Narrow Particle Size Distribution Research Articles

Jet cavitation-enhanced hydration method for the preparation of magnesium hydroxide

During the preparation of magnesium hydroxide via the hydration method, in-situ growth and agglomeration often inhibit the reaction. This study used active magnesium oxide as the raw material and employed jet cavitation technology to enhance the hydration process. Based on the growth process of magnesium hydroxide, the mechanism of jet-enhanced hydration was analyzed. The effects of reaction temperature (T), reaction time (t), solid-liquid ratio (s), and cavitation number (σ) on the hydration rate were investigated. An L25(54) orthogonal experiment explored the significance of each factor's impact on the hydration rate. The hydration products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a specific surface area analyzer. Results indicate that the factors affecting the hydration rate, in order of significance, are cavitation number > reaction temperature > solid-liquid ratio > reaction time. The optimal process parameters were determined to be a reaction temperature of 70 °C, reaction time of 80 min, solid-liquid ratio of 1:12, and cavitation number of 0.42. Under these conditions, the hydration rate reached 94.87 %, producing well-dispersed lamellar magnesium hydroxide with a narrow particle size distribution (median particle size D50 = 4.511 μm) and a BET specific surface area of 11.345 m²/g.

Structural Modification of Ru‐Bi Catalysts and its Impact on One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3,5‐trimethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone with Hydrogen Peroxide

AbstractOxidative transformation of phenols is an efficient route towards the production of moieties for naturally occurring quinones with a wide range of biological activities. Silica supported Ru−Bi catalysts were prepared by microwave‐assisted loading (MW) and deposition (DP) methods. The as‐prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD (X‐ray diffraction), N2 physisoption, SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), TEM (Transmission electron microscopy) and XPS (X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry) techniques. Catalysts with low Bi loading, 5 %Ru‐1 %Bi, have narrow particle size distributions that correspond to an average particle size of 2.21–2.59 nm. 5 %Ru‐5 %Bi catalysts consist of Ru−Bi nanochains. The outcome of the catalytic oxidation of 2,3,5‐trimethylhydroquinone (TMHQ, 1) to 2,3,5‐trimethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone (TMBQ, 2) depends on the catalyst preparation method, promoter loading, solvent and temperature used. MW‐5Ru1Bi is the most active catalyst with conversions that range between 99–100 % at both room temperature (r.t) and under refluxing MeNO2 and MeOH. The highest yields of TMBQ (100 %) were obtained over MW‐5 %Ru‐1 %Bi and DP‐5 %Ru‐5 %Bi catalysts.

Improving the Stability, Water Solubility, and Antioxidant Activity of α-Tocopherol by Encapsulating It into Niosomes Modified with Cationic Carbamate-Containing Surfactants.

The low solubility of α-tocopherol in water and its susceptibility to photodegradation make it difficult for biological systems to absorb this natural antioxidant. To overcome these limitations, α-tocopherol was encapsulated in low-toxicity nanocontainers, namely, niosomes based on Tween 80 and cholesterol. The niosomes were modified with cationic surfactants containing a carbamate fragment. The size and charge of the particles were determined and their stability was assessed using dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering methods. It was found that the introduction of cationic surfactants to niosome formulations significantly improved their physicochemical properties and increased stability due to a positive charge of up to +40 mV being generated. Modified niosomes loaded with α-tocopherol were characterized by a hydrodynamic diameter of 100-120 nm, a narrow particle size distribution, and a high encapsulation efficiency of more than 90%. Testing the photochemical stability of α-tocopherol using a spectrophotometric method demonstrated that niosomes were able to protect this substance from UV irradiation. Luminescence analysis showed that the inclusion of α-tocopherol in niosomes increased their antioxidant activity by 30%. An acute toxicity study has demonstrated the safety of the systems. The LD50 value for niosomes modified with carbamate-containing surfactants and loaded with α-tocopherol exceeded 10,000 mg·kg-1 (mice, intraperitoneal and oral administration).

