Narrative Focus Research Articles

International Equity and Debt Flows to Emerging Market Economies: Composition, Crises, and Controls

Standard models of capital flows to emerging market economies focus on debt flows and a pecuniary externality. However, by offering better risk sharing, international equity flows can render such externality unimportant, yet many economies fail to attract equity investment in a large quantity. We propose a theory of endogenous composition of capital flows that highlights two asymmetries. In our model, poor institutional quality leads to an inefficiently low share of equity financing as well as an inefficiently high volume of total inflows. Somewhat surprisingly, a social planner would often impose taxes on both equity and debt inflows. Our story differs in important ways from an alternative narrative focusing on collateral constraint.

Lightbringer by Claire Legrand

Reviewed by: Lightbringer by Claire Legrand Kate Quealy-Gainer, Assistant Editor Legrand, Claire Lightbringer. Sourcebooks, 2020 [592p] (The Empirium Trilogy) Trade ed. ISBN 9781492656685 $18.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9781492656692 $18.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R Gr. 10 up At the end of Kingsbane (BCCB 6/19), Rielle had just fled her wedding directly into the arms of Corien, the seductive angel bent on destroying humanity and using Rielle's abilities to control the elements to do so. Over a thousand years later, Eliana, part of the rebel group overthrowing Corien's angelic empire, has been betrayed by her lover and handed over to the ageless Corien. The parallel storylines follow the two prophesied queens: Rielle, the Blood Queen, who descends fully into villainy, opening up the Gate that allows the cruel, merciless angels to enter the world and begin their regime over mortals; and Eliana, the Sun Queen, as she is brutally tortured by Corien, who wants her to use her powers to go back in time and to prevent Rielle from killing herself and destroying all magic. Legrand brings her trilogy to a triumphant but bittersweet ending, effortlessly weaving together complicated plot strands and giving further nuance to already complex characters as the narrative focus shifts among Rielle, Elianna, and others. Both women have truly godlike powers, and they must negotiate their agency and ambition, deciding what they want, what they need, and whom, if anybody, they should love and protect. Legrand's eloquent, vivid prose is focused on a bloody landscape of war and death as opposed to the love and lust of the prior volumes, but the romance elements remain, with Eliana's relationship with her lover and betrayer tragic but undeniably tender. The conclusion is both happy and heartbreaking, and readers who have followed the two queens this far will appreciate an ending that respects both the light and dark within in each of them. Copyright © 2020 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

COMMcast: Producing podcasts for communication theory

Students are often inseparable from Internet and streaming services through various technologies. This reality invites instructors to think about nuanced ways of employing technologies to engage students through both consumption and production of media in classrooms. Our assignment uses the modality of podcasts to encourage critical thinking and theoretical application. Student groups are tasked with producing informative podcast episodes on communication theories learned in class. Importantly, this assignment is a great way for students to adopt a strategy for lifelong learning with an introduction to podcasts, and the practice of making theory more widely accessible. Furthermore, the narrative focus of podcast episodes enhances assimilation of course content in ways students had not previously exhibited in assessments. The podcast assignment functions as a formative assessment for students who are both creating the content and listening to the production. Courses: Communication Theory and other courses that engage communication theories. Objectives: By the end of creating the podcast, students will be able to: (1) define a communication theory/concept according to course readings and content; (2) analyze a communication theory by applying learned concepts; (3) co-produce knowledge with others; and (4) identify and apply necessary skills for a compelling presentation.

Mass-Media Specificity of Building an Effective Narrative as a Strategic Communication Tool

