Narrow Vessels Research Articles

Lossless temporal contrast analysis of laser speckle images from periodic signals.

Laser speckle contrast imaging is a technique that provides valuable physiological information about vascular topology and blood flow dynamics. When using contrast analysis, it is possible to obtain detailed spatial information at the cost of sacrificing temporal resolution and vice versa. Such a trade-off becomes problematic when assessing blood dynamics in narrow vessels. This study presents a new contrast calculation method that preserves fine temporal dynamics and structural features when applied to periodic blood flow changes, such as cardiac pulsatility. We use simulations and in vivo experiments to compare our method with the standard spatial and temporal contrast calculations and demonstrate that the proposed method retains the spatial and temporal resolutions, resulting in the improved estimation of the blood flow dynamics.

Xylem anatomical and hydraulic traits vary within crown but not respond to water and nitrogen addition in Populus tomentosa

Nitrogen (N) and water availability are the two crucial factors confining tree growth and forest productivity. Irrigation, fertilization, and combined fertigation are commonly applied to plantation forests for improving productivity. However, how xylem vasculature responds to these management practices remains poorly understood. Here we investigated the responses of tree growth, xylem anatomical structure, and hydraulics of the upper, middle, and lower canopy branches in a 6-year-old Populus tomentosa plantation subjected to four years of irrigation and fertigation treatments. The results showed that an improvement in tree growth only occurred in the irrigation treatment while the addition of N in fertigation treatments did not have a cumulative effect on tree growth. Most of the xylem anatomical traits, including vessel hydraulic diameter (Dh), vessel density (VD), vessel fraction (VF), double vessel wall thickness (t), potential specific sapwood hydraulic conductivity (Kp), fiber wall to lumen ratio (Tf/Df), vessel wall reinforcement (t/b)2, and wood density (WD) all showed conserved plasticity to long-term irrigation and fertigation, despite different tree growth rate, implying that aboveground biomass accumulation may have decoupled from the branch-level xylem traits. Besides, the alterations of other factors, including stomatal regulation strategy and crown structure with soil water and N availabilities, might better explain the variation in tree growth. In contrast, greater variations in branch xylem traits were detected across canopy layers. The upper canopy showed greater hydraulic safety characterized by narrower and denser vessels, higher cell wall to lumen ratio, and higher wood density compared to the lower canopy, while hydraulic efficiency (Kp) remained constant across the crown, thus highlighting the priority of hydraulic safety over efficiency in the construction of branch xylem. Overall, our study revealed the response pattern of P. tomentosa xylem structure to long-term water and N management, which facilitates a comprehensive understanding on the mechanisms underpinning the influence of water and nutrients regulation on the performance of fast-growing tree species’ plantations.

Identification of a novel NF1 deletion variant in a Taiwanese boy with neurofibromatosis type 1-associated Moyamoya syndrome.

The clinical significance of vasculopathy in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) has not been clearly elucidate due to its asymptomatic presentation and undetermined frequency.1 Compared with frequently affected renal arteries, NF1-associated Moyamoya syndrome (MMS), which is characterized by progressive intracranial artery narrowing and small telangiectatic vessel development, accounts for merely 0.6% of cases.2 Nevertheless, undiagnosed MMS results in markedly high risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in young adults.

Carlquist’s indices for vulnerability and mesomorphy of wood: are they relevant today?

Summary Sherwin Carlquist established xylem vessel indices and parameters to quantify the degree of mesomorphy or xeromorphy exhibited by plants. These indices were developed as part of efforts to establish a quantitative approach to plant anatomy and the developing fields of functional and ecological anatomy. In this paper, we discuss the origin of such parameters and their merits and demerits in light of current theory and practice. Vessel diameter, vessel element length, and vessel density (vessels/mm2) remain relevant anatomical characters that describe and quantify plant function and ecology. From a functional perspective, mean diameter can be replaced by hydraulic mean diameter (dh), inspired by the Hagen–Poiseuille Law. Vessel density is presumably linked to hydraulic safety through redundancy and embolism resistance and is an essential feature of xeromorphic woods that tend to have many narrow vessels. Although vessel element length strongly correlates to xeromorphy, the reasons for the link between element length and xeromorphy are unclear. The use of anatomical indices, such as those developed and proposed by Carlquist, helped shape our understanding of plant hydraulic strategies and will continue to be important as we connect plant anatomy to plant function.