Microfluidic Precision Manufacture of High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Microspheres

A key bottleneck in developing chromatographic material is the chemically entangled control of morphology, pore structure, and material chemistry, which holds back precision material manufacture in order to pursue advanced separation performance. In this work, a precision manufacture strategy based on droplet microfluidics was developed, for production of highly efficient chromatographic microspheres with independent control over particle morphology, pore structure and material chemistry. The droplet‐synthesized microspheres display extremely narrow particle size distribution (CV<3%), enabling a 100% production yield due to complete elimination of sieving steps. More importantly, the size of the droplet‐synthesized microspheres is freely adjustable without the need for re‐optimizing chemical recipes or reaction conditions. The resulting materials exhibit excellent separation efficiencies, achieving a reduced plate height of hmin​=1.67. This precision manufacture strategy also allows for flexible pore design and continuous pore size adjustment across three orders of magnitudes, providing a novel vehicle for resolution fine‐tuning targeting protein separation. Besides traditional silica, organic‐inorganic hybrid silica, zirconia, and titania microspheres can also be precisely synthesized on the same platform, supporting various separation applications and operating conditions. Powered by precision manufacture, super‐throughput production, and versatile chemistry, the high‐performance droplet‐synthesized separation material will pave the way towards green and precision chromatographic industry.

Microfluidic Precision Manufacture of High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Microspheres.

A key bottleneck in developing chromatographic material is the chemically entangled control of morphology, pore structure, and material chemistry, which holds back precision material manufacture in order to pursue advanced separation performance. In this work, a precision manufacture strategy based on droplet microfluidics was developed,for production of highly efficient chromatographic microspheres with independent controloverparticle morphology, pore structureand material chemistry.The droplet-synthesized microspheres display extremely narrow particle size distribution (CV<3%), enabling a 100% production yield due to complete elimination of sieving steps. More importantly, the size of the droplet-synthesized microspheres is freely adjustable without the need for re-optimizing chemical recipes or reaction conditions. The resulting materials exhibit excellent separation efficiencies, achieving a reduced plate height of hmin​=1.67. This precision manufacture strategy also allows for flexible pore design and continuous pore size adjustment across three orders of magnitudes, providing a novel vehicle for resolution fine-tuning targeting protein separation. Besides traditional silica, organic-inorganic hybrid silica, zirconia, and titania microspheres can also be precisely synthesized on the same platform, supporting various separation applications and operating conditions. Powered by precision manufacture, super-throughput production, and versatile chemistry, the high-performance droplet-synthesized separation material will pave the way towards green and precision chromatographic industry.

Hyperbranched Organosilicon Surfactants as Emulsifiers for the Emulsion Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate

This report is devoted to the investigation of the emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of PEGylated hyperbranched polymethylethoxysiloxane as an emulsifier. It is shown that its use in the amount of 1–5 wt % affords stable 25–50% poly(methyl methacrylate) dispersions with the controlled particle sizes from 300 to 800 nm and a narrow particle size distribution.

Lyotropic liquid crystal and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems nanoparticles as artesunic acid and praziquantel carriers: An innovative approach for formulation of anti-malaria and schistosomicidal drugs

Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for treating cestode and trematode infections, and it is currently the only option against schistosomiasis. Artesunic acid (AcART) is effective against several parasites and has emerged as an alternative for schistosomiasis treatment. However, AcART and PZQ have limited bioavailability due to poor water solubility, low permeability, and rapid cell clearance. To address these challenges, this study aimed to develop self-emulsifying drug delivery systems to develop SEDDS and NPs-LLC to overcome the low water solubility affecting AcART and PZQ bioavailability. The study involved validating the HPLC analytical methodology for AcART, SEDDS, and NPs-LLC formulations, and conducting physicochemical characterization and ex-vivo intestinal permeation assays. The composition of formulations was determined by the solubility balance of AcART and PZQ. The drug content ranged between 83 and 90 %. The anionic zeta potential was attributed to Myverol®, and the particle diameter increased slightly after the drug incorporation, while the polydispersity index indicated the relatively narrow particle size distribution. Additionally, the DSC thermogram confirmed that PZQ and AcART are in solution within SEDDS and NPs-LLC. The FTIR analysis suggests that components of SEDDS and NPs-LLC and drugs do not react to form new chemical species. The selection of specific compound formulations was based on achieving the best solubility balance. The nanostructures were stable and exhibited a surface charge favorable to mucosal permeation, with slightly superior performance for SEDDS. The innovative formulations, SEDDS and NPs-LLC, are suitable and effective carriers for AcART and PZQ.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe–30Mn–9Al–C–3Ni low-density steel manufactured by selective laser melting