Objective. This research aims at defining the principles of constructing effective narratives with the use of the strategic communication capabilities and the media.
 Materials and Methods. Publications in modern English and Ukrainian mass-media have been analyzed using methods and techniques of discourse analysis, content- and intent-analysis with elements of pragmatic and narrative analysis. The author’s methodology included the following: to identify the author’s intention and motives, the main topoi and points of the narrative focalization, to define hidden beliefs, social and psychological basis for the recipient’s perception of the narrative, to outline effective strategies for the narrative construction and dissemination in the media.
 Results. In general, modern media have the capacity of constructing the desired frames in the audience’s consciousness by creating a mental model of the situation, on which the consumer of the information starts to rely. Decision-making now is reliant on the media consciousness, a virtual world imposed by the media and constructed with the help of relevant narratives. Modern strategic narratives usually have the external focalization which gets more credibility when supported and presented by the focalization points of celebrities and experts. Competing narratives, as well as the plurality of possible interpretations of events, are destroyed with the help of the media, which begin to broadcast one interpretation of the event that matches the narrative, by this making it the truth. Simultaneous use of several different media intensifies the influence and support the narrative. Repeating information changes its status and makes it not just a fact, but general knowledge. Any narrative is not only a sequential story of the selected events, but also persuasion in its nature. Persuasion is enhanced when narratives resonate with the audience's value system.
 Conclusions. As a strategic communication tool, an effective narrative is constructed with regard to all the aspects of communication, psycholinguistic and social aspects being especially important. Further insights into the problem of shaping narratives will allow outlining best practices and their elements to develop image-forming narratives.

Solidarity theologies and the (re)definition of ethnoreligious identities: the case of the Alevis of Turkey and Alawites of Syria

ABSTRACT Alevis of Turkey and Alawites of Syria have different origins, traditions and political experience. After the outbreak of the civil war in Syria, Turkish government took a clear stand by supporting the Sunni rebels fighting the Syrian state forces. This enthusiastic support for the Sunni segments was accompanied with condemnations against Syrian Alawites and discrimination against the Alawite refugees. The civil war in Syria and the Turkish government’s response to it brought Alevis of Turkey and Alawites of Syria closer and created a solidarity based on close religious beliefs. Alevi community in Turkey provided assistance to the Alawite refugees from Syria and Alevi leaders started to create a narrative focusing on identity similarities between and common threats against the Alevis and Alawite communities. Using interviews and public statements, this article shows how the securitization of identities and discrimination can result in new units of advocacy and belonging.

We Don't Need Another Hero: 10th Berlin Biennial for Contemporary Art

We Don't Need Another Hero: 10th Berlin Biennial for Contemporary Art

The Application of Multimedia Humor in Malay Language Narrative Writing

By adopting a Dick and Carey model, thepurpose of this study was to develop a multimedia humour model for the teaching of Malay narrative writing and test the effectiveness of the model in the classroom. This study was conducted to a group of 29 students at SekolahMenengahKebangsaan Syed Mashor, Batang Kali, Selangor. The research design was quasi experimental involving single group pre-test and post-test design. Following this design, participants were selected, pre-tested, and exposed to the multimedia video (animation) and then post-tested. The instrument used in this research was the writing test on Malay narrative focusing on cleanliness. Descriptive quantitative analysis was employed on the findings (frequency, percentage and mean) followed by a comparison of pre-test and post-test. The findings show that there were significant differences between the pre and post-test. In the post-test, the mean score for the participants after receiving the intervention were higher than the mean scores for the pre-test. The findings also reveal that the use of visual images (animation), sound and graphic through multimedia video for teaching Malay narrative writing help the students to improve their vocabularies and writing skills. Thus, teachers may also adopt this type of learning approach to attract student’s attention towards the subject and hence, improve their academic performance of a particular subject.

To See Oneself Through the Eyes of Others and Through the Eyes of Books: Perspective in Bohumil Hrabal’s Autobiographical Texts

This study analyses the use of perspective in the autobiographical trilogy (In-House Weddings, Vita Nuova and Gaps) and the late “journalistic” texts by the Czech writer Bohumil Hrabal. The article examines Hrabal’s play with perspective on several levels: on the narrative level, Hrabal experiments with the narrative voice and focalization, and views himself through the eyes of his wife Elisˇka, who is also the narrator of the whole trilogy; this strategy allows him to gain distance from the “I-perspective” and to touch upon sensitive moments of his life (particularly auto-censorship, his relationship with the Communist authorities, and various fears). Furthermore, Elisˇka’s view clashes with the view of Hrabal as a character in the narrative world, which results in an original autobiographical polyphony; the article presents a detailed scrutiny of these perspectives with regard to time. Drawing from hermeneutics as a way of self-understanding shaped by texts and culture, the analysis of perspectivity will demonstrate that Hrabal also views himself through the eyes of books and cultural images; additionally, the article points to parallels with Hrabal’s other works, particularly Too Loud a Solitude. Finally, Hrabal’s playful use of perspective concerns the question of identity: the textual self that appears in the stream of images manifests itself in constant motion, thus unveiling the non-substantiality and openness of human identity. In this way, Hrabal’s writing about himself approximates the view of self in Eastern philosophies (esp. Buddhism and Taoism − Hrabal’s sources of inspiration) as well as contemporary cognitive approaches to the theory of autobiography (Paul John Eakin).

