Narrow Absorption Band Research Articles

Polarization-insensitive terahertz ultra-wideband absorber with an actively tunable bandwidth

This study presents a novel, to our knowledge, polarization-insensitive terahertz absorber with an actively adjustable bandwidth. The absorber consists of a vertically stacked three-layer structure with target-shaped resonant layers. Its absorption bandwidth is dynamically controlled, exhibiting ultra-broadband characteristics in the metallic phase. The absorber achieves over 90% absorption from 1.8 to 31.7 THz, with a relative bandwidth of 178%. In the insulating phase, the device transforms into a narrowband absorber, showing a precise absorption peak within the 0 to 20 THz frequency range. Notably, this absorber demonstrates polarization-insensitive and wide-angle absorption properties, making it suitable for different application scenarios. Compared to traditional broadband absorbers, the absorber proposed in this study features an ultra-wide absorption bandwidth and switchable operating modes, enhancing its flexibility and adaptability. The excellent performance of the absorber indicates its suitability for various applications, such as sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication, security detection, imaging, military stealth technology, and energy harvesting.

Graphene and Vanadium Dioxide-Based Terahertz Absorber with Switchable Multifunctionality for Band Selection Applications.

This study proposes a multifunctional absorber in the terahertz (THz) regime based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) and graphene with either-or band selector applications, which can be realized by electrically and thermally controlling the Fermi energy level of graphene and vanadium dioxide, respectively. The broadband absorption can be achieved with absorptance exceeding 90%, when the VO2 film is in the metallic phase and the Fermi energy levels of the upper and lower graphene layers are simultaneously set to 0.6 and 0 eV, respectively. The double narrowband can be realized when the VO2 film is in the insulating phase and the Fermi energy levels in upper and lower graphene layers are set as 0 and 0.8 eV, respectively. By flexibly shifting between the broadband and the double narrowband, the proposed absorber can be used as an either-or band selector, corresponding optional bandwidth from 2.05 to 2.35 THz, and 3.25 to 3.6 THz. Furthermore, single narrowband absorption can be achieved by setting the conductivity of the VO2 film to appropriate values. The proposed absorber can be used in the THz regime in applications such as multifunctional devices, switches, cloaking objects, and band selectors.

A Minkowski-like fractal composite metamaterial for S-C band radar and infrared compatible stealth

Due to the opposite stealth mechanisms of radar and infrared waves, and the lack of narrow-band absorption at a single frequency point in metamaterials, it is difficult for low-frequency broadband radar and infrared waves to be compatibly stealthy at thin thickness. In order to solve the problem, Minkowski-like fractal metamaterial with frequency-selective surface of ''passing-low-frequency and blocking-high-frequency'' property is designed. The multiscale property of Minkowski-like fractal constructs multiple absorption frequency points and its suitable iteration factor achieves broadband reconfiguration of the absorption frequency points, which enables broadband absorption in S and C bands. Besides, the magneto-electric dual loss mechanism brought by the fractal and the intrinsic loss of the medium are the most fundamental reasons for the stealth being caused. In addition, the selection of iterative cell with infrared emissivity below 0.3 and the self-similarity property of Minkowski-like fractal make the metamaterial embody excellent infrared stealth performance. Ultimately, the 2.24 mm thick fractal metamaterial achieves cross-band radar wave absorption in the range of 3.41–5.82 GHz while being compatible with infrared wave stealth. The layered fractal model provides a new design idea for broadband stealth under multi-band compatible stealth.

An ultra-wide-angle metasurface absorber operating in the ultraviolet to visible range

Here, we propose an ultra-wide-angle metasurface absorber. It consists of a one-dimensional titanium grating periodic array with dislocation distribution. The average absorptivity of the absorber exceeds 94% in the ultraviolet to visible light band (200–760 nm) under normal TM-polarized incident wave. This benefits from the coupling of propagating surface plasmon resonance, local surface plasmon resonance, and hybrid mode resonance. For normal TE-polarized incident wave, the absorber achieves perfect narrowband absorption (>99.22%) in the ultraviolet light region because of the excitation of cavity-mode resonance. The absorber exhibits broadband absorption with an average absorptivity exceeding 85% in the visible light band because of the excitation of slot mode. These excellent absorption properties are well retained at 70° oblique incidence. The structural symmetry of the absorber dramatically expands the flexibility of device applications. It can achieve great absorption performance in an ultra-wide-angle range of 280° along the incident light direction. In addition, the absorber is sensitive to the polarization angle and incident angle of ultraviolet light, which can be used for ultraviolet detection and sensing. The proposed ultra-wide-angle metasurface absorber has potential application in the field of optical communication, photoelectric detection, and solar energy harvesting.