Addressing controversies in the xylem embolism resistance-vessel diameter relationship.

Although xylem embolism is a key process during drought-induced tree mortality, its relationship to wood anatomy remains debated. While the functional link between bordered pits and embolism resistance is known, there is no direct, mechanistic explanation for the traditional assumption that wider vessels are more vulnerable than narrow ones. We used data from 20 temperate broad-leaved tree species to study the inter- and intraspecific relationship of water potential at 50% loss of conductivity (P50 ) with hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (Dh ) and tested its link to pit membrane thickness (TPM ) and specific conductivity (Ks ) on species level. Embolism-resistant species had thick pit membranes and narrow vessels. While Dh was weakly associated with TPM , the P50 -Dh relationship remained highly significant after accounting for TPM . The interspecific pattern between P50 and Dh was mirrored by a link between P50 and Ks , but there was no evidence for an intraspecific relationship. Our results provide robust evidence for an interspecific P50 -Dh relationship across our species. As a potential cause for the inconsistencies in published P50 -Dh relationships, our analysis suggests differences in the range of trait values covered, and the level of data aggregation (species, tree or sample level) studied.

Seasonal temperature and precipitation regimes drive variation in the wood of oak species (Quercus) along a climatic gradient in western Mexico

Summary To achieve optimal balance among wood’s support, storage, and transport functions, tree species present adaptive variation in wood anatomical traits. Oaks (Quercus) are woody plants that are dominant in many ecosystems, possess wide variation in wood traits, and can tolerate water stress in diverse habitats. Mountain regions contain steep climatic gradients that exert strong environmental pressures on wood traits. The aims of this study were: (1) to quantify the anatomical variation in 21 oak species distributed along an environmental gradient and (2) to analyze the interspecific variation among the studied species. Fibres and parenchyma fractions were the most abundant cell types. We found a trade-off between total fibre fraction and total parenchyma fraction modulated by the precipitation during the warmest quarter in which oak species in drier areas invested more in support cells. The 21 oak species studied showed vasicentric tracheids, which could be essential to compensate for the transport system in drier areas. Wood density was negatively correlated with the axial parenchyma fraction and fibre lumen width. Oak species have high interspecific variation in the total vessel fraction and vessel diameter. Anatomical variation in oak species along a climatic gradient showed a broad continuum of fibre characteristics from wide to narrow wall and lumen, abundant to scarce parenchyma, and wide to narrow vessels. These variations imply a diversification of ecological strategies within the genus that includes the vascular design of the stem to define the tolerance and competitiveness of the oak species.

Modeling the heart’s reaction to narrow blood vessels

Cardiovascular diseases are the largest cause of death globally, making it a critical area of focus. The circulatory system is required to make the heart function. One component of this system is blood vessels, which is the focus of our study. Whether due to low temperatures or a medical condition, blood vessels can constrict, occasionally to a dangerous degree. Despite the serious consequences narrow blood vessels can have on one’s body, due to their complexity and size, there is little information pertaining to how their constriction relates to the heart’s ability to pump blood. Therefore, our work aims to demonstrate the numeric relationship between a blood vessel's diameter and the number of pumps needed to transport blood. We explored this concept using a water bottle model to represent the heart, and straws of varying diameters to represent the blood vessels. The experiment recorded the number of pumps necessary to transport 200 mL of red-dyed water to a second bottle using straws. We hypothesized that the number of pumps would increase as the diameter decreased, and that there would be a linear relationship between these variables. The data supported the numeric relationship we hypothesized, in which the largest diameter straw, 1 cm, required the least pumps and the smallest diameter, 0.4 cm, required the most. Our results depict how the heart must overcompensate to transport blood through narrow vessels, providing a better understanding of how the heart behaves when vessels constrict.

Settling mode of a bottom-heavy squirmer in a narrow vessel.

