Narrow Set Research Articles

Comparative capitalism and the empirical taxonomy of context: enhancing the institutionalist blueprint

PurposeCritiques of international business (IB) have long pointed to the weaknesses in the understanding of context. This has ignited debate on the understanding of institutions and how they “matter” for IB. Yet how institutions matter ultimately depends on how IB applies institutional theory. It is argued that institutional-based research is dominated by a narrow set of approaches, largely overlooking institutional perspectives that account for institutional diversity. This paper aims to forward the argument that IB research should lend greater attention to comparing the topography of institutional configurations by bringing political economy “back in” to the IB domain.Design/methodology/approachUsing principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, the authors provide IB with a taxonomy of capitalist institutional diversity which defines the landscape of political economies.FindingsThe authors show institutional diversity is characterised by a range of capitalist clusters and configuration arrangements, identifying four clusters with distinct modes of capitalism as well as specifying intra-cluster differences to propose nine varieties of capitalism. This paper allows IB scholars to lend closer attention to the institutional context within which firms operate. If the configurations of institutions “matter” for IB scholarship, then clearly, a quantitative blueprint to assess institutional diversity remains central to the momentum of such “institutional turn.”Originality/valueThis paper provides a comprehensive survey of institutional theory, serving as a valuable resource for the application of context within international business. Further, our taxonomy allows international business scholars to utilise a robust framework to examine the diverse institutional context within which firms operate, whilst extending to support the analysis of broader socioeconomic outcomes. This taxonomy therefore allows international business scholars to utilise a robust framework to examine the institutional context within which firms operate.

Swearing, identity and power in professional interaction

Swearing is a risky interactional activity but has also been shown to have great potential for fostering social cohesion and positive relations in professional communication. It is particularly interesting to observe in intercultural and multilingual team interactions, where on the one hand attitudes and practices around swearing are likely to differ and on the other, the need to foster positive relations is more pressing given that social cohesion in diverse teams tends to be lower (Stahl et al., 2010). This study accordingly investigates the social practices co-constructed around swearing in one multilingual and intercultural team. Drawing on 25 h of audio-recorded data collected over 9 months, the analysis explores the contexts, forms, and functions of swearing in team meetings and illustrates how swearing is used strategically to construct powerful speaker and team identities while simultaneously promoting in-group solidarity. At the same time, the findings indicate that this is not without risk, as others can and do resist such identity constructions, especially when they do not foster in-group solidarity. Team members co-constructed a narrow set of norms that guide swearing behaviour and its acceptability in the team, demonstrating pragmatic competence and sensitivity in this process.

Research on Text Summarization Techniques Based on Deep Learning-WS-Attention

The bonafide semantic understanding of human language text, exhibited by its effective summarization, may well be the holy grail of natural language processing (NLP). That statement isn't as hyperbolic as it sounds: as true human language understanding definitely is the holy grail of NLP, and genuine effective summarization of said human language would necessarily entail true understanding, transitivity would back me up on this. However, the show must go on, and there currently exist an array of actual techniques for summarizing text, some of which stretch back decades. These techniques take different approaches to reach the same goal, and can be classified into a fairly narrow set of categories for pursuing their shared goal.

The effects of app-related factors on app stickiness: The role of cognitive and emotional app relationship quality

Prior research tends to examine the effect of a narrow set of app-related factors on the construct of app relationship quality holistically. However, it is well-established that app relationship quality consists of cognitive and emotional aspects. To address these two issues, our study takes a more nuanced approach by examining a comprehensive set of app-related factors, including functional, offerings, experiential and relational factors, and their differential impacts on two distinct components of app relationship quality, namely cognitive app relationship quality (CARQ) and emotional app relationship quality (EARQ). It also examines the differential impact of CARQ and EARQ on app stickiness, which has long been considered as a managerial challenge. A ‘modular design approach’ was used to collect the data from an online UK consumer panel. 605 responses were analyzed using AMOS 24. The results indicated that functional and offering factors produced greater effects on CARQ than on EARQ. In contrast, experiential and relational factors were found to have stronger effects on EARQ than on CARQ. Further, CARQ was found to have a stronger effect on app stickiness compared to EARQ. The current study offers a detailed understanding of the factors that contribute to each component of app relationship quality and empirically demonstrates the differential effects of the cognitive and emotional aspects on app sickness. Such results are expected to help e-retailers to develop a strong digital presence, build future readiness for their brands, and design app-focused strategies using a consumer-centric approach.

