Narrow Base Research Articles

Узкобазовая промежуточная опора вл 110 кВ из композитных материалов для подхода к перегрузочным терминалам портов

В работе представлена разработка промежуточной опоры для ультракомпактных ВЛ 110 кВ. Технические решения приводятся на примере реконструкции конкретного объекта – ВЛ 110 кВ. Работа выполнена в соответствии с «Техническим заданием на разработку специальных технических условий с использованием провода с защитной изоляцией для воздушных линий электропередачи на напряжение 110 кВ марки СИП-7 с целью уменьшения охранной зоны ВЛ». Выполнен анализ характеристик существующих промежуточных опор типа ПБ 110-4 и промежуточной опоры ВЛ 110 кВ с применением защищённого провода СИП-7. Выбран тип провода для проведения реконструкции линии. Осуществлён расчёт нагрузок на промежуточную опору из композитных материалов типа ПК 110-2 ПЗИ с учётом требований существующей нормативной базы, механический расчёт промежуточной композитной опоры, учитывающий различные климатические воздействия на провода и изоляторы. Предложены конструктивные элементы обеспечения заземления металлических частей опор из композитных материалов и элементы крепления самонесущих изолированных проводов к траверсам композитной опоры. This paper presents the development of suspension tower for ultra-compact 110 kV overhead lines. Technical solutions performed are based on example of reconstruction of 110 kV overhead line. The research aimed to reduce the security zone of overhead lines by using СИП-7 insulation type cable. The analysis of the characteristics of the existing suspension towers of the ПБ 110-4 type and 110 kV overhead line tower with the use of protected wire SIP-7 is carried out. Authors made the calculation of the loads on the suspension tower made of composite materials of the ПК 110-2 ПЗИ type, taking into account the requirements of the existing regulatory framework, they also carried out the mechanical calculation of the tower, considering various climatic effects on the wires and insulators. Structural elements of providing grounding of metal parts of tower made of composite materials and fastening elements of self-supporting insulated wires to the cross-arms of a tower are proposed.

Influence of leg length discrepancy on balance and gait in post-stroke patients: a correlational study

BackgroundA frequent complaint by stroke patients presenting for physiotherapy was perceived shortness of the affected lower limb and inability to weight bear onto the affected side. So, the present study aimed to evaluate influence of limb length discrepancy (LLD) on balance and gait parameters in patients with stroke.Subjects and methodsTwenty participants were recruited based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were divided into two groups group A (LLD ≤ 1 cm) and group B (LLD > 1 cm). Postural sway was measured under wide base eyes open, wide base eyes closed, narrow base eyes open, and narrow base eyes closed conditions. Weight-bearing asymmetry and functional balance were assessed using the percentage body weight asymmetry and Berg balance scale. Also, step leg ratio and 10-M walk test was used to assess gait parameters.ResultsIntergroup comparison of postural sway exhibited a significant difference between groups in the AP direction in wide-based eyes open (WBEO), wide-based eyes closed (WBEC), narrow-based eyes open (NBEO), and narrow-based eyes closed (NBEC) conditions whereas only in NBEC condition in mediolateral direction; with group B (LLD > 1 cm) displaying a greater mean postural sway in all the conditions. The correlation of LLD with postural sway showed a significant positive correlation within AP direction under all the conditions and in WBEC and NBEC conditions in mediolateral direction. Intergroup comparison of step length ratio (SLR) showed a statistical difference between groups, and a negative correlation was found between LLD and SLR. A negative correlation was also seen between percentage weight-bearing asymmetry (PWBA) and speed as well as Berg’s balance scale (BBS), and a positive correlation was observed between BBS and speed.ConclusionLeg length discrepancy results in a significant decrease in balance control in the sagittal and frontal planes in patients with stroke. It also adds to the asymmetries in their gait. Therefore, LLD should be considered as a factor for balance and gait asymmetries in post-stroke patients.