The lattice Boltzmann-immersed boundary (IB-LB) method is used to numerically simulate the sedimentation motion of a single two-dimensional, bottom-heavy squirmer in a narrow vessel. The effects of the swimming Reynolds number Res = 0.1-3, eccentricity distance l = 0.15d-0.75d, and density ratio of squirmer to fluid γ = 1.1-2.0 on the settlement motion characteristics are investigated and analyzed. The results showed that four settling modes exist: vertical motion, unilateral oscillation, oscillation, and tilt. The bottom-heavy neutral squirmer and puller settle in the vessel during vertical motion when Res is 0.1-1.5. By increasing Res and swimming strength |β|, the bottom-heavy squirmer becomes more self-driven, shifting its settling mode from vertical motion to unilateral oscillation or oscillation. Increasing l or |β| does not affect the bottom-heavy neutral squirmer and puller's vertical settling mode but shifts the bottom-heavy pusher's settling mode from unilateral oscillation to oscillation or oscillation to unilateral oscillation. Similarly, altering γ or |β| has no impact on the eccentric neutral squirmer and puller's settling mode; however, pushers will switch from oscillation mode to attraction mode or from oscillation mode to tilt mode. Additionally, it was found that after the squirmer collided with the bottom wall, the bottom-heavy squirmer settled at the bottom of the vessel in a different state of motion.

Solvent selection for extraction of bioactive compound from bekasam with antioxidant and anticholesterol activities

Heart disease and hypertension are two of the main causes of human mortality worldwide. Both can be caused by the oxidation of cholesterol, causing plaque and narrow blood vessels. The purpose of this research was to determine the solvent for the extraction of antioxidant and anticholesterol bioactive compounds from bekasam extracts. Bekasam was extracted by polar solvents, i.e., aquabides, methyl alcohol (methanol), and ethyl alcohol (ethanol). The parameters observed in this research were the yield of crude extract, antioxidant assay, lovastatin assay, and peptide profile analysis (SDS-PAGE). The result of this study indicated that the yields of crude extract of bekasam using aquabides, methanol, and ethanol were 17.00%, 9.00%, and 2.83%, respectively. The antioxidant activities of bekasam extracts produced using methanol, ethanol, and aquabidest were 69.09%, 64.09%, and 53.43%, respectively. Lovastatin contents of bekasam extracts produced using ethanol, aquabides, and methanol were 442.53 ppm, 168.67 ppm, and 158.19 ppm, respectively. Peptides were detected on bekasam extract by aquabidest in the range of 5.60-29.26 kD but undetected when extracted using the other solvents.

Retracted: Endovascular Intervention in a Narrowing Vessel of the Left Vertebral Artery with Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion and Aneurysm Rupture and Hemorrhage in the V4 Segment of the Right Vertebral Artery.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/3279090.].

Effect of Elevated CO2 and Drought on Biomass, Gas Exchange and Wood Structure of Eucalyptus grandis

Juvenile Eucalyptus grandis were exposed to drought and elevated CO2 to evaluate the independent and interactive effects on growth, gas exchange and wood structure. Trees were grown in a greenhouse at ambient and elevated CO2 (aCO2, 410 ppm; eCO2, 950 ppm), in combination with daily irrigation and cyclic drought during one growing season. The results demonstrated that drought stress limited intercellular CO2 concentration, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, which correlated with a lower increment in height, stem diameter and biomass. Drought also induced formation of frequent and narrow vessels accompanied by a reduction in vessel lumen area. Conversely, elevated CO2 increased intercellular CO2 concentration as well as photosynthesis, and partially closed stomata, leading to a more efficient water use, especially under drought. There was a clear trend towards greater biomass accumulation at eCO2, although the results did not show statistical significance for this parameter. We observed an increase in vessel diameter and vessel lumen area at eCO2, and, contrarily, the vessel frequency decreased. Thus, we conclude that eCO2 delayed the effects of drought and potentialized growth. However, results on vessel anatomy suggest that increasing vulnerability to cavitation due to formation of larger vessels may counteract the beneficial effects of eCO2 under severe drought.

Transcriptomic dissection underlying physiological and anatomical characteristics of poplar wood in response to changes in light intensity and nitrogen availability