Confecção e tentativa de inserção da luva terapêutica em contexto hospitalar: relato de caso

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a construção, experiência e tentativa de inserção do recurso da luva terapêutica em contexto hospitalar com recém nascido pré-termo. Trata-se da descrição de uma experiência desenvolvida em contexto hospitalar, no período de abril a dezembro do ano de 2016. A narrativa tem o enfoque de descrever o início dos testes das luvas com os recém nascido pré-termo, destacando os resultados iniciais em um hospital publico. A luva terapêutica é um dispositivo de posicionamento que, aliado ao aroma materno, tem seu efeito terapêutico potencializado. Nos testes inicias desta experiência, foi possível observar a mudança comportamental do bebê após se aconchegar na luva terapêutica, mesmo sem a introdução do aroma materno, bem como a diversidade de posicionamentos presumíveis com o uso da luva terapêutica. Por sua vez, verificou-se dificuldade de inserção de novas alternativas terapêuticas em contexto hospitalar.

Exploring the dimensions of traditional authority influencing stakeholder management at the pre-construction stage of infrastructure projects

In many parts of the world, traditional authorities influence the pre-construction stakeholder management process on infrastructure projects. In this conceptual article, we sought to explore the dimensions of traditional authority that influence stakeholder management at the pre-construction stage, using the case of Ghana. Twenty-nine different issues related to traditional authority were identified through a systematic literature review. Then, through a narrative focus group discussion, the issues were validated, revised and condensed into 21 items. Through thematic analysis, the issues were clustered into four dimensions of traditional authority influences: power and role of traditional leadership; expectations of traditional leadership; project impacts on community resources; and impact of religious and cultural values. Through a further abstraction of the results, we identified six patterns of influence that emerge from the interaction between traditional authorities and other stakeholders, viz.: compromise; uncertainty; instability; power and role suppression; acculturation; and polarization. The findings provide a starting point for theorizing the influence of traditional authority on pre-construction stakeholder management. The findings also provide project managers with information for the development of practical strategies for managing the influence of traditional authorities to ensure an effective stakeholder management process at the pre-construction stage of infrastructure projects.

Lovesick, The Series: adapting Japanese ‘Boys Love’ to Thailand and the creation of a new genre of queer media

ABSTRACTThis article explores the adaptation of Boys Love (BL), a Japanese genre of homoerotic media produced for heterosexual female audiences, to the Thai mediascape through an analysis of Lovesick, The Series (2014). This lakhon represented a watershed moment in representations of queer sexuality in Thai mainstream media, inaugurating a new genre of media known as series wai. Through an investigation of the narrative of the first series of Lovesick, this article shows how the narrative conventions of Japanese BL are ‘glocalized’ to conform to the heteronormative narrative focus of typical lakhon. The article argues that the series’ ‘wavering’ narrative focus between queer and heterosexual romance and its characterization of its male protagonists as stereotypical heterosexual men (phu chai) responds to the need for lakhon to privilege heteronormative romance. But the article also reveals that Lovesick sits within a broader social process whereby Japanese popular culture has come to influence Thai conceptualizations of sexuality. The article thus also shows how the lakhon educates its users into the affective reading practices of Japanese BL fans, introducing queer readings into the Thai mediascape. Overall, the article charts the historical development of a new, affirmative representational queer politics in the Thai mediascape.

