Narrow Borders Research Articles

15‐4: WUXGA LTPS Pad with Only 1‐IC‐Chip and 8‐Photo‐Mask Processes

In order to enhance the competitiveness with a‐Si and IGZO products, LTPS tablet product with comprehensive advantages in performance and cost have been developed. In this article, innovative technologies including 8‐Photo‐Mask process and only 1‐IC‐Chip solution are applied, and the performances such as low frame rate, active pens and narrow borders can meet the request of customer.

46‐4: High Frame Rate Scanning Backlight System For Gaming PC Display with IGZO‐TFT Technology

The rapid expansion of the gaming PC market in recent years has increased the demand for high frame rate display modules. Especially for laptops, the demand for thinner profiles and narrower borders also continues to be strong. We have developed an LCD module with a combination of a high frame rate LC panel based on IGZO‐TFT technology and a scanning backlight that enables high moving picture quality in a thin profile with narrow borders on three sides. The scanning backlight has fewer segmented areas. Nevertheless, our LCD achieves higher moving picture quality by using a fast response LC.

Phytodiversity of the Irgiz Floodplain nature monument

The Bolshoy Irgiz River is 375 km long and has a catchment area of 24 thousand km, including the Orenburg Region and the Samara Region. The flora contains 64 species of plants: 14 belong to the class of monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and 48 belong to the class of dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida), the most numerous families by the number of species are Lamiaceae (5), Cyperaceae (5), Potamogetonaceae (5), Polygonaceae (4), Poaceae (4). The ecological spectrum of the flora is represented by hydrophytes (20 species), helophytes (8), hygrohelophytes (5), hygrophytes (19) and mesophytes (12). These are mainly broad-area species of the Eurasian (23), Holarctic (23) and pluriregional (11) ranges. There are only 7 species of plants with narrow range borders. In economic terms the flora consists of 28 species of medicinal plants, as well as forage (23), tanning (15), food (14), dye (13), honey (12), ornamental (11) and poisonous (8) plants. Vegetation is represented by 17 formations and is represented by the coastal-aquatic vegetation type and two subtypes: coastal and aquatic vegetation. The first subtype contains formations: Phragmiteta australis, Typheta angustifolitae, Scirpeta lacustris, Sagittarieta sagittifoliae, Persicarieta amphibii, Alismateta plantago-aquaticae. The second subtype contains: Nymphaeeta candidae, Nuphareta luteae, Potameta lucentis, Potameta perfoliati, Potameta crispus, Lemneta minori, Salvinieta natantis, Hydrocharieta morsus-ranae, Spirodeleta polyrhizi, Lemneta trisulcae, Ceratophylleta demersi. Coastal plant communities are characterized by a 23-tier structure, a high degree of projective coverage, and a relatively high abundance of species (from 15 to 26). Water phytocoenoses are poor in species composition, have a spotty character of overgrowth and 12 tiered structure. The Irgiz Floodplain nature monument requires compliance with the stipulated protection measures in order to preserve the habitat of rare plant populations Nuhar luteum L., Nymphaea candida J. et C. Presl., Salvinia natans L. (All.), Cicuta virosa L., Najas major All. Descriptions of phytocenoses were carried out according to the generally accepted method of geobotanical research in the summer of 2018, while tiering, abundance, projective cover and vitality were noted as well as all species included in plant communities were registered.

Church without Borders: A Successful Project of the Hesychast Patriarchs of the 14th Century

The purpose of this article is to trace the principal directions of the policy of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the second half of the 14th century. At that time, the Ecumenical see was occupied by prelates from the Hesychast movement. Armed with a strong juridical and diplomatic tradition, the Hesychast patriarchs focused their efforts on the expansion of the Byzantine Church well beyond the increasingly narrow borders of the secular Byzantine State, with an eye toward gathering the Orthodox world around the Great Church of Constantinople. On the one hand, they moved in the direction of the South Slavsic dioceses, in order to recover what they considered fell, by law, under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical see. On the other hand, they devoted themselves to gaining jurisdiction over the Churches in Russia, Wallachia and Moldavia, which were under an autocratic secular power independent of the Byzantine State. The other major goal was to appeal to orthodox princes in order to ensure the financial patronage of the entire Orthodox Church, starting with the Athonite monasteries.