Identifying sustainability assessment parameters for genetically engineered agrifoods

Societal Impact StatementA diverse portfolio of genetically engineered food crops, as well as animal livestock and fish, are currently being developed and commercialized. To ensure their contributions to long‐term sustainability, a broad range of environmental, health, ethical, and societal parameters should be used in their evaluations. This paper proposes a set of parameters to evaluate the sustainability of genetically engineered food and agriculture products and discusses mechanisms to improve their governance and oversight. With such holistic evaluations, genetic engineering applications that are deemed beneficial to sustainable agriculture could be identified in an effort to foster sustainability.SummaryTo achieve international sustainable development goals, food and agricultural production need to rely on sustainable and resilient practices. Traditional breeding as well as the use of new agricultural technologies, including genetic engineering and gene editing, have the potential to help achieve sustainable agrifood production. Although numerous oversight mechanisms exist to guarantee the secure and sustainable advancement and utilization of genetically engineered agrifoods, the majority of these mechanisms heavily depend on a narrow set of parameters to assess risks and safety concerning human health and nontarget organisms. However, a more comprehensive range of parameters should be considered to promote environmental and social sustainability in a more holistic manner. This Opinion article argues that to achieve a more sustainable agrifood production that relies on genetic engineering, governance systems related to new agrifood biotechnologies should incorporate a broader array of environmental, health, ethical, and societal factors to ensure their sustainability in the long‐term. To facilitate this process, we propose a set of parameters to help evaluate the sustainability of agrifoods that rely on genetic engineering. We then discuss major challenges and opportunities for formalizing sustainability parameters in US governance policy and decision‐making systems. Overall, this work contributes to further developing a more comprehensive assessment framework that aims to minimize potential risks and maximize potential benefits of agrifood biotechnology while also fostering sustainability.

The Evolution of Phosphite‐Oxazoline Ligands for the Pd‐Allylic Substitution and Their Application in Building Chiral Molecules

AbstractPd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution (AAS) is a highly effective method for producing chiral molecules with alkene‐substituted frameworks which can be further derivatized. However, its stereochemical outcome is affected by the steric requirements of the substrate and only a narrow set of nucleophiles yield excellent enantioselectivities. In this regard, phosphite‐oxazolines have emerged as strong candidates to be privileged ligands for this process, providing results that surpass most of the previously published studies. They have provided high enantiocontrol when used in the Pd‐AAS of several hindered and unhindered substrates, using a wide range of C‐, O‐, and N‐nucleophiles. In this concept, we review and discuss the current progress made in the design of tailor‐made phosphite‐oxazoline ligand libraries for the Pd‐AAS of a broad range of substrates and nucleophiles and its application in the construction of chiral complex molecules.

A mosquito-specific antennal protein is critical for the attraction to human odor in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae

Mosquitoes rely mainly on the sense of smell to decipher their environment and locate suitable food sources, hosts for blood feeding and oviposition sites. The molecular bases of olfaction involve multigenic families of olfactory proteins that have evolved to interact with a narrow set of odorants that are critical for survival. Understanding the complex interplay between diversified repertoires of olfactory proteins and ecologically-relevant odorant signals, which elicit important behaviors, is fundamental for the design of novel control strategies targeting the sense of smell of disease vector mosquitoes. Previously, large multigene families of odorant receptor and ionotropic receptor proteins, as well as a subset of odorant-binding proteins have been shown to mediate the selectivity and sensitivity of the mosquito olfactory system. In this study, we identify a mosquito-specific antennal protein (MSAP) gene as a novel molecular actor of odorant reception. MSAP is highly conserved across mosquito species and is transcribed at an extremely high level in female antennae. In order to understand its role in the mosquito olfactory system, we generated knockout mutant lines in Anopheles gambiae, and performed comparative analysis of behavioral and physiological responses to human-associated odorants. We found that MSAP promotes female mosquito attraction to human odor and enhances the sensitivity of the antennae to a variety of odorants. These findings suggest that MSAP is an important component of the mosquito olfactory system, which until now has gone completely unnoticed.