Absorption enhancement in silicon-based dielectric resonator for quad-band terahertz biosensing

A technique is implemented to obtain the multi-band perfect absorption (nearly 100%) in an ultrathin silicon-based dielectric resonator (DR) using perturbation. A silicon-based plus-shaped resonator is utilized to design the proposed absorber which provides the four narrow-band absorptions at frequencies of around 5.75, 6.14, 6.48, and 7.24 THz with the level of absorption 54%, 20%, 95%, and 96%, respectively. The plus-shaped resonator is perturbed by cutting slot of plus shape in such a way that it obtains perfect absorption with sufficient guard-band to prevent the multi-band interference in each band. This perturbation provides four absorption peaks at frequencies of around 5.80, 6.27, 6.80, and 7.23 THz, with highly improved absorption in all the bands, i.e., 99.84%, 99.78%, 99.51%, 98.42%, respectively. The ultranarrow absorption peaks with narrow FWHM are suitable for the application of THz biosensing and refractive index analysis. The performance of the proposed absorber is studied with the variation in refractive index of sample. It is found that the proposed absorber provides the high sensitivity 0.186, 0.29, 0.2485, 0.43 THz RIU−1 and quality factor 280, 185.79, 320.42, and 131.51 for different bands, respectively. The proposed absorber performance is also studied for various THz biosensing applications like the detection of various viruses, malaria, and cancer in the human body at various stages.

UV-NIR polarization sensitive metamaterial absorber based on two-dimensional titanium grating

A UV-NIR metamaterial absorber (MMA) based on a two-dimensional titanium grating that is sensitive to polarization is proposed. The absorber is composed of a two-dimensional titanium grating shaped as a four-edge platform, a one-dimensional SiO2 grating, and an Au substrate. When the incident light is polarized in the X direction, the absorber achieves ultra-broadband absorption of 95.72 % in the range of 300–2400 nm. When the incident light is polarized in the Y direction, the absorber exhibits near-perfect ultra-narrowband absorption at 351 nm, and the Q factor and the sensitivity (S) of the narrowband absorption are 38.14 and 123.21 nm/RIU, respectively. The absorber also achieves polarization angle selective absorption at 400–2400 nm with an average extinction ratio of 25.73. Both the impedance matching theory and the energy distribution of the electromagnetic field explain the polarization-sensitive MMA well. The proposed absorber is resistant to changes in incidence angle and may be useful in polarization imaging, photoelectric detection, and optical sensors.

A dual-directional metamaterial perfect absorber base on Al2O3 etched cross cavity in the visible and near-infrared ranges

Due to their unique properties, metamaterial perfect absorbers have been widely used in such fields as solar energy absorption, seawater desalination, sensing and so on. Recently, ultra-wide band perfect absorbers and multi-narrow band perfect absorbers are studied and reported. However, there are a few researches on metamaterial perfect absorbers with both narrow-band and wide-band absorption properties. In this paper, we propose a dual-directional perfect absorber which can switch between wide band absorption and narrow band absorption. It consists of a multi-layer planar structure topped by a pattern layer being arranged periodically. In the wavelength range of 600 nm to 2000 nm, when the incident light is vertically incident from the upper surface of the structure, there will be three resonance absorption peaks, locating at 863 nm, 875 nm and 1135 nm, and the absorption rates will reach to 99.51 %, 99.61 % and 99.58 %, respectively. The analysis demonstrates that the structure has good sensing performance in the environment of different refractive index. When the incident light is incident from the lower surface of the structure, the absorber exhibits broadband absorption with an average absorption rate of 98.04 % (600 ∼ 2000 nm). When the temperature reaches 1000 K, the total photothermal conversion efficiency of the absorber can still reach more than 92 %. In addition, our research shows that the structure is independent of polarization. All these features promise for our proposed dual-function perfect absorber to realize diverse applications in the fields of sensing, detection, sunlight acquisition, optical conversion devices, and so on.