A Mini-Review on Overcoming a Calorie-Centric World of Monolithic Annual Crops

There is widespread recognition that a narrow crop base has inherent vulnerabilities. Crop diversification is one strategy that can help enhance human health, environmental sustainability and resilience of farming communities – yet lock-in mechanisms have mediated against such diversification. This mini-review considers inadvertent negative impacts on crop diversity of policies that favor a few, highly annual crops. Priorities of agricultural research and government institutions such as Public Distribution Systems promote production of a few determinant cereal species, and do not consider the ecosystem service functions associated with diverse growth types, e.g., long duration, indeterminant and perennial crops. Genetic improvement of fields crops has prioritized short maturity cycles, calorie production, and inadvertently, this may lead to high consumption of water and nutrients. Such crops are highly productive; however, they ‘lock-in’ dependence on fossil fuels and chemical pest regulation. Further, early duration crops have modest root systems, and are short-statured. This limits generation of co-products, such as fodder, fuel wood, leafy vegetables and soil amelioration. Research gaps and next steps are proposed to address this challenge, including: 1) investigation of adoption barriers and opportunities in order to foster diverse crop growth types and ‘bright spots’ of agroecosystem diversity, 2) changing metrics for assessing system performance, to consider nutrient-enrichment, multipurpose properties and ecosystem services in agricultural policy, and 3) investment in developing perennial and multipurpose grain crops, and plant-facilitated nutrient accessing mechanisms. Enhanced resilience in agriculture requires greater attention to promotion of crop diversity, including functional diversity and socio-economic innovations.

Factors Influencing Base of Gait During Running: Consideration of Sex, Speed, Kinematics, and Anthropometrics.

A narrow base of gait (BOG), the mediolateral distance between the foot and the body's line of gravity at midstance, during running is a suggested cause of injuries such as iliotibial band syndrome and tibial stress injury. However, an understanding of modifiable and nonmodifiable factors that influence BOG is lacking, which limits the development of corrective strategies. To determine if BOG varies by sex and running speed and the influence of running kinematics and anthropometrics on BOG. Cross-sectional study. Record review of routinely collected performance data from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I intercollegiate athletic program. A total of 166 Division I collegiate athletes (basketball, cross-country, football, soccer). Running biomechanics (N = 166) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived anthropometric data (n = 68) were extracted. Running variables were BOG, step rate, stride length, foot-inclination angle, center-of-mass vertical displacement, heel-to-center of mass anteroposterior distance, and peak stance-phase angles: hip flexion, hip adduction, pelvic drop, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion. Extracted anthropometric variables were height; leg, femur, and tibia length; and anterior-superior iliac spine, hip-joint, and greater trochanter width. We calculated linear mixed-effects models to assess the influence of sex and running speed on BOG and identify the kinematic and anthropometric variables most associated with BOG. A significant interaction between sex and running speed on BOG was observed, with males demonstrating a smaller BOG than females at faster speeds and BOG decreasing overall with speed. The kinematic measures most associated with BOG at preferred running speed were foot-inclination angle at initial contact and peak stance-phase hip adduction and ankle dorsiflexion. Anterior-superior iliac spine width was the anthropometric variable most associated with BOG at preferred running speed. Sex and running speed must be considered when determining the appropriateness of an individual's BOG. Additionally, BOG was associated with several potentially modifiable kinematic parameters.

Temnocephalan epibionts (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) on mollusks from Pantanal wetland, Brazil.