Bridging the gap in agricultural innovation research: a systematic review of push–pull biocontrol technology in sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACTBiological control for sustainable plant protection in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is gaining attention due to low crop productivity caused by pests, increasing costs of agrochemicals, and their harmful impact on health and the environment. A valuable case is the Push–pull technology (PPT) developed by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE). However, evidence for the success of PPT in reducing pest prevalence has not translated from experimentation and demonstration to wider-scale on-farm uptake. A systematic review was conducted to explore the research gaps, benefits of PPT, adoption determinants, barriers to uptake, and how farmers choose to adopt and adapt the technology. The study found a large body of evidence on the biophysical benefits of PPT, which comes from a relatively narrow set of ICIPE-led or managed experiments in Western Kenya. Besides, evidence of its social and economic benefits is less robust. Documented barriers to adoption include initial establishment costs, labour intensiveness, risk averseness of farmers, socio-cultural rigidity, and inadequate access to information and inputs. The review highlights the need for qualitative research, an in-depth examination of the social dynamics of innovation and decision-making processes on farms, and institutions’ role in shaping innovation for sustainable agricultural development.

Causation and counterfactual analysis in abuse of dominance cases – lessons from the General Court’s Qualcomm ruling

ABSTRACT Counterfactual analysis, which compares the competitive situation prevailing with and without the allegedly abusive behaviour, is nowadays regarded the lynchpin of an effects-based approach to the analysis of dominant firm conduct under Article 102 TFEU. This article draws on the recent Qualcomm ruling by the General Court of the European Union to critically reflect on the use and requirement of counterfactual analysis in abuse of dominance cases. It argues that Qualcomm offers two lessons on the role of the counterfactual analysis in modern competition law. First, it shows that counterfactual analysis is vulnerable to under-inclusiveness and type II errors when it ignores the problem of concurrent causes of foreclosure effects, disregards standard economic analysis of exclusivity rebates, and remains oblivious to dynamic competition. Second, Qualcomm sheds light on the intricate relationship between the counterfactual analysis and the requisite standard of harm for finding anticompetitive effects under Article 102 TFEU. In limiting the relevant counterfactual scenarios to a very narrow set of actual or nearby likely worlds, Qualcomm is but the last indication of a much more profound transformation of Article 102 TFEU: the transition from a capability to a balance of probabilities or beyond reasonable doubt standard of harm.

Inclusive talent management philosophy, talent management practices and employees’ outcomes

PurposeThis study aims to propose that inclusive talent management (TM) philosophy and TM practices are related to individual outcomes, such as job satisfaction, turnover intentions and job performance.Design/methodology/approachUsing the resource-based theory, the research explores the mediation relationship between inclusive TM philosophy and job satisfaction, turnover intentions and job performance via TM practices. The study uses structural equation modelling for analysing the data collected through a questionnaire-based survey among a sample of 373 employees and 65 supervisors.FindingsThe results show that inclusive TM philosophy is positively related to individuals’ job satisfaction, job performance and decreased turnover intentions, through TM practices.Research limitations/implicationsThe study’s limitation lies in its restriction to a narrow set of organizations operating in Romania, thus limiting the generalization of the findings. Consequently, future studies can extend the scope of the study to include a larger sample size consisting of more organizations operating across multiple sectors and countries. While it is appropriate to assess talent philosophies at the level of the individual employees, future studies may wish to tackle the constructs from the organizational (managerial) standpoint where the TM practices and programmes are designed. Furthermore, future researchers could draw comparisons with large enterprises to investigate the differences in the impact of implementing TM practices within these organizational types. Finally, future research could explore the outcomes of inclusive TM philosophy by using a qualitative design, which sheds more light on other factors that support or hinder the outcomes of embracing inclusive TM in organizations.Practical implicationsThe study’s findings have practical implications for organizations that want to improve their employees’ outcomes and provide evidence on how organizations can achieve this through their TM practices. First, the paper establishes a relationship between inclusive TM philosophy and employees’ outcomes (turnover intention, job satisfaction and job performance) through the mediating impact of the organization’s TM practices in the context of organizations operating in Romania. The relevance of the context for TM studies has been highlighted in the literature, and thus, the findings make an important contribution to the TM literature, given the limited number of empirical studies on TM practices from emerging European countries (Skuza et al., 2013). Second, the model was tested empirically by collecting data from two sources – employees and supervisors from the surveyed organizations. The perception among employees that they are treated as a talent by the organization can have a positive impact on their satisfaction, and job performance, and decrease their turnover intentions. This suggests that organizations should invest in talent development programmes to help their employees develop into talented performers who help improve the organization’s performance. The findings are of particular importance to human resources practitioners, as it suggests that organizations should consider implementing TM practices systematically across the organization to ensure that all employees benefit from them. By doing this, organizations can improve individual outcomes, which can ultimately lead to improved organizational performance.Social implicationsOrganization that develop the talent of their workforce in its totality are likely to be more successful in the long term. Similarly, it can be inferred that organizations that enhance the talent of their workforce through practices such as staff rotation, talent identification are likely to derive greater benefit from the capabilities that their staff display.Originality/valueThe study sheds light on the impact of talent philosophies and TM practices on outcomes at the individual employees’ level, which is an understudied study area within the broader TM discipline.

