the craniological collection of the fundamental museum of the human anatomy department of the Azerbaijan Medical University. The characteristic of the group of skulls that was study was carried out on the basis of the upper index of the face. To study the asymmetry of the facial skull, the fan-shaped method of morphometry was used. The digital data of our study were subjected to statistical processing. An analysis of the data obtained indicates the absence of statistically significant sexual differences in the sizes of the contralateral sides of all the studied parameters of the upper fan for skulls with different face shapes. In the women's series on the lateral fan the asymmetry is almost negligible. In the men's series, almost all indicators on the lateral fan show stable left-sided asymmetry. The exception is the distance from the zygo-maxillary point to the lowest point of the pear-shaped hole. In the lower fan on the turtles with a narrow and broad face in the female series of skulls, left-sided asymmetry is observed in almost all signs. On turtles with a face of medium width, both significant left-sided and right-sided asymmetry are noted. In the male series, in general, the asymmetry is much less pronounced than in the female series of skulls. The exception is the subspinal-dacryon distance on wide-faced skulls in the male skull series was found right-sided asymmetry, which is not typical for the female series.

Morphometric traits predict educational attainment independently of socioeconomic background

BackgroundAim of this study is to describe the relationship between anthropometric traits and educational attainment among Estonian schoolchildren born between 1937 and 1962. We asked whether height, cranial volume and face width (a testosterone-dependent trait), measured in childhood predict later educational attainment independently of each other, family socioeconomic position (SEP) and sex. Associations between morphometric traits and education and their interactions with biosocial variables are of scholarly importance because higher education is nearly universally associated with low fertility in women, and often with high fertility in men. Hence, morphometric traits associated with educational attainment are targeted by natural selection and describing the exact nature of these associations is relevant for understanding the current patterns of evolution of human body size.MethodsData on morphometric measurements and family background of 11,032 Estonian schoolchildren measured between seven and 19 years of age were obtained from the study performed by Juhan Aul between 1956 and 1969. Ordinal logistic regression was used for testing the effects of morphometric traits, biosocial variables and their interaction on the cumulative probability of obtaining education beyond primary level.ResultsOf biosocial variables, family SEP was the most important determinant of educational attainment, followed by the sex, rural vs urban origin and the number of siblings. No significant interactions with morphometric traits were detected, i.e., within each category of SEP, rural vs urban origin and sex, taller children and those with larger heads and relatively narrower faces were more likely to proceed to secondary and/or tertiary education. The effect of height on education was independent of cranial volume, indicating that taller children did not obtain more educations because their brains were larger than those of shorter children; height per se was important.ConclusionsOur main finding – that adjusting for other morphometric traits and biosocial variables, morphometric traits still robustly predicted educational attainment, is relevant for understanding the current patterns of evolution of human body size. Our findings suggest that fecundity selection acting on educational attainment could be partly responsible for the concurrent selection for smaller stature and cranial volume in women and opposite trends in men.

Simulation of bubbles behavior in steel continuous casting mold using an Euler-Lagrange framework with modified bubble coalescence and breakup models

A mathematic model considering the interaction of bubbles was developed to simulate bubbles behavior in a continuous slab casting mold. The flow of molten steel is calculated with an Eulerian model coupled with a Lagrangian model for bubbles. Modified bubble coalescence and breakup models are established as user-defined functions of FLUENT software. Collisions between bubbles are described by means of hard-sphere model. The break-up mold is implemented with a break-up constrain based on the critical Weber number augmented a model for daughter bubble size distribution. The daughter bubble fraction is calculated with a tanh function, which has a U-shape distribution with lower bounds. Small bubbles were produced by the breakup of large bubbles. The predicted size and number of captured bubbles obtained with the mathematic model agree well with the plant measurements. The size and number distributions of small bubbles near the advancing solidification shell were obtained with simulation results. The results show that the bubble size and number at both the narrow and wide faces decrease with the increase of distance from the meniscus, and they get close to a constant in the deep region. Meanwhile, the initial bubble size has no obvious effect on the bubble distribution in the mold at the operation conditions in the present work.