To dissect the transcriptomic reprograming underlying the physiological and anatomical characteristics in the wood of Populus species in response to changes in light and nitrogen (N) availability, the saplings of P. alba × P. glandulosa were exposed to either control or high light intensity in combination with one of low, normal and high N levels. High light caused greater CO2 assimilation rate, higher concentrations of soluble sugars and starch, decreased enzymatic activities of NR and GS and increased activities of GOGAT and GDH, higher IAA and lower ABA, JA and SA contents, narrower fibers, and thinner thickness of fiber wall in the wood of poplars under normal N condition. Low N supply led to greater levels of sucrose and starch, lower contents of most amino acids, IAA, ABA and JA, and narrower vessels and fibers, and high N caused the opposite effects in poplar wood exposed to control light. Transcriptomic reprograming occurred underlying the physiological and anatomical changes of P. alba × P. glandulose in acclimation to high light in combination with one of low, normal and high N levels. High light- and low/high N-induced differential expression of the key genes including neutral invertases, ASN1, JAZ1, and TIP1;3, involved in the metabolism of carbohydrate, amino acids and phytohormones, and water transport, corresponded well to changes in physiological and anatomical characteristics in poplar wood in response to high light and altered N availability. These results suggest that physiological and anatomical characteristics are altered in the wood and the underlying transcriptomic reprograming is critical for the wood in acclimation to high light in combination with changing N availability.

Vessel diameter and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism: within-tissue and across-species patterns and the issue of survivorship bias

Summary Sherwin Carlquist was aware that wood represents a compromise between transport efficiency and safety. He considered wide vessels to be more vulnerable to drought-induced embolism than narrow conduits. He proposed that narrow vessels might provide redundancy and conductive safety. Research on vessel diameter and safety emerged in the 1970s and has dramatically grown in recent years showing the transformative impact these concepts have had on current research. We show how our experimental work largely supports Carlquist’s assumptions on the vulnerability of wide vessels. Although there is great variability in the vulnerability of narrow vessels, the data show that wide vessels are always vulnerable. We offer explanations for why narrow vessels differ in their vulnerability, and these explanations are rooted in Carlquist’s observations on the woody Californian flora. We recognize that there is disagreement among researchers on the correlation between vessel diameter and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism. In relation to this, we discuss the issue of flushing, i.e., whether embolism should be removed prior to generating a vulnerability to cavitation curve. Constructing a vulnerability curve from native samples that contain a substantial fraction of embolized vessels is an example of ‘survivorship bias’ because only those vessels that remained functional through a past selection process are included. Survivorship bias can lead to false conclusions on the relationship between vessel diameter and embolism resistance. This is especially the case because anatomical measures rarely incorporate functional information on the selection of measured vessels, leading to a mismatch between vessels evaluated for function and anatomy.

Dopamine is involved in regulating vascular tone in retinal arterioles

AbstractPurpose: There is clinical evidence suggesting that the neurotransmitter dopamine may play a role in regulating retinal vascular function. Patients with Parkinson's disease tend to have a narrower retinal vessel diameter in fundus images and reduced perfusion density1. Healthy volunteers given dopamine IV show increased retinal blood cell velocity (by 37%) and fundus pulsation amplitude (by 24%)2. However, it is not clear if these observed effects may be due to direct actions of dopamine on retinal vessels, independent of any systemic actions, and if so through which subtype of dopamine receptors. We therefore measured the effects of dopamine ligands on isolated segments of porcine retinal arterioles by small wire myography.Methods: Dissected segments of porcine retinal arterioles and surrounding retinal tissue were mounted in a DMT630MA small wire myograph system for measurement of contractile activity, and pre‐contracted with 10−6 MU‐46619, a thromboxane analog, added to the organ bath. With the vascular tone stabilized, all dopamine ligands tested were applied separately to the bath with the vessel, and the effects of each on the wall tension recorded. Results are presented as wall tension (in mN/mm) normalized for vessel length.Results: In isolated vessel segments pre‐contracted with U‐46619, dopamine induced a vasodilation in a dose‐dependent manner, which was complete at 2 mM. The dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF38393 induced dose‐dependent vasodilation, complete at 0.7 mM. The D2 receptor agonist sumanirole (10−4 M) had no effect on wall tension in pre‐contracted retinal arterioles. The D2 receptor antagonist S‐sulpiride (10−3 M) had no effect on wall tension and did not block the vasodilation induced by either dopamine or SKF38393.Conclusions: Dopamine induces vasodilation in pre‐contracted retinal arterioles, primarily via D1 receptors.