Graphene-based tunable tri-band terahertz refractive index sensor

A tunable tri-band terahertz refractive index sensor based on graphene is proposed and designed. The structure of the sensor comprises a gold (Au) substrate layer, a dielectric layer (Topas), and a graphene pattern layer. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that the sensor exhibits three narrowband absorption peaks at 1.68, 3.82, and 4.78 THz, and the corresponding absorption rate can reach 99.9%, 98.0%, and 97.9%, respectively. By adjusting the Fermi level of graphene, the resonant frequency of the sensor can be effectively tuned. Notably, due to the rotational symmetry of the structure, the sensor shows insensitivity to transverse magnetic and transverse electric polarizations of incident light. By varying the refractive index of surrounding analytes, the sensor’s sensitivity and Figure of Merit (FOM) are studied. The sensitivities of the three resonance peaks are 0.59, 1.19, and 1.38 THz/RIU, with corresponding FOM values of 2.57, 3.40, and 6.58, respectively. Furthermore, the feasibility and effectiveness of the designed sensor in practical applications are verified by testing five types of samples. These findings indicate that the proposed sensor has superior performance in sensitivity and selectivity, which makes it have a great potential for applications in the fields of material characterization, environmental monitoring, and biomedicine detection in the terahertz band.

Bi-directional high-performance metamaterial perfect absorber for solar harvesting and refractive index sensing

Metamaterial perfect absorbers have been widely studied due to their potential applications in fields such as sensors, saltwater purification, switching devices, solar energy harvesting and so on. However, it is difficult for absorbers to have both narrowband absorption and broadband absorption. Up to till now, there are few reports on such absorbers. In this paper, we present an absorber that achieves ultra-high performance in an ultra-simple structure, which can attain bifunctional perfect absorption of broadband and narrowband. It consists of a multilayer planar structure with top layer periodically arranged particles. When the light is incident vertically above the surface of the absorber, the proposed absorber exhibits narrow-band absorption with three absorption peaks, among which two absorption peaks have an absorption rate of 99.3 % and 99.9 %, and the full widths at half maximum (FWHM) are 3 nm and 11 nm, respectively. When the light is incident under the surface of the absorber, then the absorber exhibits broad-band absorption, with an average absorption of 97.3 % over a 1500 nm bandwidth (600 nm–2100nm). In addition, the proposed multifunctional perfect absorber has a narrow FWHM and a large broadband absorption range in the same band range. Moreover, the absorber is both polarization-independent and large incident angle-insensitive for both TE and TM-polarized waves. This absorber is of great value in areas such as bio-optical detection and solar energy harvesting.

Bandgap tunable pure-phase zero-dimensional Cs4PbClxBr6-x perovskites with selective absorption and intrinsic ultraviolet emission

Zero-dimensional perovskite Cs4PbX6 possesses a unique crystal structure that sets it apart from the three-dimensional CsPbX3 perovskite, exhibiting a range of fascinating optical properties, and superior thermal and chemical stability compared to CsPbBr3. Its wide bandgap and narrowband absorption characteristics enable selective detection and applications involving deep ultraviolet to near-blind ultraviolet light. However, there are still challenges in achieving high-quality pure-phase nanocrystals, regulating bandgap and clarifying carrier transport mechanisms. In this study, a mild and controllable method was developed to synthesize high-quality pure-phase Cs4PbBr6, while kept size-independent bandgap. Subsequently, bandgap was tuned continuously from 3.94 to 4.35 eV by manipulating the halogen ratios, and still hold the pure-phase of zero-dimensional Cs4PbClxBr6-x. Furthermore, DFT calculations and an in-depth investigation of their emission demonstrated the localized electron states and exciton self-trapping mechanisms.