Competência transcultural e novos letramentos: a necessidade incontornável do pensamento crítico

Este artigo chama a atenção para a importância do novos letramentos em contraste com o letramento antigo, centrado nos "três Rs". Além disso, argumenta contra a crença de que se trata apenas uma atualização do antigo e defende que as circunstâncias em processo de mudança forçaram um repensar completo do que significa ser letrado num novo mundo emergente, no qual a velha ordem está desmoronando rapidamente e novas formas de comunicação estão sendo criadas em um ritmo impressionante. É preciso levar em conta o contexto mais amplo do mundo em que vivemos hoje e a necessidade urgente de ir além de nossos estreitos interesses paroquiais, enfrentar os desafios apresentados por um mundo cada vez menor e o papel de diferentes nações como responsáveis pelo nosso destino comum. O artigo também alerta contra os perigos das fake news e do uso constante das mídias sociais para espalhar a desinformação, além da necessidade urgente de se investir em programas de letramento com uma postura crítica. Argumenta, ainda, que, como professores, devemos nos concentrar em incentivar nossos alunos a procurar significados ocultos nos textos e nos processos, ajudando-os a aprender a ler nas entrelinhas, ao invés de simplesmente se ater ao sentido literal do que está impresso.

What Do We Find Attractive about the Face?: Survey Study with Application to Aesthetic Surgery.

The appearance of the face is one of the most important factors influencing our perception of beauty. However, few studies have attempted to quantitate what one perceives as beauty. Therefore, this study was conducted with the goal of providing physicians with anatomical data that demonstrate which facial traits most influence our perception of one's attractiveness. In the first phase of the study, faces of 60 participants (30 males and 30 females) were photographed. Next, the photographs were shown to another group of 120 study members (60 males and 60 females), who evaluated the facial features using a Visual Analogue Scale. The highest rated facial parts were then measured using the ImageJ program. In men, the most attractive parts of the face were Type 1:2 lips, a Type IV nose of medium width, blue eyes, brown hair, and a very narrow face. Among females, the most attractive parts of the face were Type 2:1 lips, Type III and V noses of medium width, dark brown eyes, blonde hair, and a narrow face. This is the first study in which the most aesthetically important facial parts have been comprehensively examined. The results obtained in our study show a higher degree of representativeness compared to other studies due to a different methodological approach and can be used as an aesthetic guide and can help in the planning of aesthetic surgery such as lip augmentation and rhinoplasty. Clin. Anat. 33:214-222, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

S4B-16 SESSION 4B: ORTHOGNATHIC / TREACHER-COLLINS MANDIBULAR OUTER CORTEX SPLITTING OSTEOTOMY: IS IT AN EFFECTIVE FACIAL CONTOUR SURGERY?

Introduction: Background: Mandibular outer cortex splitting osteotomy(MOCSO) is widely used as a facial contour surgery to shape a narrower lower face. Mandible outer cortex regeneration occur as a natural process of bone healing. The volume of mandible regeneration largely affect the clinical result of MOCSO. However, the postoperative mandible regeneration were rarely investigated. This study aim to clarify the morphologic change of mandible after MOCSO. Methods: A retrospective study of MOCSO from 2009–2016 was conducted. 16 patients with preoperative, immediately postoperative and 12 months postoperative CT were enrolled. 3D visual reconstruction and registration of preoperative, immediately postoperative and postoperative mandible were performed. MOCSO area was segmented based on the immediately postoperative mandible bone defect. Then 3D comparison and analysis of the MOCSO area was performed. Results: The bone volume of the MOCSO area was 6921.5±878.1m3 preoperative; 4181.7±574.1m3 immediately postoperative; 6674.7±919.7m3 6 months postoperatively. The bone regeneration rate of the MOCSO area is 95.17% 12 months postoperatively. Conclusion: The bone regeneration rate of MOCSO is over 90%. Although our result needs to be further strengthened by clinical study with more cases, practitioners should be cautious about adopting MOCSO as a valid facial contour surgery.