Unveiling the Performance of Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments through Multimethod Research: A Review

This article aims to explore the importance of multimethod research in assessing the performance of nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic instruments. The review highlights the limitations of relying solely on measurements obtained through a narrow set of mechanical tests and acknowledges the challenge of replicating real-world working conditions in controlled laboratory settings. While achieving a perfect simulation may be difficult, the focus should be on developing research strategies that provide a superior understanding of outcomes. The multimethod research, which combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies, offers a promising solution to address this challenge effectively. By integrating nonquantifiable data with quantitative measurements, researchers may overcome the limitations of individual methodologies and gain deeper and more comprehensive insights into instrument performance. This multimethod approach enables a more accurate interpretation of results, enhancing the validity of the methodology. Therefore, conducting a comprehensive analysis of various competencies displayed by NiTi systems is essential for a comprehensive understanding of their characteristics, including cyclic fatigue, torsional and bending resistance, cutting efficiency, microhardness, design analysis, element composition, phase transformation temperatures, shaping ability, and additional methodologies that can address specific inquiries. By combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies in a multimethod approach, researchers can enhance their ability to answer research questions and provide valuable insights for clinical practice.

Mobilizing Conceptual Spaces: How Word Embedding Models Can Inform Measurement and Theory Within Organization Science

Word embedding models are a powerful approach for representing the multidimensional conceptual spaces within which communicated concepts relate, combine, and compete with one another. This class of models represent a recent advance in machine learning allowing scholars to efficiently encode complex systems of meaning with minimal semantic distortion based on local and global word co-occurrences from large-scale text data. Although their use has the potential to broaden theoretical possibilities within organization science, embeddings are largely unknown to organizational scholars, where known they have only been mobilized for a narrow set of uses, and they remain unlinked to a theoretical scaffolding that can enable cumulative theory building within the organizations community. Our goal is to demonstrate the promise embedding models hold for organization science by providing a practical roadmap for users to mobilize the methodology in their research and a theoretical guide for consumers of that research to evaluate and conceptually link embedded representations with theoretical significance and potential. We begin by explicitly defining the notions of concept and conceptual space before proceeding to show how these can be represented and measured with word embedding models, noting strengths and weaknesses of the approach. We then provide a set of embedding measurements along with their theoretical interpretation and flexible extension. Our aim is to extract the operational and conceptual significance from technical treatments of word embeddings and place them within a practical, theoretical framework to accelerate research committed to understanding how individuals, teams, and broader collectives represent, communicate, and deploy meaning in organizational life. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.1686 .