Temnocephala iheringi Haswell, 1893 was recorded in Marisa planogyra Pilsbry, 1933 and Pomacea maculata Perry, 1810. Also, Temnocephala amatoi sp. nov. was described from Pomacea scalaris (d'Orbigny, 1835). The mollusks were collected from temporary ponds at Ypiranga Farm, Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The new species differs from six other species of Temnocephala Blanchard, 1849 epibionts on molluks by having the following combination of characters: 1. a short and curved cirrus; 2. a narrow introvert with approximately 22 longitudinal rows of spines with 13 spines each; 3. internal spines with a narrow base, longer on the base of the introvert and smaller in the distal portion; 4. a single and asymmetrical vaginal sphincter and; 5. elliptical, longer than wide epidermal 'excretory' syncytial plates (EPs) with a excretory pore displaced to the anterior portion of the plate. Temnocephala lamothei Damborenea Brusa, 2008 has a curved cirrus, similar in size to the new species' cirrus. However, the introvert is not swollen with an oblique proximal margin, marked with a thickened oblique ring and two rows of 45-50 thin spines, differentiating the species from T. amatoi sp. nov.. When comparing the specimens of T. iheringi from Poconé with the redescription of the species from Southern Brazil previously published by the authors, we found significant intraspecific variation in the size of the adhesive disk, pharynx length, shaft and introvert length, spines of the introvert length, as well as differences in the number of paranephrocytes. The size of the EPs and, when comparing with published data from Uruguayan and Argentinean specimens, the body size also showed important differences. We hypothesize that the host species may be the cause of the intraspecific variations found. Overall, the record of two new hosts for T. iheringi, the intraspecific variation found in this species and its geographical distribution being expanded 418 km further to the north, together with the description of a new species, add acknowledgment to the Rhabdocoela fauna in the Brazilian Pantanal.

Dermo-Fascial Suspension in Mastopexy for Improvement of Aesthetic Outcomes

Background: Mastopexy is the art of restoring breastvolume and its youthful appearance.Aim: We present a surgical technique for simultaneousmastopexy using auto-augmentation by superiorly baseddermoglandular flap. In addition, we use two dermo-facialflaps to support the breast tissue in high position to restoreand maintain central mound projection and elevate inframammaryfold.Patients and Methods: Auto-augmentation mastopexywas performed for 36 patients using vertical superior pedicledeepithelialized dermoglandular flap that inserted beneaththe breast tissue. Two opposing dermo-facial flaps based onmedial and lateral pillars along the vertical line were used tosupport the deepithelialized dermoglandular tissue that suturedto anterior chest wall and to each other.Results: During follow-up period there was no bottomingout of breast tissues or other major adverse effects except formild asymmetry in early 3 patients and patients showed highrate of satisfaction by the results. The results confirmed thatthis technique corrects ptosis while increasing the projectionand apparent volume of the breast and keep inframammaryfold (IMF) in high position with minimal degree of descendwhich is parallel to that of the nipple.Conclusion: The combined use of dermo-fascial flap tosupport the glandular tissue with auto-augmentation mastopexyimproves the shape; projection and contour of the breast andit also help to have long lasting results. The advantage of thetechnique is that it optimizes the shape and volume of thebreast and creating a narrow breast base with a new highinframammary fold without the use of an implant. With thistechnique recurrent breast ptosis can be minimized aftermastopexy procedures.Evidence Based Medicine: Level IV, case series.

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Currently, the economic modernization effective directions issue in countries with developed economies, including countries exporting oil and gas, is topical. Some examples of the modernization model in these countries have already taken shape. One example, despite the local conditions difficulties and uniqueness, was the modernization model of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The starting conditions for the development of which were based on raw materials exports narrow base. An economic modernization the history and mechanism analysis in the UAE shows that here in the formation of the process strengths of economic modernization, the creation of infrastructure, both production and transport, commercial, service, and technological, played a crucial role. In the UAE, an effective contribution of infrastructure has been achieved by clearly linking the strategic areas of increasing the competitiveness of the country's economy with the priorities of infrastructure development. This allowed the UAE to acquire new factors of competitiveness. KEY WORDS: economic modernization, oil exporting countries, oil sectors of the economy, development strategy, infrastructure, competitiveness

Introgression Breeding in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.