Influence of mould curvature on the metallurgical performances of beam blank continuous casting

ABSTRACT A 3-D finite volume mathematical model was established by customizing pull velocity field function of solidified shell, to simulate the coupled fluid flow, heat transfer, and solidification of beam blank continuous casting, taking into consideration of the effects of mould curvature on the metallurgical performances. When the central impact stream reaches to a certain depth, part of it circulates to scour the solidified shell, causing the remelting of shell at fillet and narrow face centre from about 370 mm down the meniscus to mould exit. The differences of strand surface temperature and shell thickness between inside and outside radius caused by the mould curvature are obvious only at the fillet of the mould exit. The fillet of outside radius having the highest temperature but the thinnest solidified shell is prone to arising quality problems. The metallurgical performances under different casting speed and superheat indicated that the strand surface temperature arises and shell thickness decreases integrally at the mould exit as the casting speed increases. The superheat has the same influence trend as the casting speed does, but the sites it affects are concentrated in the fillet and narrow face centre.

Facial anthropometry in an adult male with Sotos syndrome

Sotos Syndrome is a dominant autossomic disease caused by a mutation in NSD1 gene localized in chromosome 5. The craniofacial phenotype of Sotos Syndrome is quite distinctive, especially in the young child, and includes macrocephaly, widelyspaced eyes, prominent chin and mandible, high and curved forehead, palpebral slits oblique and downward, long and narrow face. This phenotype plays an important role in the identification of this syndrome. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the craniofacial anthropometric landmarks of a young adult male with medical diagnosis of Sotos Syndrome. Material and methods: Using noninvasive method of craniofacial anthropometry, twenty five anthropometric measurements were taken of the individual and compared with the facial pattern of non-syndromic individuals, matched in gender and age. The findings were standards and converted to Z-scores. Results: the data analysis showed that the majority of variables were in supernormal range (greater than +2 standard deviation (SD). None none of them was in the subnormal range (less than –2SD). Conclusion: Anthropometric analysis of Sotos Syndrome demonstrated the usefulness of craniofacial analysis in defining abnormal craniofacial dimensions.

Modeling by regression analysis of the transverse dimensions of the upper and lower jaws and sagittal characteristics of the dental arch in young women with a very wide face, depending on the features of the odonto- and cephalometric indicators

Providing maximum individual orthodontic care to the patient is impossible without the use of modern instrumental methods of research and considering odontometric and cephalometric characteristics of representatives of relevant populations of different sex and age. The purpose of the study is to develop and analyze regression models of computed tomography sizes necessary to construct the correct form of dental arches in young women with a very wide face, depending on the characteristics of odonto- and cephalometric indicators. Primary computed tomographic indices of tooth size and cephalometric parameters of 50 young women with normal occlusion close to orthognathic occlusion were obtained from the data bank of the scientific-research center of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya. Face type was determined using the Garson morphological index. The following distribution is established: with a very wide face – 21, with a wide face – 20, with a medium face – 6, with a narrow face – 3, with a very narrow face – 0. Therefore, only young women with a wide and very wide face were selected for further modeling. The development of regression models of linear dimensions necessary for the construction of the correct form of dental arches, depending on the features of odonto- and cephalometric indicators in young women with very wide faces, was carried out in a licensed statistical package “Statistica 6.0”. It is established that young women with a very wide type of face with normal occlusion have built all 18 possible reliable models (with a coefficient of determination from 0.863 to 0.962) of linear computed tomography sizes used to construct the correct form of dental arches of the upper and lower jaws in depending on the features of odontometric and cephalometric indicators. Built models in young women with a very wide face type included more often odontometric (73.0 %) than cephalometric (27.0 %) data. Among the odontometric indicators, the most frequently included models are: width of crowns of teeth in mesio-distal direction (20.7 %); width of the teeth at the level of the anatomical neck in the mesio-distal direction (14.4 %) and width of the crowns of the teeth in the vestibulo-oral direction (10.8 %); and among the cephalometric indicators – the greatest length of the head (3.6 %); average width of face and height of lower lip (2.7 % each). Thus, in young women with a very wide type of face with normal occlusion close to orthognathic occlusion, all 18 possible reliable regression models of reproduction of the individual characteristics of the dental arches of the upper and lower jaws depending on the odonto- and cephalometric parameters were developed and analyzed.