Low-density Fe–Mn–Al–C steels are widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries as advanced lightweight materials. In this study, highly spherical Fe–30Mn–9Al–C–3Ni powder with a narrow particle-size distribution, low oxygen content, and good flowability was prepared using the plasma rotating electrode process (PREP). Furthermore, Fe–30Mn–9Al–C–3Ni low-density alloy steel was manufactured for the first time using the selective laser melting (SLM) molding technique. Laser power was found to significantly impact the microstructure and mechanical properties of SLM-printed Fe–30Mn–9Al–C–3Ni alloys. The Fe–30Mn–9Al–C–3Ni alloy prepared at a laser power of 110 W (denoted as P-110) exhibited the best mechanical properties, including a yield strength of 887.1 MPa, tensile strength of 1076.8 MPa, elongation of 40.80%, and a maximum hardness value of 294 HV. This study highlights the potential of SLM molding for fabricating low-density Fe–Mn–Al–C steels with complex geometrical shapes and outstanding comprehensive mechanical properties.

Preparation and performance evaluation of CNF‐enhanced polyether‐modified polysiloxane defoamer

AbstractIn this article, polyether‐modified polysiloxanes were synthesized by the reaction of poly(methyl hydrogen siloxane) (PMHS) with Allyl alcohol polyether B‐400. FT‐IR, laser particle size analysis, hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value test, and surface tension measurements were used to characterize its structures and properties. The results show that the control law for the HLB value of polyether‐modified polysiloxanes was obtained as follow: the HLB value increases with increasing hydrogen content of PMHS. When the polyether‐modified polysiloxanes were used to emulsify the polysiloxane, at the HLB value of 10.5, the average particle size of the emulsion was about 0.23 μm with a narrow particle size distribution. The emulsion has good emulsifying and dispersing properties, as well as excellent foam elimination and foam inhibition performance. When the cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) was used as a protective agent for the preparing of the polysiloxane defoamer, the stability of the emulsion does not affect, but its foam elimination and foam inhibition of emulsion can be further improved at the presence of CNF. The lowest surface tension of CNF‐enhanced polyether‐modified polysiloxane defoamer is about 22.4 mN m−1, which has good surface property. When the concentration of CNF‐enhanced polyether‐modified polysiloxane defoamer was 0.1 g L−1, the foam elimination time and foam inhibition time were 5.8 s and 38 min, respectively, at the temperature (80°C) and alkali environment (pH 13).

Micelles as nanocarriers of fluorescent and magnetic dendrimers for potential bimodal imaging applications

Bimodal magnetic-fluorescent materials that integrate magnetic and fluorescent properties have attracted significant attention due to their potential applications in biomedical imaging, biosensing, and therapeutic diagnosis. Tetra-amido-TEMPO 1, a compound that combines a fluorescent oligo(styryl)benzene dendrimer core with TEMPO radicals in its four branches was synthesized and used to form micelles with CTAB in water. DLS and Cryo-TEM techniques revealed the formation of micelles exhibiting a narrow particle size distribution, with an average hydrodynamic diameter ranging from 95 to 140 nm. After micellization, the ultraviolet-visible absorption and fluorescence emission intensities of micelles increased with tetra-amido-TEMPO concentration and EPR spectroscopy demonstrated consistent three-line spectra in the micelles, with the integrated area directly proportional to the amount of tetra-amido-TEMPO present. Besides, sufficient contrast enhancement in the proton T1 relaxation time-weighted magnetic resonance images in vitro proved their ability to act as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. These tetra-amido-TEMPO/CTAB micelles offer an aqueous-compatible system for this bimodal fluorescent-magnetic molecule, showcasing proof of concept of their potential for biomedical applications.

Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of uniform-sized Goserelin-loaded sustained release microspheres

Sustained release microspheres loaded with goserelin are regarded as a promising candidate for treating prostate cancer and other sex hormone diseases. However, their widespread adoption has been hindered by issues such as wide particle size distribution and unstable release characteristics. To address these challenges, we employed a combination of the solid-in-oil-in-water microspheres preparation approach (S/O/W) and innovative premix membrane emulsification technology and deeply investigated the effects of four key parameters on the loaded performance of microspheres and the microscopic mechanisms behind them. With this approach, we successfully produced goserelin-loaded sustained release microspheres of narrow particle size distribution (Span 0.642), remarkable encapsulation efficiency (DL = 4.23 %, EE = 93.98 %), low initial burst release (about 0.50 % within 2 h), and compatibility with small injection needles (23-G, inner diameter 0.33 mm, outer diameter 0.64 mm, maximal force 59 N). In the animal model(administered dose, 2.4 mg·Kg−1), goserelin long-acting sustained release microspheres sustained release for over 32 days, maintaining effective concentrations above 2 ng·mL−1, and effectively reduced serum testosterone concentrations to castration levels (<1.0 ng·mL−1) by day 4, maintaining this inhibition for up to 21 days, exhibiting comparable efficacy to the positive control group. In vivo release kinetics analysis revealed that goserelin-loaded sustained release microspheres exhibited a release pattern dominated by diffusion with corrosion assistance in vivo. In summary, the systematic and comprehensive evaluation of uniform-sized goserelin-loaded sustained release microspheres has highlighted their excellent translational potential, and the study herein may provide new strategies and ideas for the development of microsphere dosage forms.

Reactive crystallization regulation for synthesizing NCM811 precursor by different impellers

The spherical and dense precursors with a narrow particle size distribution are essential to achieve high electrochemical performance in cathode materials. Four newly designed impellers, including the punched-flow turbine (PFT), punched-flow disc turbine (PFDT), curved-inclined-blade disc turbine (CIBDT), and 6-folded-pitched turbine (FPT-6), are applied to prepare the precursors to investigate the interplay among the fluid flow state, precursors’ morphology and growth, and physicochemical properties of cathodes. The flow and mixing features of double impellers are predicted using computational fluid dynamics, indicating that the FPT-6 plays a crucial role in crystal nucleation while PFDT facilitates crystal growth. This concurrence can be corroborated by examining the performance of precursors synthesized using these four impellers. It is first found that the electrochemical performance is distinctly enhanced by utilizing different impellers to regulate the specified nucleation and growth stage. By increasing the nucleation rate with double impellers of FPT-6, the tap density and sphericity of the precursor and cathode materials are significantly improved. The discharge capacity of cooperative agitators (FPT-6+PT) is 2.1 times that of the only propeller turbine at a high current density (10 C). The later growth stage is suitably regulated by FPT-6 or PFDT; properly extended reactive time can enhance the sphericity and electrochemical performance. The dual mixed-impeller (PT/CIBDT) combines intense mixing and shear ability, attaining a dense spheroid with a highly smooth surface. The cycle retention of this cathode is increased by 10.35% after 200 cycles at 1 C compared to a commercial counterpart. A regulatory strategy for the reactive co-precipitation process to enhance precursor stability is proposed here. Furthermore, the optimal operation parameters derived from this strategy can be effectively applied to commercial cathode materials.

Sustained co-release of ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone in rabbit maxillary sinus using polyvinyl alcohol-based hydrogel microparticle

Topical delivery to paranasal sinuses through sustained-release stents is one of the new horizons in treating chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study aims to introduce and evaluate sustained co-release of encapsulated ciprofloxacin (CIP) and dexamethasone (DEX) in polyvinyl alcohol-based carriers within the maxillary sinus of rabbit animals. DEX and CIP were loaded in a tyramine-substituted polyvinyl alcohol microparticle (PVATyr MP). The mechanical stability, degradability, and sustained-release patterns of both drugs as well as cellular cytocompatibility were assessed in vitro. The PVATyr MPs were then injected into the maxillary sinus of rabbits and they were monitored weekly for 21 days. Nasal endoscopy, MRI imaging, and tissue microscopy were used to follow the changes and compared them with the control condition. Also, the concentrations of drugs were evaluated in the maxillary sinus and blood samples over the study period. Produced PVA-based MPs possessed a relatively narrow particle size distribution (CV 7.7%) with proper physical stability until 30 days of incubation. The uniform-sized PVATyr MPs and their surrounding hydrogel showed sustained-release profiles for DEX and CIP for up to 32 days in vitro. The injected drugs-loaded hydrogel showed complete clearance from the maxillary sinus of rabbits within 28 days. The concentrations of DEX and CIP in mucosal remained within the therapeutic window when measured on days 7, 14, and 21, which were well above the plasma concentrations without any pathological changes in endoscopy, MRI imaging, and histological examinations. DEX/CIP loaded PVATyr MPs provided an effective, controlled, and safe sustained-drug delivery in both in vitro and in vivo analyses at therapeutic concentrations with minimal systemic absorption, suggesting a promising treatment approach for CRS.Graphical