The narrow base of genetic diversity characteristic of cowpea can be attributed to it being self-pollinating, evolving from narrow wild germplasm and exhibiting very limited gene flow between wild and cultivated types. Backcrossing to introduce simply inherited desirable traits and utilization of improved breeding lines and varieties as parents in crossing programs further narrowed the genetic base of cowpea varieties. In most cowpea breeding programs, genes for resistance and market traits were pyramided into lines characterized by high levels of acceptance to farmers and consumers. Besides predisposing widely distributed improved varieties to genetic vulnerability, a narrow base of genetic variation may be contributing to the plateauing in cowpea grain yield, which compromises genetic gains. Cross compatible wild relatives have not been used in variety development because breeders shy away from them due to their tiny seed size, unattractive seed coat color and texture, pod shattering, and susceptibility to viruses. A number of wild cowpea relatives, both within and outside section Catiang of Vigna species, have been evaluated for their reaction to cowpea insect pests and diseases. Vigna vexillata lines were resistant to the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata), the cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus), and Striga gesnerioides but are cross incompatible with cultivated cowpea. Some lines among the cross compatible wild relative V. unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana were found to be resistant to aphid in the seedling stage, while others showed good levels of drought and heat tolerance. Molecular markers are being generated to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) with effects on some desirable attributes in cowpea. Modern breeding tools, including transgenics, can be applied for the improvement of cowpea, bypassing the natural barriers of traditional breeding. Transgenic cowpea with Bt gene cry1Ab showing resistance to M. vitrata has been released in Nigeria. Genome editing, a powerful emerging tool, can also be used for developing improved cowpea varieties with durable resistance to pests and diseases.

Dynamics of Local Government Finance in Cameroon: An Assessment of Local Councils in the Fako Division

Local councils in every part of Cameroon are playing an extremely significant role in the provision of essential public services. However, the local development authorities face tremendous challenges to adequately generate finances to meet community needs. The aim of this paper is to find out whether the councils in the Fako Division have access to all the sources of finance as stipulated by statute and to determine the difficulties they face in exploiting the sources to finance their developmental plans. The exploratory and descriptive designs were adopted for the study. 4 out of the 6 councils in the Fako Division were conveniently selected. The Finance and General Affaires Officers were purposely designated as the respondents for the study. Data were collected with the aid of semi-structured questionnaires and a checklist. The collected data were descriptively analysed with the use of tables and bar charts. Mean and the Relative Important index were used to rank in terms of importance the challenges faced by the councils in the revenue generation process and the options available to them to exploit. The findings reveal that the councils have access to internal sources such as; local taxes; fees, fines, and penalties; service charges, patents and business licenses; Gifts and donations. The external sources were mostly Intergovernmental transfers and Council Development Funds from FEICOM and PNDP. The study equally found out that the most exploited options of finance by the councils are INTERCOM (M =4.25, RII = 0.85, ranked 1st) and service charge adjustment (M = 4.13, RII = 0.82, ranked 2nd) while the least utilized options were tax adjustment (Mean = 1.00, RII = 0.02, ranked 10th) and the usage of saved up profit from investments and businesses (M = 1.75, RII = 0.35, ranked 9th). The study further uncovered that the challenges with the highest mean scores are infringement by the central government on means of internal revenue generation of the municipality (M = 3.85, SD = 1.214) and lack of power to make finance bi laws (M = 3.85, SD = 1.214), while inadequate sources of revenue (M = 3.42, SD = 1.306) and narrow local tax base (M = 3.42, SD = 1.306) had the least mean scores. The study recommends among others that the framework in place needs clarification to clear off conflicting and confusing goals. It should include legislative clarification of the responsibilities of each level of government and the identification of the appropriate funding resources. These will reduce vertical imbalances and increase fiscal responsibility. Also, a transfer system should be defined that encourages local governments to collect own revenue and manage their roles efficiently, while imposing strict budget constraints to foster fiscal discipline. This will minimize conflicting responsibilities and enable the local governments to discharge their functions.

Study on foundation selection and economy of 220kV four circuit narrow base steel tube tower

Through the practice of a certain urban line project in Hebei Province, the common forms of steel tube tower foundation with narrow base are introduced, and make a comparison from the basic form, technical economy and other aspects, and recommend the foundation form suitable for the corresponding situation. It is expected to be a reference for the foundation design of steel tube tower with narrow foundation.