45‐1: Invited Paper: Multi‐Spliced LCDs for Foldable Mobile Device ‐ Seamless Technology and Applications

This article presents the use of spliced LCD displays on foldable mobile devices. In order to achieve a perfect spliced display, we need to use a four‐sided narrow border design LCD and visual seamless technology. The article introduces two new techniques for ultra narrow borders and uses these two techniques to overcome the rainbow pattern and textual continuity of the seam edges between two adjacent LCD displays.

Gao Xingjian’s Dialogue with Literary and Visual Traditions

The paper is devoted to the contemporary Chinese prose and drama writer, painter,stage director and author of experimental art films, Gao Xingjian. My aim is topresent his innovative solutions in the field of different arts and media. I try toanalyze his works in a broad context of Eastern and Western culture and to showthe flexibility with which he crosses the narrow borders of arts, makes use of therich heritage of his native traditional culture, Chinese Taoist philosophy with itsprocessual understanding of reality. I also point at his interest in the aesthetics ofemptiness and artistic minimalism.

Nurettin Topçu`ya Göre “Var Olmak” Ne Demektir?

Nurettin Topçu`ya göre var olmak; düşünmek, sevmek ve iradî hareketler gerçekleştirmektir. Topçu “var olmak”ı bu kavramlarla izah etse de bu konuda insana tam anlamıyla sadece “hareket”in rehberlik edebileceğini iddia eder. Eğer insanın bir cevherinden bahsedilecekse, iradî hareketler gerçekleştirebilme kabiliyeti onun cevheridir. Çünkü insan varlığını ve onun boyutlarını sadece hareket sayesinde anlayabiliriz. Düşünmek ise, insanın olsa olsa kısmî özüdür. Bundan dolayı, hareket kabiliyetinin gelişmesi düşünme kabiliyetinin gelişmesini sağlar; sırasında, düşünmek de hareketin gelişmesine elbette katkıda bulunur. İnsan hareketlerinin varlığı ve devamı, gayesi olan sonsuzluğa doğru yol almasına bağlıdır. Nitekim, insan, sadece sonsuzlukta huzur bulabileceği için, ona doğru gitmek ister. Bu gidişi, insanın içinden gelen, harekete geçirici bir güç olan mesuliyet yönlendirir. Bu itici güç, farklı imkân ve boyutlarıyla yeni varoluş alanları keşfetme ihtiyacını doğurur. İnsan varoluşu, tüm yönleriyle önceden zaten tespit edilmiş başlı başına bir şey değildir. Topçu`ya göre, bir insanın ayırt edici özelliklerini geliştirmesi ve belli bir olgunluk düzeyine ulaşması, ancak sonsuza ayarlı fikir ve hareketler sayesinde olmaktadır; çünkü âleme ve sonsuza yöneliş, insan için varoluş imkânlarını çeşitlendirir. Bunun aksine, insanı yeni bir varoluş düzeyine yükseltmeyen, sonsuza ulaştırmayan, çokluktan birliğe götürmeyen düşünme biçimleri ve hareket tarzları ise, gerileticidir. Dolayısıyla, insanların, menfaatleriyle uyumlu fikir ve inançlara bağlanması, onlara koşut hareket etmesi, ahlâkî ve manevî düşüşle sonuçlanır. Yani, insanın benlik ya da şahsiyetinin derinliklerinden gelmeyen düşünce ve hareketler, ten ve iştahalar sahası sınırlarında kalır, öteye geçemez.

