Present situation of laser neurosurgery using operating microscope and endoscope are discussed. The lasers which we have mainly used are the CO2 laser and KTP laser. The CO2 laser is very useful to remove hard tissues, even calcified one, through narrow surgical field, especially in cases of deep-seated highly vascular tumors. A case of teratoma in the third ventricle and a case of deep-seated cavernous angioma in the left posterior temporal lobe which were removed by the CO2 laser are presented in this paper. The dural protector which we developed enables the operator to perform safe and complete removal of ossified posterior longitudinal ligament. Vaporizing capability of the KTP laser is far stronger than that of the YAG laser in the open-air surgical field. One of the advantages of the KTP laser is that it can be applied through fine optical fiber, which enable endoscopic use through CSF. And also the handpiece of the KTP laser can be designed very thin and light because this laser beam can be transmitted through optical fiber, which is very important in microsurgery. Recently we have started endoscopic examination of spinal lesions. This new technique revealed some interesting findings, such as rapid to and fro movement of CSF in the area where the subarachnoid space is narrowed, which is impossible to observe without this method. Hyper-vascularization of cauda equina caused by spinal tumor, thickning and adhesion of arachnoid were clearly observed by this sytem. However, development of special bipolar coagulator which can be applied through the working channel is indispensable prior to endoscopic interventions of spinal lesions, although the KTP laser is already applicable.