Design and analysis of a planar and multilayer metamaterial with the dual-functions of an ultra-broadband and high absorptivity absorber and a multi-wavelength resonator

This absorber exhibits a hierarchical structure, featuring layers of ZnO, Zr, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), Zr, YSZ, Al, YSZ and Al from top to bottom. Simulation analyses were conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics® simulation software (version 6.1). The primary innovation of this multilayer metamaterial lies in its entirely planar configuration, enabling switchable functionality: one ultra-broadband with high absorptivity (facilitated by the ZnO layer) and three narrowband absorption peaks (achieved through the Al layer). The simulation results clearly demonstrate that when light was incident from the ZnO direction onto this designed structure, the investigated planar and multi-functional absorber exhibited excellent absorber characteristics. Over an ultra-wide broadband range from 395 to 2070[Formula: see text]nm, the average absorptivity reached an impressive 95.03%. When light was incident from the Al direction onto the investigated planar and dual-functional absorber, three narrowband absorption peaks were observed at wavelengths 355, 550 and 1200[Formula: see text]nm. The second innovation highlights the effectiveness of ZnO as an anti-reflection layer, elevating the absorptivity of the ultra-broadband absorber. The third innovation establishes that Al is the optimal metal choice. It is worth noting that while using no Al layer or substituting Al with other metals did not diminish the absorptivity of the ultra-broadband absorber, alternative metals might adversely affect the absorptivity of the multi-wavelength absorber.

Theoretical prediction of broadband ambient light optogenetic vision restoration with ChRmine and its mutants

Vision restoration is one of the most promising applications of optogenetics. However, it is limited due to the poor-sensitivity, slow-kinetics and narrow band absorption spectra of opsins. Here, a detailed theoretical study of retinal ganglion neurons (RGNs) expressed with ChRmine, ReaChR, CoChR, CatCh and their mutants, with near monochromatic LEDs, and broadband sunlight, halogen lamp, RGB LED light, and pure white light sources has been presented. All the opsins exhibit improved light sensitivity and larger photocurrent on illuminating with broadband light sources compared to narrow band LEDs. ChRmine allows firing at ambient sunlight (1.5 nW/mm2) and pure white light (1.2 nW/mm2), which is lowest among the opsins considered. The broadband activation spectrum of ChRmine and its mutants is also useful to restore color sensitivity. Although ChRmine exhibits slower turn-off kinetics with broadband light, high-fidelity spikes can be evoked upto 50 Hz. This limit extends upto 80 Hz with the improved hsChRmine mutant although it requires double the irradiance compared to ChRmine. The present study shows that ChRmine and its mutants allow activation of RGNs with ambient light which is useful for goggle-free white light optogenetic retinal prostheses with improved quality of restored vision.

Multi-functional metasurface: ultra-wideband/multi-band absorption switching by adjusting guided-mode resonance and local surface plasmon resonance effects

This study introduces an innovative dual-tunable absorption film with the capability to switch between ultra-wideband and narrowband absorption. By manipulating the temperature, the film can achieve multi-band absorption within the 30–45 THz range or ultra-wideband absorption spanning 30–130 THz, with an absorption rate exceeding 0.9. Furthermore, the structural parameters of the absorption film are optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to ensure the optimal absorption response. The absorption response of the film is primarily attributed to the coupling of guided-mode resonance and local surface plasmon resonance effects. The film’s symmetric structure enables polarization incoherence and allows for tuning through various means such as doping/voltage, temperature and structural parameters. In the case of a multi-band absorption response, the film exhibits good sensitivity to refractive index changes in multiple absorption modes. Additionally, the absorption spectrum of the film remains effective even at large incidence angles, making it highly promising for applications in fields such as biosensing and infrared stealth.

Metastructure based broadband structural stealth with material-structure-function integration

Broadband microwave absorption is difficult to be realized in traditional coating form as multiple electromagnetic resonances are difficult to be generated even with dielectric-magnetic loss composites. Narrow absorption band confines the practical usage of the novel electromagnetic nano composites. Herein, the structural stealth concept is proposed to overcome the narrow-band absorption problem with the effect carrier of metastructure. The gradient honeycomb metastructure (GHM) was designed and optimized with module stack large mutation genetic algorithms. The structural design, fabrication, experimental verification and parameter adjustment were included in the closed loop with material-structure-function integration. Multiple resonance effects were introduced in the gradient designs. GHM achieved −10 dB absorption bandwidth in 1.92–17.6 GHz and three deep absorption peaks were introduced by three layers of electromagnetic resonant honeycomb. Broadband absorption in oblique incidence from 30° to grazing angle 85° was achieved to overcome the oblique absorption degeneration problems of traditional nano lossy composites. The structural mechanical performance was high with the maximum equivalent tensile strength of 108.6 MPa and the maximum flexural load of 0.873 kN. The results showed the importance of structural stealth with material-structure-function integration to design metastructure for broadband microwave absorption, which provided a promising approach to achieve broadband microwave absorption.