The impact of xylem geometry on olive cultivar resistance to Xylella fastidiosa: An image‐based study

AbstractXylella fastidiosa is a xylem‐limited plant pathogen infecting many crops globally and is the cause of the recent olive disease epidemic in Italy. One strategy proposed to mitigate losses is to replant susceptible crops with resistant varieties. Several genetic, biochemical and biophysical traits are associated to X. fastidiosa disease resistance. However, mechanisms underpinning resistance are poorly understood. We hypothesize that the susceptibility of olive cultivars to infection will correlate to xylem vessel diameters, with narrower vessels being resistant to air embolisms and having slower flow rates limiting pathogen spread. To test this, we scanned stems from four olive cultivars of varying susceptibility to X. fastidiosa using X‐ray computed tomography. Scans were processed by a bespoke methodology that segmented vessels, facilitating diameter measurements. Though significant differences were not found comparing stem‐average vessel section diameters among cultivars, they were found when comparing diameter distributions. Moreover, the measurements indicated that although vessel diameter distributions may play a role regarding the resistance of Leccino, it is unlikely they do for FS17. Considering Young–Laplace and Hagen–Poiseuille equations, we inferred differences in embolism susceptibility and hydraulic conductivity of the vasculature. Our results suggest susceptible cultivars, having a greater proportion of larger vessels, are more vulnerable to air embolisms. In addition, results suggest that under certain pressure conditions, functional vasculature in susceptible cultivars could be subject to greater stresses than in resistant cultivars. These results support investigation into xylem morphological screening to help inform olive replanting. Furthermore, our framework could test the relevance of xylem geometry to disease resistance in other crops.

Habitat preference and vulnerability to drought of three Hypericum species of the páramo

ABSTRACT Background Páramos are tropical alpine ecosystems where climate change is expected to cause yet unknown consequences for plant growth, ecosystem structure, ecosystem function and the provision of ecosystem services. Aim To quantify the relationship between environmental factors (abiotic and biotic) and the spatial distribution of three common Hypericum species in the páramo and their physiological vulnerability to drought. Methods We recorded soil water content, soil temperature, and vegetation cover in 10 plots along a moisture gradient. Additionally, we measured a series of physiological traits associated with the risk of drought-induced mortality. Results We found that H. goyanesii and H. juniperinum mainly grew in areas with high soil water content, and similar high vegetation cover. These two species had wider xylem vessels, showed anisohydric behaviour and were equally vulnerable to cavitation with low safety margins against hydraulic failure. H. mexicanum grew in places with less vegetation cover, lower soil water content, and higher soil temperatures. H. mexicanum showed a different strategy that probably allows it to thrive in these conditions; it maintains high values of water potential at noon and has narrower xylem vessels, making it less vulnerable to cavitation. Conclusion The distribution of the three Hypericum species in the páramo responds essentially to soil water content, in line with the physiological mechanisms of the species to cope with water deficit. Hypericum species from moist habitats could decline if longer drought episodes become more common in the future.

Interactive effect between tree ageing and trunk-boring pest reduces hydraulics and carbon metabolism in Hippophae rhamnoides.

Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is widely distributed across the Eurasian continent. Recently sea-buckthorn has shown premature ageing and decline when confronted with water deficiency and Holcocerus hippophaecolus damage in northwest China and the Loess Plateau region. However, the physiological process of sea-buckthorn senescence in response to drought and pest damage is still unknown. In this study, 4-year-old (4y), 15-year-old normal growth (15yN) and 15-year-old seriously moth-damaged sea-buckthorn plants (15yH) were used as the research objects. The growth of branches and roots, branch water potential and percentage loss of conductivity (PLC), branch vulnerability to embolism (quantified by P50, xylem water potential at 50 % of PLC), branch xylem parenchyma cell viability, photosynthesis and the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content in branches and roots in dry and wet seasons were measured. The results showed that the length, basal diameter of 1-year-old branches and the leaf area of 4y trees were significantly larger than that of 15yN and 15yH trees, and the fine root density of 15yH trees was significantly lower than that of 15yN trees in all measured areas. The branch-specific hydraulic conductivity of 15yN and 15yH trees was only 50.2 % and 12.3 % of that of 4y trees, and the P50 of 4y, 15yH and 15yN trees was -3.69 MPa, -2.71 MPa and -1.15 MPa, respectively. The midday water potential and photosynthetic rate were highest in 4y trees, followed by 15yN and then 15yH trees in both the dry season and wet seasons, while branch PLC declined in the opposite direction (15yH trees highest, 4y trees lowest). The degree of PLC repair within a day was highest in 4y trees, followed by 15yN and then 15yH trees, and the viability of xylem cells was consistent with this pattern. The branch xylem starch and NSC content of 4y and 15yN trees were significantly higher than that of 15yH trees in the dry season, and the root starch and NSC content of 4y trees were significantly higher than that of 15yH trees in the two seasons. The above results suggest that the hydraulic properties of the normal elderly and seriously pest-damaged sea-buckthorn were significantly worse than in juvenile plants. Narrower early wood width and vessel density, high embolism vulnerability and weak embolism repair capacity led to the decline in water-conducting ability, and similarly further affected photosynthesis and the root NSC content. The decline in xylem parenchyma cell viability was the main reason for the limited embolism repair in the branches.