Measuring transformative WASH: A new paradigm for evaluating water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions

AbstractProgress toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6, clean water and sanitation for all, is behind schedule and faces substantial financial challenges. Rigorous water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions have underperformed, casting doubt on their efficacy and potentially undermining confidence in WASH funding and investments. But these interventions have leaned on a narrow set of WASH indicators—linear growth and diarrhea—that reflect a 20th‐century prioritization of microbiological water quality as the most important measurement of WASH intervention success. Even when water is microbiologically safe, hundreds of millions of people face harassment, assault, injury, poisoning, anxiety, exhaustion, depression, social exclusion, discrimination, subjugation, hunger, debt, or work, school, or family care absenteeism when retrieving or consuming household water. Measures of WASH intervention success should incorporate these impacts to reinforce the WASH value proposition. We present a way forward for implementing a monitoring and evaluation paradigm shift that can help achieve transformative WASH.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation Human Water > Value of Water Human Water > Methods

Factors associated with classroom participation in preschool through third grade learners on the autism spectrum

BackgroundAccess to mathematics instruction that involves opportunities for critical thinking and procedural fluency promotes mathematics learning. Studies have outlined effective strategies for teaching mathematics to children on the autism spectrum, however, the focus of these interventions often represent a narrow set of mathematical skills and concepts centered on procedural learning without linking ideas to underlying concepts. MethodsThis study utilized classroom video observations to evaluate the variability in and nature of mathematical learning opportunities presented to 76 autistic students within 49 preschool–3rd grade general and special education learning contexts. We examined teacher instructional practices and student participation across 109 mathematical tasks within larger mathematics lessons. ResultsStudents were most often presented with mathematical tasks that required low-level cognitive demand, such as tasks focusing on rote memorization and practicing predetermined steps to solve basic algorithms. Furthermore, the nature of the mathematical task was linked with the language that teachers used, and this in turn, was associated with students’ participation within the learning opportunity. ConclusionsOur findings indicate that features of talk within specific types of mathematical tasks, including math-related talk and responsive language, were associated with increased student active engagement and spontaneous communication. The knowledge gained from this study contributes to the development of optimized instructional practices for school-aged children on the autism spectrum—information that could be used to prepare both preservice and in-service teachers.

Researching Practice Areas of Consultancy Firms

Abstract We reflect on a multi-year study of practice areas within professional service firms that has resulted in impact in various ways, including research publications, class teaching, and industry dissemination. We describe the challenges in conducting academic research at the practice area level, rather than the firm level. These challenges are grouped into two camps: fieldwork challenges and conceptual challenges. While we navigated these during our project in order to achieve our goals, we believe more work needs to be done at the practice area level within the consultancy industry, especially as this unit of analysis is affected by trends in AI and ESG that were not so prominent 20 years ago. We suggest one way forward will be to utilize collaborative systems approaches through a holistic stance, rather than focus on narrow sets of variables in a reductionist stance.

On the Ellsberg and Machina paradoxes

This paper constructs a simple model of decision-making that accounts for the paradoxes of Ellsberg and Machina. It does so by representing decision makers’ beliefs on the vector space {mathbb{R}}times {mathbb{R}} and by providing a reasonable decision rule with axiomatic foundations. Moreover, the model allows for a characterization that clearly distinguishes between the two paradoxes. The interesting feature of the paper is that the ‘resolution’ of the paradoxes is along the lines suggested by the eponymous authors themselves. This is to say, the decision rule derived from the axioms corresponds to Ellsberg’s own rule in the narrow set of circumstances that he explored, and the decision rule embodies Machina’s injunction that we treat choice under uncertainty in a similar manner to the way we treat standard consumer theory. That the paper cleaves to the advice of both authors is a little surprising given that it utilizes a two-dimensional vector space that neither author deployed.

Agents, audiences and peers: why international organizations diversify their legitimation discourse

Abstract In the face of public contestation, international organizations (IOs) invoke norms in their public communication to enhance relevant audiences' legitimacy beliefs. This article offers the first comprehensive analysis of what we term normative diversity in IOs' discursive legitimation by drawing on a novel dataset on norm-based justifications in more than 32,000 paragraphs of text published by 28 regional IOs between 1980 and 2019. We show that IOs vary strikingly in this respect: whereas some IOs invoke a narrow set of norms, often focused on economic welfare and functional capability, others engage a wide variety that includes security, national sovereignty, democracy or human rights. To explain this variance, we specify and test an explanatory framework that emphasizes IO audiences, agents and peer organizations as distinct origins. Our statistical analysis reveals that IOs diversify their discursive legitimation to 1) address heterogeneous audiences, 2) reconcile competing beliefs amongst agents themselves, and 3) integrate the legitimation of peer IOs. These findings indicate that IOs respond to the growing complexity of international cooperation in their discursive legitimation and may raise policy-makers' awareness of the difficulties in contemporary legitimation efforts.