Spatially selective narrow band and broadband absorption in Ag/SiO2/Ag based trilayer thin films by oblique angle deposition of SiO2 layer

We have experimentally demonstrated spatially selective absorption in Ag-SiO2-Ag based trilayer thin films by tuning the deposition angle of SiO2 layer. These structures generate cavity resonance which can be tuned across the substrate locations due to spatially selective thickness and refractive index of silicon oxide (SiO2) film sandwiched between metallic silver (Ag) mirrors. Spatially selective property of SiO2 film is obtained by oblique angle deposition technique using an electron beam evaporation system. The resonance wavelength of absorption in this trilayer structure shifts across the substrate locations along the direction of oblique deposition. The extent of shift in resonance increases with increase in angle of deposition of SiO2 layer. 4.14 nm mm−1 average shift of resonance wavelength is observed when SiO2 is deposited at 40° whereas 4.76 nm mm−1 average shift is observed when SiO2 is deposited at 60°. We observed that the width of resonance increases with angle of deposition of the cavity layer and ultimately the resonant absorption disappears and becomes broadband when SiO2 is deposited at glancing angle deposition (GLAD) configuration. Our study reveals that there is a suitable range of oblique angle of deposition from 40° to 60° for higher spatial tunability and resonant absorption whereas the absorption becomes broadband for glancing angle deposition.

Enhancing luminescence of AF2: Ln3+ (A = Ca, Sr; Ln = Eu, Tb) by the use of carbon dots

Lanthanide ions-doped fluoride nanocrystals have excellent application prospect. However, low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is usually along with lanthanide ions-doped fluoride nanocrystals owing to their low molar absorptivity and narrow absorption band. In order to increase the absorption cross section of Ln3+ in fluoride nanocrystals, a facile synthesis strategy to enhance luminescence of AF2: Ln3+ (A = Ca, Sr; Ln = Eu, Tb) by the use of carbon dots (CDs) has been developed in this work. A series of characterizations including TEM, XRD, FTIR and XPS demonstrated that the CDs have been successfully combined with the surface of AF2: Ln3+ nanocrystals. The combination of CDs has little influence on the microstructure and phase structure of AF2: Ln3+, and CDs@AF2: Ln3+ nanocrystals have uniform and regular shape with cubic phase. CDs are used as a broadband sensitizer and lead to the broadband excitation of Ln3+, resulting in the enhancement around 10-fold of Ln3+ luminescence emission in AF2: Ln3+ nanocrystals after CDs combination. The corresponding PLQY increases almost three times, and the luminescence enhancement mechanism by combining CDs is proposed. In addition, the CDs@AF2: Ln3+ nanocrystals are used to prepare CDs@AF2: Ln3+/PVA films, which exhibits excellent luminescence properties under the excitation of UV light. This work provides a superior method for enhancing the luminescence properties of lanthanide ions-doped nanocomposites and demonstrates practical potential as promising candidates for light-converting thin films.

Sum rule comparison of narrowband and broadband sum frequency generation spectra and comparison with theory

Earlier sum frequency generation (SFG) experiments involve one infrared and one visible laser, and a measurement of the intensity of the response, yielding data on the surface sensitive properties of the sample. Recently, both the real and imaginary components of the susceptibility were measured in two different sets of experiments. In one set, a broadband infrared laser was used, permitting observations at very short times, while in another set the infrared laser was narrowband, permitting higher spectral resolution. The differences in the spectrum obtained by the two will be most evident in studying narrow absorption bands, e.g., the band due to dangling OH bonds at a water interface. The direct comparisons in the integrated amplitude (sum rule) of the imaginary part of the dangling OH bond region differ by a factor of 3. Due to variations in experimental setup and data processing, corrections were made for the quartz reference, Fresnel factors, and the incident visible laser wavelength. After the corrections, the agreement differs now by the factors of 1.1 within broadband and narrowband groups and the two groups now differ by a factor of 1.5. The 1.5 factor may arise from the extra heating of the more powerful broadband laser system on the water surface. The convolution from the narrowband SFG spectrum to the broadband SFG spectrum is also investigated and it does not affect the sum rule. Theory and narrowband experiments are compared using the sum rule and agree to a factor of 1.3 with no adjustable parameters.