Risk factors of embolism for the cardiac myxoma patients: a systematic review and metanalysis

BackgroundThe risk factors contributing to embolism in cardiac myxoma (CM) are yet controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify the risk factors of embolism for the CM patients.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang, and Wei Pu databases were searched from inception to June 2019. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata version 14.0. The pooled odds ratio or mean difference with 95% confidence interval was estimated for each risk factor.ResultsHerein, 12 studies, encompassing 1814 patients, were included. The pooled results suggested that New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I/II (P < 0.01), hypertension (P = 0.03), irregular tumor surface (P < 0.01), tumor in atypical location (P = 0.01), narrow base of tumor (P < 0.01), and increased fibrinogen (FIB) (P < 0.01) are significant risk factors of embolism in CM patients. However, sex, age, body mass index, smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, coronary heart disease, tumor size, platelet count, white blood cells, and hemoglobin were not associated with embolism (all P > 0.05).ConclusionsNYHA class (I/II), hypertension, irregular tumor surface, atypical tumor location, the narrow base of tumor, and increased FIB were significant risk factors of embolism in CM patients. For CM patients with these factors, early surgery might be beneficial to prevent embolism.

Two new species of the genus Xya Latreille, 1809 (Orthoptera, Tridactyloidea, Tridactylidae) from Yunnan with a key to all Xya species in China.

This contribution to the taxonomy of Xya Latreille, 1809 (Orthoptera, Tridactyloidea, Tridactylidae) adds descriptions and photographic illustrations of two new species: Xya xishangbannasp. nov. and Xya yunnanensissp. nov. from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China. Xya xishangbannasp. nov. can be diagnosed by the shiny dark brown hind femora, and the epiproct with a shallow bottom of the middle “v-shaped” crack in the upper part and straight sides; Xya yunnanensissp. nov. can be diagnosed by the compound eye bearing no narrow band along the inner margin, and the epiproct with the bottom of the side edge with a sharply angled protrusion and a narrow lower anchor-shaped base less than 1/2 the width of the upper one. Distributional information and bionomics for these two new species and photos for the habitat are given. A key to all Chinese species of Xya is provided.

Anthropometric And Kinematic Predictors Of Base Of Gait During Running

A narrow base of gait (BOG) during running, such that the foot crosses contralateral to the body’s line of gravity, has been implicated as a cause of iliotibial band syndrome and patellofemoral pain. BOG has been shown to vary by sex and running speed, but it is unknown if body anthropometric and running kinematic measures predict BOG. Determining predictors of BOG will clarify if BOG is a result of non-modifiable anthropometric factors or biomechanical factors, which could be modified using targeted interventions. PURPOSE: To determine if BOG at midstance during running can be predicted by anthropometric or kinematic measures. METHODS: Whole body kinematics were obtained for 71 Division I cross country runners (30 males) during treadmill running at preferred speed. Athletes were healthy with no history of stress fracture 3 months before testing or any history of lower extremity surgery. Anthropometric measures from each athlete were obtained from whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans: greater trochanteric (GTR) and hip joint center width; leg and femur length. Kinematic measures during stance phase included: peak lateral pelvic drop, hip adduction (HADD), knee flexion (KFLEX); vertical excursion of center of mass (vCOM); anterior-posterior distance from heel to COM at initial contact. Correlations between predictors and BOG were calculated, with variables moderately correlated or better (|r| ≥ 0.3) included in subsequent analyses. Data from both limbs were included in a forward, stepwise regression to determine predictors of BOG, controlling for sex and speed. RESULTS: Stride length, vCOM, peak KFLEX and HADD, GTR width, and leg and femur length (|r| = 0.32 - 0.51) were entered into the model. The model with the best overall fit included all predictors except leg length (R2 = 0.383, BIC: -32.1). The strongest predictors were GTR width (β = -0.27), vCOM, (β = -0.18), and peak HADD (β = -0.17). CONCLUSIONS: Biomechanical and anthropometric measures explain less than 40% of the variance in BOG. Given that GTR width is the strongest predictor of BOG and is non-modifiable, BOG appears to be largely influenced by an individual’s anthropometrics. Conversely, vCOM and peak HADD are modifiable through gait retraining strategies such as step rate modification and may be targeted in those where narrow BOG is a concern.

Identification of stable restorers for diverse cytoplasmic source in Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.

In sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.], milo is the lone source of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) extensively used in production of commercial hybrids. The hazards of such a narrow cytoplasmic base are apparent and consequently new diverse sources like A2, A3, A4, maldandi, VZM and G1 were identified. However, the commercial exploitation of these sources has not been possible because of the difficulty in fertility restoration on these sources. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to test different sorghum germplasm lines for their fertility restoration/maintenance on maldandi and milo cytoplasm. Twenty-five diverse accession were selected from minicore collection and crossed with two male sterile lines viz., 104A (milo) and M 31-2A (maldandi). The resulting F1s were classified as fertility restorers and maintainers based on seed set on bagged ear heads. The restoration studies indicated that 2 lines on maldandi and 6 on milo cytoplasm showed strong fertility restoration (&gt; 90 % seed set).

Reforming State Taxes on Property

Alternative details of tax reform options to replace the current conveyance duty on property transfers, the narrow base land tax, and arguably also stamp duty on property insurance, with an annual property tax in an approximate revenue neutral reform package are described and evaluated. A comprehensive tax base and flat rate replacement land tax offers maximum gains in efficiency and simplicity. But, viewed against the taxes to be replaced it has important tax redistribution effects. Less redistributive options include longer term systems and transition options. Longer term system replacement options include: different taxes for commercial, resident rental, and owner occupied property; improved property rather than land value for the tax base; and a progressive rate rather than a flat rate. Transition adjustment path options include: credit for recent paid conveyance duty; gradual phase down of conveyance duty rate and phase up of replacement property tax. Provision for liquidity constrained owners to carry forward the replacement annual property tax is supported.

How Monoculturalism, Aculturalism, and Postculturalism in Algorithmic Development Excludes a Variety of Contributions From Diverse Cultures

The algorithm development industry typically views itself as “acultural”, independent of culture, or often “post-cultural”, transcending cultural differences in developing the future. This chapter argues that algorithm development and particularly algorithm development is deeply rooted in narrow cultural practices making it 'monocultural'. Moreover, current cultural practices of algorithm development exclude genuine input from a broader variety of stakeholders, while simultaneously the negative impacts of algorithm development, such as algorithmic bias, are experienced primarily by communities and individuals who are not meaningfully involved in the development of the algorithms that affect them. A deliberate and significant effort towards increasing cultural diversity in the design and development of algorithms is required to enable genuine input from a broader group of stakeholders. Input from a broader group of stakeholders will in turn enable the development of solutions that address issues for a broader group of communities, and greater variety of innovative solutions that cannot be developed from a narrow cultural base. In this chapter the term “algorithm development” refers to the design and development of algorithms in the context of software applications.

Reliability of a New Clinical Gait Assessment Scale for Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking Gait – A Pilot Study

Aims Children with idiopathic toe walking (ITW) gait are increasingly referred to physical therapists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the Clinical Gait Assessment Scale (CGAS), a newly developed observational rating scale. Methods Four raters evaluated videos of four children. Foot, arm and head/trunk movement was scored as children walked over four surfaces. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), model (3,k) were calculated to determine intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of each dependent variable. Results The key findings of this study indicate robust intra- and inter-rater reliability, particularly of the foot (Inter-rater reliability, ICC (3,2)=0.9) and head and trunk (Inter-rater reliability, ICC (3,2)=1.0) subsections. Arm movements were more challenging to rate and showed moderate reliability (Inter-rater reliability, ICC (3,2)=0.7). Highest total impairment score; the highest value occurred while walking on the obstacle course (38 ± 29). Conclusions Overall, the CGAS showed adequate/acceptable reliability across different surfaces (linoleum, textured surface, narrow base, obstacle), however the obstacle surface was most challenging surface to the rater.