Numerical Simulation of Solidification Behavior and Solute Transport in Slab Continuous Casting with S-EMS

A 3D numerical model was built to investigate the transport phenomena in slab continuous casting process with secondary electromagnetic stirring (S-EMS). In the model, the columnar grain grew from strand surface and it should be treated as a porous media. While for the equiaxed zone, the nucleated grain moves with fluid flow in the earlier stage and it was regarded as a slurry. The model was validated by measured strand surface temperature and magnetic induction intensity. The results show that the solidification end near the 1/4 width of slab was postponed, due to the liquid flow from a submerged entry nozzle injected to the strand’s narrow face. As the linear stirring in the same direction is applied, liquid moves from side B to side A and then penetrates deep downward with higher temperature. In the later stage, the solidification end near the side A is postponed and the solute element is concentrated. When linear stirring in the opposite direction is used, the solidification end near the side A moves backward, while that near the side B moves forward. Moreover, it is found that the solute segregation in the side B is deteriorated, but that in the side A is reduced. As rotational stirring mode is applied, the evenness of solidification end profile is improved and the centerline segregation is reduced, especially with higher current intensity. Therefore, it is concluded that the linear stirring mode is not appropriated for slab casting, while the rotational stirring mode is more suitable.

An iterative inversion method using transient electromagnetic data to predict water-filled caves during the excavation of a tunnel

The correct interpretation of full-space transient electromagnetic data has always constituted a critical safety problem during tunnel excavation projects. Targeting the interpretation of water-filled caves under narrow tunnel conditions, we have developed an iterative inversion method based on 3D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) forward calculations and a direction algorithm. In total, 125 groups of 3D FDTD forward calculation results are analyzed to identify the correlations between the response data and the geometric conditions of the cave. A direction algorithm is established based on the correlations, thereby increasing the iterative inversion convergence speed. Using the proposed iterative inversion method, the location and volume of the water-filled cave in front of the tunnel face are successfully inverted. Through an iterative program, the inversion results of simulations involving the detection of water-filled caves under tunnel conditions are accurately analyzed, and the relative error is less than 10%. The application of the iterative inversion method to the Mingyue Mountain Tunnel project suggests that this method is capable of interpreting the size of water-filled caves and it is valid for a narrow tunnel face with only a single available measurement point. The proposed iterative inversion method can be used alone or in combination with other detection techniques, thereby providing engineers with a better early warning system for detecting water-filled caves in tunnels.

Partial trisomy 15: a rare occurrence

Partial trisomy 15q is a very rare entity and most of them are characterized by duplication of regions 15q21-15q26.3. This duplication is frequently associated with deletions in another chromosome resulting in unbalanced translocations. Authors report here, a rare case of partial trisomy 15, with breakpoints between 15q11.1 to q23, probably the first reported case with these breakpoints. Irrespective of the breakpoints, the phenotypic features are consistent in all affected cases and predominantly consist of craniofacial anomalies. In addition, finger abnormalities, very short neck, skeletal malformations and congenital heart disease may be present. Our neonate had typical dysmorphic features of arachnocamptodactyly, narrow face, large prominent, nose with broad nasal bridge, long philtrum, pointed chin, short neck, and low set deformed ears. Neonates’ cytogenetic analysis revealed additional chromosomal material on the long arm of the chromosome 15 from q11.1 to q23.1, which was suggestive of partial trisomy of chromosome 15. Most cases reported have had a stormy clinical course, however, our proband had only mild respiratory distress at birth and she was discharged in a few days.