The Miocene Atastra Creek sinter (Bodie Hills volcanic field, California and Nevada): 4D evolution of a geomorphically intact siliceous hot spring deposit

The Atastra Creek siliceous hot spring deposit, or sinter, occurs in the Paramount-Bald Peak alteration zone, due north of the Bodie precious metals mining district in the Miocene Bodie Hills volcanic field, California and Nevada, U.S.A. Distinctive features include its geomorphically intact geyser vent mounds, the presence of growth-fault-stepped sinter terraces that developed westward along a NNW trending fault, and atypical Hg, Sb and As concentrations. High-temperature (>75 °C), subaerial, proximal apron sinter occurs in two settings – (1) radiating botryoidal geyserite in vent mounds and (2) bedded geyserite (columnar, nodular, size-sorted geyser eggs) intercalated with mid- to low-temperature (<60 °C), middle to distal apron terrace sinter. The active geyser vent mounds migrated from south to north across the apron terrace through time. A newly recognized, visually striking type of sinter – termed silica infiltrate herein – formed directly beneath the subaerial geyserite deposits. It is characterized by mainly parallel, thin, irregular beds of white silica with narrow borders of dark blue-gray silica, as well as swirly to globular white silica, all chaotically linked together by silica ‘necks’ and ‘bridges’. The silica infiltrate permeates the pre-existing sinter, and is interpreted to represent super-heated fluid injections into the immediately overlying geyser vent mounds and pools. The adjacent sinter sheets preserve fluid-flow directions of warm-water channels that traversed the discharge apron, including microbial streamer fabric and wavy laminated sinter with flattened bubbles. More distal sinter textures are recorded by rimmed terracettes with mammillated and palisade microbial fabrics and rare, warm pool-related stromatolites. However, plants are absent, probably due to the high metalloids, in particular As. Post-depositional events include an inferred hydrothermal eruption breccia and an interpreted drop in the water table accompanied by incursion of steam acid condensate, as evidenced by pervasive hydrothermal alteration of the Atastra Creek deposits. Hence, the well-exposed sedimentary facies distributions, well-preserved geomorphology, and stratigraphic and structural relationships together allow an unusually complete, paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Atastra Creek paleohydrothermal deposit.

Correlation between Business Process Management and Organizational Performance: A Study of Bank X

Business process management is multidimensional tool which utilizes several methods to examine processes from a holistic perspective, transcending the narrow borders of specific functions. It undertakes fundamental reconsideration and radical redesign of organizational processes in order to achieve drastic improvement of current performance in terms of cost, service and speed. Business process management tries to encourage a radical change rather than an incremental change. An analytical approach has been applied for the current study. For this study, the case of Bank X, which is a leading public sector bank operating in the state, has been taken into consideration. A sample of 250 customers was selected randomly from Alwar, Dausa and Bharatpur districts. For policy framework, corporate headquarters were consulted. For the research a self-designed survey instrument, looking for information from the customers on several parameters like cost, quality, services and performance, was used. This article tries to take a critical account of existent business process management in Bank X and to study the relationship between business process management and organizational performance. The data has been tested by correlation analysis. The findings of the study show that business process management exists in the Bank X and there is a significant relationship between business process management and organizational performance.

FROM THE "NATIONAL" TO THE POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN ATHENS OF THE 6TH CENTURY BCE, AND THE EMERGENCE OF DEMOCRACY

This paper addresses the construction of a "national" identity of the Athenian inhabitants during the tyrannical governance of Peisistratos and his sons (561/0-511/0 BCE) mainly through a series of religious practices, such as the transfer of cults from the rural areas to the city ( asty ) of Athens, the reorganization of the Panathenaia, the establishment of the City Dionysia, etc. The present paper investigates how this developed "national" consciousness in the late 6th century, in the sense of the citizens’ nationalization within the borders of the Athenian city-state, could enable the political unification of Attica and the emergence of Democracy, taking into account the constitutional reforms of Kleisthenes the Alcmeonid, after the expulsion of the Peisistratidai. This paper focuses on the interpretation of the concept of political equality and the formation of a political identity of the Athenians in the late 6th century onwards, two notions which are treated here as very closely integrated. It was that political consciousness, following the constitutional changes of Kleisthenes, which led the Athenians to their first great military victories in the early 5th century over the Persians. These victories, which indisputably confirmed the strength of the constitution, will be brought, in short, into discussion in order to clarify the transition of Athens from the narrow borders of an archaic city-state to the rise of its naval empire in the "golden" 5th century via the newly established Democracy.