Manifestation of Anxiety in Gait

In the United States, approximately 18% of adults are affected by anxiety. Nearly $42 billion are spent annually in the U.S. toward alleviating this mood disorder. However, only 10% of those with anxiety are receiving appropriate and effective treatment due to lack of identification. The purpose of this study was to identify gait patterns that are correlated with anxiety to improve probability of detection of this mood disorder. Past studies have examined gait and anxiety in Parkinson’s disease or in healthy individuals with induced anxiety. Our study tries to determine identifiable gait patterns that could signify the presence of increased anxiety in those without a diagnosed mood disorder. Participants (N=133, Males=50, Females=83, Age=25.8±7.96, BMI=24.8±3.8) ages 18 to 69 completed a Profile of Mood Survey (POMS) to assess current feelings of anxiety and completed a two‐minute walk around a 6 m track. Gait data was collected utilizing APDM mobility monitors. A backwards linear regression model was utilized to identify gait correlates of anxiety. The model predicted 13.1% of variance (R2=0.215, F= 2.553, p&lt;.009) associated with anxiety. Our results showed that increased feelings of anxiety were associated with an increase in lateral anticipatory postural adjustment, lateral neck movement, toe‐out angle, transverse range of motion in the back, turn angles, and number of steps in a turn. Anxiety was also associated with decreased neck rotation, asymmetries in mid‐swing elevation, step variability, and sagittal range of motion in the back. Our results indicate that as feelings of anxiety increase in intensity, subjects present with a more narrow base of support, which may cause the increase in lateral movements during gait. Identifying gait patterns associated with anxiety mood disorders may lead to improved identification of individuals that may benefit from preventative and/or early intervention care plans. Future research should focus on whether increased anxiety is associated with a greater input from higher brain areas that overpower the rhythmic neural output of learned central pattern generators of gait. Additionally, caution should be used to ensure that multiple diagnoses are considered in the presentation of distinct characteristics of gait patterns.

Beyond ‘two-solitudes’ assumption and monolingual idealism: generating spaces for multilingual turn in Pakistan

ABSTRACT This study problematises the folk theories of ELT practitioners, and critically views the limits of their monolingual idealism and guilty multilingualism in the context of Pakistan. Drawing on interviews of 18 English teachers and classroom observations in a provincial capital of Pakistan, the study analyses their ‘two solitudes’ assumptions, in which they essentialize English-only teaching without any recourse to L1/native/local languages. Results show that practitioners’ current theoretical positioning is underpinned by the TESOL orthodoxy, which means that they treat English learning as a hermetic process, and emphasise on rigid separation of L1s from the target language. The study finds that narrow theoretical base and orthodox orientations towards TESOL/SLA holds teachers from liberal use of multiple languages. Inferiority syndrome about the value of native/indigenous languages also causes their lack of confidence in bi/multilingual TESOL. The study proposes that to negotiate meaningful spaces for multilingual turn, there is a need to soften teachers’ hard-core orthodox beliefs about English learning, and foster theoretical/conceptual transition from their fractional view to understanding bi/multilingualism as a dynamic cognitive system. The study concludes that scholarly activism could act as a catalyst for transforming teachers’ orthodox beliefs, and help generate ideological and implementational spaces for multilingual/ TESOL/SLA.

The effects of stereotype threat on older adults' walking performance as a function of task difficulty and resource evaluations.

Stereotype threat occurs when people are concerned about confirming a negative stereotype about their social group, and this often leads people to underperform within the threatened domain. Although this is well-documented, the majority of prior studies examining stereotype threat in older adults have focused on cognitive outcomes and comparatively less research has focused on how stereotype threat affects physical outcomes. In this study, we examined whether negative age-based evaluations invoke stereotype threat and adversely affect older adults' gait, and whether this depends upon the difficulty of the gait task and upon participants' evaluations of their own resources to cope with the demands of the gait task. To test this, we recruited 163 healthy, community-dwelling older adults and asked them to complete either an "easy" gait task (i.e., walking at their own comfortable pace) or a "difficult" gait task (i.e., walking within a 15 cm narrow base of support) along a 24' temporospatial-measuring walkway. This was done in either the presence or absence of a negative age-based evaluation. Results showed that the adverse effects of stereotype threat (i.e., walking slower, with relatively more variability in speed, and with more step errors) were generally limited to participants completing the difficult gait task who were not confident that they had sufficient resources to cope with the demands of the task. Thus, stereotype threat can impair older adults' physical performance, but the magnitude of this effect depends upon the task's objective difficulty and on participants' subjective evaluations of their own resources. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).