Controlling particle size of levan in powder form with different technologies

Levan is a fructose polysaccharide with multiple applications in different fields, but its obtaining in powdered form with a narrow particle size distribution is a complicated task. Two techniques, electrospraying and supercritical antisolvent (SAS) precipitation, were used to process levan that was first obtained enzymatically. The SAS process was able to micronize the polymer (at experimental conditions far above the mixture critical point of the solvent-antisolvent system) to obtain spherical particles between 0.30 and 0.50 μm with a proper particle size distribution. In this case, the Peng-Robinson equation of state was used to theoretically determine the mixture critical point. Bigger and elongated particles were obtained with electrospraying (0.60 μm). According to solution properties, mainly rheology, solubility and conductivity, the best solvent for levan electrospraying, in order to avoid problems of solvent evaporation and jet formation, was a mixture of water and ethanol with a polymer concentration of 50 mg·cm−3. Indeed, that solution has a viscous behavior (according to the oscillatory analysis), a low degree of pseudo-plasticity (based on the shear flow analysis), and the highest value of conductivity. Therefore, the particle size distribution of levan in powdered form can be tuned depending on the technique used.

Formulation and analysis of acrylic emulsion coatings with chrome yellow, phthalocyanine blue, and red oxide pigments using high speed disperser and bead mill techniques

A major commercial problem is achieving stable and fine particle pigment dispersion, especially for aqueous pigment dispersions. It is essential to optimize dispersants in order to moisten, disperse, and stabilize pigments throughout the milling process. This study focuses on formulating acrylic emulsion coatings using chrome yellow, phthalocyanine blue, and red oxide pigment concentrates. The formulations were developed using both high-speed dispersers (HSD) and bead mills. A quality evaluation of the products from the two milling techniques was carried out. Formulations made with chrome yellow, phthalocyanine blue, and red oxide pigment concentrates in a water-based, binder-free system using bead mills, Tween-80, SLS, and cocosulphosuccinate surfactants showed narrower particle size distributions and stronger color than those made with HSD. Specifically, formulations prepared with bead mills and the aforementioned surfactants demonstrated superior color strength compared to those prepared with HSD. The color shade of acrylic emulsion coatings formulated with phthalocyanine blue and red oxide pigment concentrates, along with Tween-80 and cocosulphosuccinate surfactants using HSD, matched the standard color shade formulations prepared in bead mills. However, formulations using phthalocyanine blue pigment concentrates with SLS and oleylsulphosuccinate surfactants in HSD did not match the standard color shade prepared in bead mills.

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Carbamazepine-Loaded Chitosan-Coated/Uncoated PLGA and Zein Nanoparticles

The aim of this study is to prepare CBZ-loaded chitosan (Ch)- coated/uncoated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and Zein (using 20 mg or 40 mg Zein) nanoparticles (CBZ-PLGA-Zein-NPs or CBZ-PLGA-Zein-Ch-NPs) and to characterize (Particle size, PDI, zeta potential, percent encapsulation efficiency (EE%), FT-IR, DSC and XRD analyzes, and in vitro release study) them in vitro. These nanoparticles were prepared using a modified emulsification-solvent evaporation method. The particle sizes of CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-NPs, CBZ-PLGA-Zein(40)-NPs and CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-Ch-NPs were found to be about 222 nm, 245 nm and 221 nm, respectively. The PDI value of all NP formulations was below 0.3. This indicates a narrow particle size distribution. The EE% values of CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-NPs, CBZ-PLGA-Zein(40)-NPs and CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20)-Ch-NPs were determined as about 64%, 56% and 62%, respectively. The coating of the optimum formulation (containing 20 mg Zein) with chitosan did not lead to a significant difference in the particle size and EE% value of this formulation (P&gt;0.05). A sustained release of CBZ from all prepared NPs formulations was achieved until 48th h. In conclusion, CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20 mg or 40 mg)-NPs and CBZ-PLGA-Zein(20 mg)-Ch-NPs were successfully prepared and characterized in vitro.