Terahertz sensing with a 3D meta-absorbing chip based on two-photon polymerization printing

The narrowband meta-absorbers exhibit significantly enhanced electromagnetic confinement capabilities, showcasing broad application prospects in sensing fields. They can be applied for biomarker detection, chemical composition analysis, and monitoring of specific gas in the environment. In this work, we propose a 3D meta-absorber with an out-of-plane plasma mechanism based on a two-photon printing system. Compared to the conventional fabrication of a metal-insulator-metal 2D meta-absorber, the 3D absorber is composed of a metal layer and a resin layer from top to bottom; its manufacturing process is simpler, only including two-photon printing and magnetron sputtering deposition. A noticeable absorbing resonance appears at 0.3142 THz with perfect absorbance with a high Q-factor of 104.67. The theoretical sensitivity to the refractive index of the sensor reaches up to 172.5 GHz/RIU, with a figure of merit (FOM) of 19.56. In the experiments, it was validated as a meta-absorber with high sensitivity for doxycycline (DCH). As the DCH concentration increases from 0 to 4 mg/mL, the absorption intensity decreases around 49%, while the resonant frequency shift is around 70 GHz. It reflects the real-time residual content of DCH, and is potentially applied in trace antibiotic detection. The results showcase a perfect narrowband absorption capability with strong electromagnetic confinement in the terahertz spectrum, along with high-Q sensing characteristics of DCH. Compared to 2D metamaterials, the diversity of 3D metamaterial significantly expands, and introduces additional effects to provide greater flexibility in manipulating electromagnetic waves. The 3D device offers opportunities for the application of terahertz biochemical sensing.

Magnetic, Optical, Electrical and Antimicrobial Properties of MnCuZnFe2O4 Nanoparticles

AbstractThe Mn0.92Cu0.08‐yZnyFe2O4 (y=0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08) nanoparticles (MCZF NPs) were synthesized via the hydrothermal process at low operating temperature. The MCZF system generated a cubic spinel structure as seen by the X‐ray diffraction patterns. The average crystallite size was observed to be increasing from 25 to 30 nm. The broad (γ1) and narrow (γ2) absorption bands were seen in FTIR spectra and the cation distributions at tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites, respectively, was indicated. The surface morphology was analyzed using electron microscopy. Clarification was provided for the dependence of the optical bandgap shift (Eg~1.96–2.15 eV) on the concentration of substituent. The superparamagnetic nature of MCZF can be advantageous for biomedical applications and it was demonstrated by the magnetization versus applied magnetic field (M−H) loops. Small values of remanence magnetization (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) were found using magnetization versus magnetic field (M−H) curves at y=0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08. This proved that MCZF NPs exhibited the superparamagnetic behavior. The cation distribution at two sublattices was also estimated using a two‐sublattice model. The greatest zone of inhibition in an antibacterial study of MCZF (produced by the green method) was 10.8 mm for Pseudomonosa aeruginosa and 9.4 mm for Staphylococcus aureus.

Tunable multispectral narrowband absorber and directional absorption enabled by layered quasi-periodic structure and phase-change materials

Based on the Optical Tamm States (OTS) effect of phase-change material (PCM) Ge-Sb-Te (GST), a tunable multispectral selective narrowband absorber is proposed. The application wavelength range is combined with the solar spectral distribution in this study. Compared with other absorbers with complex shapes, this planar device is easier to manufacture, making it possible for the photolithographic, large-scale, cost-effective manufacturing process. Through the phase change of GST, the multi-spectral narrowband absorption of the harmful gas SO2 (1.35 μm), NO2 (1.59 μm), NO (1.91 μm) and CO (2.1 μm) of the vehicle exhaust was finally realized. Meanwhile, it shows good directivity and polarization performance in the wavelength range of 1.7–2.0 μm, and finally high S-polarization absorptivity (>90 %) at 75–80° incident angle was achieved. The present work is of potential application value in the research areas of infrared detection, energy management, information encryption and so on.