Beyond the mammography debate: a moderate perspective.

After some decades of contention, one can almost despair and conclude that (paraphrasing) "the mammography debate you will have with you always." Against that sentiment, in this review I argue, after reflecting on some of the major themes of this long-standing debate, that we must begin to move beyond the narrow borders of claim and counterclaim to seek consensus on what the balance of methodologically sound and critically appraised evidence demonstrates, and also to find overlooked underlying convergences; after acknowledging the reality of some residual and non-trivial harms from mammography, to promote effective strategies for harm mitigation; and to encourage deployment of new screening modalities that will render many of the issues and concerns in the debate obsolete. To these ends, I provide a sketch of what this looking forward and beyond the current debate might look like, leveraging advantages from abbreviated breast magnetic resonance imaging technologies (such as the ultrafast and twist protocols) and from digital breast tomosynthesis-also known as three-dimensional mammography. I also locate the debate within the broader context of mammography in the real world as it plays out not for the disputants, but for the stakeholders themselves: the screening-eligible patients and the physicians in the front lines who are charged with enabling both the acts of screening and the facts of screening at their maximally objective and patient-accessible levels to facilitate informed decisions.

Rebranding Women’s Poetry

Women's Poetry and Culture by Marsha Bryant Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 235 pages Branding is, of course, about marketing. It is about packaging and advertising, about sales and consumption. It is, ultimately, about differentiation and classification, about drawing borders around a product and policing margins of those boundary lines. its most fundamental level, one marketing expert insists, is driven by human need distinguish one thing from another (Holland 5). Advertisers know that brands follow rules governing representation--rules that, if broken, threaten product's visibility and viability. Successful branding requires unwavering consistency and well-disciplined conformity. Women's of twentieth century, according Marsha Bryant's Women Poetry and Culture, has long suffered within confines of narrow borders, and is time we stopped patrolling them. It has been conceptually bound what she terms the WP label, which entails such notions as oppositional aesthetic (10) and counter-discourse (2). Essentially, has been reduced a discourse of resistance produced only to challenge institutional practices that systematically excluded women. Its writers have been seen invariably as canonical outsiders. As Bryant explains, some expect be strictly about women or for them, limiting its scope stereotypical subjects (motherhood and romance) and its social domain gender issues (women's identities under patriarchy) (4), (5). Women's that does not overtly challenge patriarchy--women's that dares be about anything other than women--remains largely un-anthologized, and thus largely unread. Positioned as canonical outsiders, women have found their verse ignored as well by discipline of cultural studies, Bryant argues further. A man's poem might appear in a popular magazine, she notes pithily, a woman's poem disappeared into it (179). To be fair, cultural studies has not attended much as a genre or high modernism as a movement, but Bryant argues that approach, when applied, has failed twentieth-century poetry. Due ideological commitments of cultural studies, critics align themselves, interestingly, with editors of anthologies and scholars of verse, expecting--demanding in fact--a rhetoric of resistance mainstream, commercialized mass culture. But Bryant finds in a more nuanced response: Popular culture does not necessarily place women poets in a position from which they must answer back--even when engages conventionally feminine subjects such as romance and domesticity (1). Bryant's book ultimately 'calls for a significant widening of canon--broader acceptance of a range of themes by women poets and a more sophisticated set of reading practices that take into account this writing as not simply oppositional, parodic, or critical. Perhaps problem lies not in poetry, she asserts, in our ways of talking about it (16). At once a monograph and a manifesto, Women's Poetry and Culture is irreverent, immensely readable and, frankly, a lot of am. It is clearly born out of frustrations and revelations that must arise when teaching poetry. Students invariably stumble over contradictions, they are uncomfortable with ideologically driven readings, they ask wrong questions. Students don't carry our baggage. What happens women's poetry as a brand when we encounter so much that does not fit, Bryant contemplates, noting her students' complex, often perplexed, responses verse outside of anthologies? More point, I would ask, how do we teach third-wave feminism with textbooks so squarely grounded in second-wave commitments? Anthologists are wedded not just academic audiences but popular ones. …