Influence of the Anatomical Structure on the Hemodynamics of Iliac Vein Stenosis.

Few reports study the effects of the anatomical structure of the iliac vein on hemodynamics and the methods to reduce and delay in-stent thrombosis. The anatomical structure of iliac vein stenosis was used to establish vascular models with different stenosis rates, taper angle, and left branch tilt angle in the work. The influence of anatomical structure on hemodynamics was revealed through theoretical research and in vitro experimental verification. A real iliac vein model was built based on computed tomography angiography (CTA) images, and hemorheological parameters including time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI) and relative residence time (RRT) were analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results showed that iliac vein stenosis could significantly increase the wall shear stress (WSS) of the blood vessels at the stenosis site and outside the intersection area, which was easy to produce eddy currents in the distal blood vessels. With the increased taper angle, the proportion of low-wall shear stress areas and the risk of thrombosis increased. A small tilt angle could aggravate the influence of narrow blood vessels on the blood flow characteristics and vascular wall. The numerical simulation results were consistent with the theoretical research results, and the experimental study verified the correctness of the simulation. The work is helpful to further understand the hemodynamic characteristics of the iliac vein, providing a scientific reference for clinical treatment and diagnosis.

Functional Diversity in Woody Organs of Tropical Dry Forests and Implications for Restoration

Tropical dry forests (TDFs) represent one of the most diverse and, at the same time, most threatened ecosystems on earth. Restoration of TDFs is thus crucial but is hindered by a limited understanding of the functional diversity (FD) of original communities. We examine the FD of TDFs based on wood (vessel diameter and wood density) and bark traits (total, inner, and outer bark thicknesses) measured on ~500 species from 24 plant communities and compare this diversity with that of seven other major vegetation types. Along with other seasonally dry sites, TDFs had the highest FD, as indicated by the widest ranges, highest variances, and largest trait hypervolumes. Warm temperatures and seasonal drought seem to drive diverse ecological strategies in these ecosystems, which include a continuum from deciduous species with low-density wood, thick bark, and wide vessels to evergreen species with high-density wood, thin bark, and narrow vessels. The very high FD of TDFs represents a challenge to restoring the likely widest trait ranges of any habitat on earth. Understanding this diversity is essential for monitoring successional changes in minimal intervention restoration and guiding species selection for resilient restoration plantings in the context of climate change.

Study of Effect of Different Shapes of Nanoparticles in Three-Layer Model for Blood Flow in Arterioles

Arterioles are pivotal console of hemodynamics as they are significant contributors to pressure. Under various physiological conditions like administration of a drug, arterioles ascertain divergent mechanical forces. The current communication discusses the effect of different shapes of copper nanoparticles inoculated as nano drugs in arterioles. The blood is assumed to be a non-Newtonian fluid and is delineated as nanofluids. The three-layer model is used for modeling the blood flow as it aptly describes the flow of blood in narrow vessels of diameter less than 100 μm. The Hamilton-Crosser model is implemented to describe the thermal conductivity of nanofluid as this model holds in accordance with experimental as well as theoretical results. The expressions are also obtained for density, thermal expansion and viscosity of the considered nanofluid. The equations are solved analytically and graphs have been plotted using MATLAB. The relative consequence of various shapes of nanoparticles like platelets, blades, cylinders and bricks is observed in temperature, velocity and flow rate. It has been investigated through the graphs that brick-shaped nanoparticles have shown a maximum rise in temperature, velocity and flow rate. And reverse results are observed for blade-shaped nanoparticles. The effect of volume fraction, heat source parameter and Grashof number have also been inspected. The considered analysis shows that a suitable shape of nanoparticle can be used to develop the nano drug according to biomedical needs.