Establishing a process route for additive manufacturing of NiCu-based Alloy 400: an alignment of gas atomization, laser powder bed fusion, and design of experiments

Alloy 400 is a corrosion-resistant, NiCu-based material which is used in numerous industrial applications, especially in marine environments and the high-temperature chemical industry. As conventional manufacturing limits geometrical complexity, additive manufacturing (AM) of the present alloy system promises great potential. For this purpose, a robust process chain, consisting of powder production via gas atomization and a design of experiment (DoE) approach for laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), was developed. With a narrow particle size distribution, powders were found to be spherical, flowable, consistent in chemical composition, and, hence, generally applicable to the LPBF process. Copper segregations at grain boundaries were clearly detected in powders. For printed parts instead, low-intensity micro-segregations at cell walls were discovered, being correlated with the iterative thermal stress applied to solidified melt-pool-near grains during layer-by-layer manufacturing. For the production of nearly defect-free LPBF structures, DoE suggested a single optimum parameter set instead of a broad energy density range. The latter key figure was found to be misleading in terms of part densities, making it an outdated tool in modern, software-based process parameter optimization. On the microscale, printed parts showed an orientation of melt pools along the build direction with a slight crystallographic [101] texture. Micro-dendritic structures were detected on the nanoscale being intersected by a high number of dislocations. Checked against hot-extruded reference material, the LPBF variant performed better in terms of strength while lacking in ductility, being attributed to a finer grain structure and residual porosity, respectively.

Low-temperature fabrication of zirconia transparent ceramics via hydrothermal nanopowder

Highly sinterable nanopowder of 8 mol% yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia (8YSZ) was synthesized via a hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation (HHP) method. The nanopowder with an average particle size of 26 nm, exhibits good dispersibility, narrow particle size distribution and high purity, making it ideal raw material for preparing transparent ceramics. Utilizing spark plasma sintering (SPS) under mild conditions (1200–1350 °C, 80 MPa, 10 min) in contrast to hot isostatic pressing (HIP), cubic zirconia ceramics with favorable optical and mechanical properties were produced. The sample sintered at 1250 °C achieved the highest transmittance of 74 %@850 nm, significantly surpassing the performance of samples prepared from two other commercial 8YSZ powders. Furthermore, the specimen sintered at 1200 °C with a dense fine microstructure (relative density: 99.51 %, grain size: 460 nm), demonstrated the highest hardness and fracture toughness, reaching 15.72 GPa and 1.28 MPa m1/2, respectively.

P-doped carbon dot nano-probe for inner filter effect-based determination of sarecycline in pharmaceutical dosage form and human plasma.

Based on novel phosphorus-doped carbon dots (PCDs), a simple, quick, and accurate fluorescence probe for sarecycline (SAR) determination has been created. The PCDs were prepared in just five minutes using green, straightforward one-step microwave pyrolysis. To create the PCD probe, sodium phosphate monobasic was utilized as a phosphorus dopant and citric acid as a carbon supply. The proposed synthesis method was energy efficient and yielded CDs with a narrow particle size distribution. Based on inner-filter effect mechanism, the generated PCDs were used as nano-probe for SAR determination. The fluorescence quenching intensity showed a strong linear relationship with SAR concentration in the 3-90-μM range with a detection limit of 0.88 μM. Because there is no surface alteration of the CDs or creation of a covalent bond between SAR and PCDs, the developed approach is quick, easy, inexpensive, and requires less time. The new probe's enhanced sensitivity, broad linear range, and acceptable selectivity made it suitable for SAR measurement in pharmaceutical formulations and spiked human plasma. Most importantly, the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) assessments showed that the suggested method was environmentally friendly.

Oxyethylated polypropylene glycols of various structures as surfactants for the synthesis of polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate suspensions with a narrow particle size distribution

Oxyethylated polypropylene glycols of various structures as surfactants for the synthesis of polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate suspensions with a narrow particle size distribution