Space and identity: constructions of national identities in an age of globalisation

This article enquires how notions of national identities are still topical in recent scholarship at a time when processes of globalisation appear to be undermining the nation-state and its territorial power. The so-called spatial turn within the social sciences and humanities has exposed transnational, postcolonial and global aspects of identity constructions beyond the narrow borders of the nation and all things national. Stimulating historical and geographical research into nations and identities, this journal is informed by the same epistemology, tentatively located in postmodern thinking. Despite the prophecies of doom of postmodern enthusiasts, this study testifies to the continued relevance of borders and national attachments, albeit in terms of self-reflexivity.

The Politics of Ethnicity and the Crisis of the Peloponnesian League (review)

Reviewed by: The Politics of Ethnicity and the Crisis of the Peloponnesian League Johannes Siapkas Peter Funke and Nino Luraghi, eds. The Politics of Ethnicity and the Crisis of the Peloponnesian League. Hellenic Studies 32. Washington, D.C.: Center for Hellenic Studies, 2009. Dist. by Harvard University Press. ix + 258 pp. Paper, $29.95. Ethnicity emerged as an important issue in classical studies in the late 1990s. Now, we can add this volume, which represents the publication of the proceedings of the conference, "Ethnizität als Argument. Der Untergang des Peloponnesischen Bundes," held at the Westfälische Wilhems-Universität of Münster in 2003, to the growing number of publications that elucidate ethnicity in ancient Greece. As such, the contributors scrutinize expressions of ethnicity in the Peloponnese during the late fifth and early fourth centuries B.C.E. While I believe that this volume has much to offer scholars of the political history of ancient Greece, I have serious concerns with the overarching critical understanding of the concept of "ethnicity" throughout the volume (a problem that I feel is compounded by the lack of an introduction and conclusion). The main problem lies in the contributors' dependence on literary evidence and avoidance of archaeological materials and recent theoretical developments with regard to ethnicity, especially those located outside classics and classical archaeology. I will address these concerns after summarizing the main arguments of each contribution. Peter Funke gives the political background to the dissolution of the Peloponnesian League, arguing that political processes in place before the decisive Battle of Leuctra (371 B.C.E.) contributed to the dissolution of the Peloponnesian League. He concludes that the political world of the Peloponnese was "ethnicized" from the late fifth century onwards. Ethnicization, according to Funke, is a political process, "the tendency to overstep the narrow borders of the polis" in an attempt at "founding or recovering the identity of the group beyond the polis" (11). Klaus Freitag examines whether or not ethnicity was a factor in the relations between the Achaeans and the Spartans. He concludes that ethnic arguments were insignificant in this context. James Roy analyzes the development of political identities in Elis. He argues that Elis incorporated perioikic communities that had cultivated local ethnic identities and that the resultant multiple layers of ethnic affiliations led to tensions. Thus, Roy illustrates the contested nature of Elian identity. Claudia Ruggeri presents the rise and fall of the Triphulioi. This ethnic group emerged in 400 B.C.E. only to be incorporated into the Arcadian ethnos three decades later. She shows that the ethnogenesis of the Triphulioi was articulated through the construction of a common mythic past which was founded on the [End Page 517] arrival of the Minyans in deep prehistory, while the incorporation of Triphylia into Arcadia was articulated through a mythic genealogy in which Triphylos, a son of Arkas, appears. In the political realm this means that the descendants of Triphylos, the Triphulioi, came to be viewed as an Arcadian tribe. Maurizio Giangiulio discusses the ethnic Pisatis, which emerged during the fourth century and was applied to the inhabitants of the Alpheios valley. As this was one of the local ethnē that posed a threat to Elian cohesion, Giangiulio argues that the accounts of a sixth-century Elian conquest of a Pisatian state should be viewed as an invention of the fourth century. Maria Pretzler details the process whereby Arcadian identity was created and traces its development within the context of the foundation of an Arcadian state after the Battle of Leuctra. Again, in the wake of the Battle of Leuctra, Nino Luraghi emphasizes the existence of competing versions of the Messenian past in his discussion of the rise of Messenian identity and the Messenian state during the early fourth century. Luraghi argues that Messenian identity had already emerged in exile during the fifth century and that this identity was articulated lavishly in pan-Hellenic settings. The Boeotian version excluded the indigenous population from the Messenian past and stood in stark contrast to the Messenian version of the past which, evidenced for instance by eponymous heroes and cults, re-invested earlier Laconian culture with new meaning rather than eradicating it. Eric...