The impact of patient safety incidents during hip and knee replacements on patients' health related quality of life: a before and after study using longitudinal data linked to patient-reported outcome measures.

The burden of patient safety incidents (PSIs) is often characterized by their impact on mortality, morbidity, and treatment costs. Few studies have attempted to estimate the impact of PSIs on patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the studies that have made such estimates primarily focus on a narrow set of incidents. The aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of PSIs on HRQoL of patients undergoing elective hip and knee surgery in England. A unique linked longitudinal data set consisting of patient-reported outcome measures for patients with hip and knee replacements linked to Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) collected between 2013/14 and 2016/17 was examined. Patients with any of nine US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) PSI indicators were identified. HRQoL was measured using the general EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D) before and after surgery. Exploiting the longitudinal structure of the data, exact matching was combined with difference in differences to estimate the impact of experiencing a PSI on HRQoL and its individual dimensions, comparing HRQoL improvements after surgery in similar patients with and without a PSI in a retrospective cohort study. This design compares the change in HRQoL before and after surgery in patients who experience a PSI to those who do not. The sample comprised 190697 and 204649 observations for patients undergoing hip replacement and knee replacement respectively. For six out of nine PSIs, patients who experienced a PSI reported improvements in HRQoL that were 14-23% lower than those who did not experience a PSI during surgery. Those who experienced a PSI were also more likely to report worse health states after surgery than those without a PSI on all five dimensions of HRQoL. PSIs are associated with a substantial negative impact on patients' HRQoL.

Using Satellite Images and Deep Learning to Measure Health and Living Standards in India

Using deep learning with satellite images enhances our understanding of human development at a granular spatial and temporal level. Most studies have focused on Africa and on a narrow set of asset-based indicators. This article leverages georeferenced village-level census data from across 40% of the population of India to train deep models that predicts 16 indicators of human well-being from Landsat 7 imagery. Based on the principles of transfer learning, the census-based model is used as a feature extractor to train another model that predicts an even larger set of developmental variables—over 90 variables—included in two rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS). The census-based-feature-extractor model outperforms the current standard in the literature for most of these NFHS variables. Overall, the results show that combining satellite data with Indian Census data unlocks rich information for training deep models that track human development at an unprecedented geographical and temporal resolution.

Rapid but narrow - Evolutionary adaptation and transcriptional response of Drosophila melanogaster to toxic mould.

Insects have adapted to a multitude of environmental conditions, including the presence of xenobiotic noxious substances. Environmental microorganisms, particularly rich on ephemeral resources, employ these noxious chemicals in a chemical warfare against predators and competitors, driving co-evolutionary adaptations. In order to analyse how environmental microbes may be driving such evolutionary adaptations, we experimentally evolved Drosophila melanogaster populations by exposing larvae to the toxin-producing mould Aspergillus nidulans that infests the flies' breeding substrate. To disentangle the effects of the mycotoxin Sterigmatocystin from other substrate modifications inflicted by the mould, we used the following four selection regimes: (i) control without fungus, (ii) A. nidulans wild type, (iii) a mutant of A. nidulans ΔlaeA with impaired toxin production, (iv) synthetic Sterigmatocystin. Experimental evolution was carried out in five independent D. melanogaster populations each, for a total of 11 generations. We further combined our evolution experiment with transcriptome analysis to identify evolutionary shifts in gene expression due to the selection regimes and mould confrontation. Populations that evolved in presence of the toxin-producing mould or the pure mycotoxin rapidly adapted to the respective conditions and showed higher viability in subsequent confrontations. Yet, mycotoxin-selected populations had no advantage in A. nidulans wild type confrontation. Moreover, distinctive changes in gene expression related to the selection-regime contrast were only associated with the toxin-producing-fungus regime and comprised a narrow set of genes. Thus, it needs the specific conditions of the selection agent to enable adaptation to the fungus.