Corn mice (Calomys musculinus) movement in linear habitats of agricultural ecosystems

Movement patterns of Calomys musculinus in linear habitats were studied in relation to sex, season, year, abundance, and width of border. Movement distances (MDs) were measured by seasonal capture, mark, and recapture samples during 2 years in wide and narrow borders in agroecosystems. The smallest MDs were registered in autumn and the highest in spring. In the breeding period MDs of males were larger than those of females. In the nonbreeding period MDs were similar between sexes. Effects of sex on MD were consistent with the promiscuous mating system of C. musculinus. MDs were greater in narrow than in wide borders. The narrowness of suitable habitats would force the mice to extend foraging trips in narrow borders. Opportunistic behavior of C. musculinus allows it to use linear habitats in a similar way to the 2-dimensional natural habitats. DOI: 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-232.1.

Breeding Bird Response to Field Border Presence and Width

Avian communities can benefit from reconstructed herbaceous, strip habitats among agriculture; however, any benefits may be limited by width-dependent factors such as edge effects. We used 2 years of strip-transect surveys to evaluate avian density, richness, and conservation value between non-, narrow (mean width = 8.2 m), and wide (mean width = 40.7 m) field borders on intensive row-cropped field margins in the agriculture-dominated Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Wide field borders supported two times more birds (7.0 birds/0.2 ha) than narrow borders (3.6 birds/0.2 ha), which supported six times more birds than no border (0.6 birds/0.2 ha). Mean bird species richness was over five times greater in bordered (0.80–1.10 species/0.2 ha) than non-bordered margins (0.14 species/0.2 ha), but was largely uninfluenced by border width. We documented more bird use of agricultural fields and wooded fencerows adjacent to bordered than non-bordered margins. Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and Dickcissels (Spiza americana) had the strongest positive response to field border presence and width. Wide borders attracted high densities (2.0 birds/0.2 ha) of Dickcissels, an edge-sensitive species, suggesting the conservation potential of herbaceous vegetation patches <50 m of wooded edges for grassland birds. Extensive implementation of field borders, particularly of enhanced width, may contribute substantially to grassland bird conservation strategies in intensive, agricultural landscapes, although confirmation of these benefits requires additional demographic information.

Winter Avian Community and Sparrow Response to Field Border Width

Abstract:Transformations of agricultural practices in the southeastern United States have drastically reduced preexisting quantities of strip‐cover habitat along field margins. The National Conservation Buffer Initiative has promoted the establishment of herbaceous field borders to restore wildlife benefits once provided by such habitat. We evaluated effects of native warm‐season grass field border establishment and width on winter bird response. Narrow (approx. 8‐m) field borders represented a marginal improvement to non‐bordered margins that were cropped ditch to ditch, whereas wide (approx. 30‐m) borders significantly enhanced total avian conservation value, abundance, species richness, and sparrow abundance compared to non‐ or narrow borders. Furthermore, presence of wide borders altered bird use of row‐crop fields. We observed increased sparrow (Emberizidae) abundances in agricultural fields adjacent to wide borders, which likely resulted from enhanced waste grain foraging opportunities. Given these benefits to wintering farmland birds, we advocate the integration of herbaceous field border habitat in agricultural landscapes, particularly borders of enhanced width.

Peirce on Education: Nurturing the First Rule of Reason

Through an exegetic reading of Peirce’s minor texts on higher education, I find that Peirce’s conception of a “Liberal Education” is close to the Herbartian conception of Bildung. Peirce calls for a general education with the ambition of qualifying critical thinkers with the capacity to go beyond the strict rules and narrow borders of the artes liberales, – the different subject matters or sciences taught at a university. Thus, Peirce’s conception of a liberal education is closely linked to his interpretation of common sense – or sensis communis – as a critical commonsensism. To him, it is urgent to educate and nurture “the first rule of reason,” described as a will to learn, a curiosity, a dissatisfaction of what you already incline to think, and an intense desire to find things out. The nurturing of this “first rule of reason” is thus about educating an intellectual community of critical thinkers who are able to question authoritative beliefs, knowing how to debunk them, and how to turn away from obiter dictum.

Formation Kinetics of Propane Hydrates

Propane hydrates are rarely considered by scientists. Despite the narrow borders of the formation region, they can form during storage and transportation of the liquefied petroleum gases. Therefore, it is important to know the induction time for solid hydrate formation. The present paper has considered the formation both from melting ice (at 1 °C and 4 bar) and from water (at 2 °C and 3.6−4.8 bar) in a stirred vessel. The formation from ice was quite instantaneous, while the production from water took about 15 h to start (and about 3 days to be completed) and depended on the pressure: in fact, it was slower at low pressure. All hydrates contained a high amount of ice (75−80%). The modulated differential scanning calorimetry was used for hydrate characterization: the reversing (heat-capacity) curves permitted one to quickly distinguish between hydrate and ice, also allowing a semiquantitative evaluation of the hydrate content.

Thermal regimes of the Southern Rocky Mountains and Wyoming Basin in Colorado and Wyoming in the United States

Heat flow in the eastern ranges of the Southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado substantially exceeds that in the Wyoming Basin-Southern Rocky Mountains area in southeastern Wyoming. The transitions between these areas are narrow (≤ 60 km wide), estimated near-surface crustal radiogenic heat productions are different, and there is no evidence for young magmatism in the easternmost mountains in northern Colorado and southern Wyoming. Therefore, radioactive heat contrasts in the upper crust are used to explain significant amounts of the heat-flow differences in these regions. In southern Wyoming, normal heat flow in Archean and Proterozoic terranes probably reflects a deeply eroded, thin (7–15 km) granitic layer that overlies low-radioactivity units in a 37–40 km thick crust. In the Colorado mountains to the south, silicic metamorphic and igneous rocks with relatively enriched radiogenic heat could comprise a 20–30 km thick granitic layer in the upper parts of the 50–52 km thick crust, and explain much of the high reduced heat flow and isostatic equilibrium. Areas of unusually high heat flow occur in the Rio Grande rift zone in the environs of the Colorado Mineral Belt in the Leadville-northern Sawatch Range region, eastern parts of the San Juan Mountains in southern Colorado, and in Park Range-Middle Mountain Park areas near the Colorado-Wyoming border. The flux in these areas implies unrealistically high equilibrium temperatures near the crust-mantle boundary, and the narrow borders (50–60 km wide) of the Leadville-northern Sawatch Range heat-flow anomaly must be caused by sources in the upper crust. Hence, young (10-1 Ma) intrusions in a late Tertiary rhyolitic complex in the upper crust are preferred to explain gravity lows, late Cenozoic uplift and igneous activity, and the excess heat flux in the Leadville-northern Sawatch Range area. If this interpretation is correct, magmatic thickening of the crust, not extensional-subsidence mechanisms, probably explains late Cenozoic uplift and extension of the northern Rio Grande rift-Southern Rocky Mountains system in Colorado.