Functional profiles of online explanatory art texts

Writing about art and the teaching of art writing are becoming important issues in the art world. Furthering our understanding of art texts can inform the practice and teaching of art writing. In an effort to expand linguistic understanding of art writing, this study examines a corpus of 180 online explanatory art museum texts from the online collections of nine US museums using a functional profiles perspective. I use cluster analysis to group the 180 texts into functional profiles based on their use of twenty-one linguistic features. The cluster analysis resulted in five clusters that are interpreted functionally: Cluster 1 (n=56), ‘descriptive information’; Cluster 2 (n=30), ‘expanded form – adding interpretation and process’; Cluster 3 (n=40), ‘contextualising’; Cluster 4 (n=8), ‘process and interpretation with agency’; and Cluster 5 (n=46), ‘narrative focus’. It is posited that this understanding of online explanatory art museum texts can inform the teaching of future museum professionals.

American Horror Story: Capital, counterculture, and the freak

Abstract The tagline for Ryan Murphy’s American Horror Story: Freak Show (AHS: Freak Show) is ‘Wir Sind Alle Freaks’, a German phrase that clearly signals the show’s ‘freaktopic’ intention. ‘We are all freaks’ introduces a narrative that promises to collapse boundaries between the self and other, allowing viewers to see themselves as more like the freakish characters at the heart of Elsa Mars’ Cabinet of Curiosities than the outsiders threatening their lives. However, this invitation, combined with the narrative focus on normate characters instead invokes the countercultural appropriation of ‘freak’ as an anti-establishment rebellion. These narratives provide not a ‘freaktopia’, but rather an escape, both temporary and permanent, from ‘normative’ values for non-freakish characters, and an outright rejection of those norms. While this choice seems in some ways informed by contemporary notions of social justice, access, and inclusion, in which the ‘normative’ characters act in alliance with their underprivileged ‘freak’ peers, Ryan Murphy’s AHS: Freak Show ultimately troubles its very tagline. Through an analysis of the AHS: Freak Show’s narrative structures surrounding capital, family, and consumption, I argue that the myth of a ‘freaktopia’ collapses under the weight of its own neo-liberal dream, and is ultimately consumed by mainstream capital.

From Desiccation to Global Climate Change: A History of the Desertification Narrative in the West African Sahel, 1900-2018

Abstract During the last few decades, 'desertification' has reached the status of a global environmental issue. The African Sahel is often seen as the world region worst hit by this process. The idea that deserts are spreading, mainly due to local land-use practices, is, however, not new. It already existed early in the colonial period in tropical Africa. The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical perspective on the construction of the desertification narrative using historical documents combined with a review of international scientific research. The main focus is on former French colonies in the West African Sahel, and the paper aims to identify various phases in the history of the desertification narrative in this region and to explain the shifts between these phases. We first present debates among French scientists in the early twentieth century about desiccation as a natural or human-induced process. We continue by discussing the transition from desiccation theory to a narrative focusing more explicitly on desert advance caused by local human activities. Thereafter, we show how the droughts in the Sahel of the 1970s and 1980s enhanced the desertification narrative and led to an institutionalisation of desertification at different levels, which again established this idea as a global environmental problem. Finally, we demonstrate how global climate change has further strengthened the idea of desertification as a global environmental threat, despite international scientific research questioning the scale and relevance of this perceived problem. This history of the desertification narrative from the early colonial period to today shows how the narrative has created some powerful winners, while the losers have largely been Sahelian small-scale farmers and pastoralists. This is also a case illustrating how a policy narrative may use science when science supports its main tenets, but neglects science when it turns against the narrative.

Documenting Faith: Physical Devotion in Werner Herzog’s Pilgrimage (2001) and Wheel of Time (2003)

Abstract To make visible the invisible has always been a key challenge to film. This paper will study how German director Werner Herzog, a regular explorer of the material / spiritual dichotomy, has managed to visualize something as invisible as faith in his documentaries Pilgrimage (2001) and Wheel of Time (2003). By identifying a strong narrative and aesthetic focus on gesture, we will work on a possible reading on physical devotion as a contemporary substitute to sacrifice. Gesture, then, will become not only the visible translation of what we will argue is represented as a natural and universal faith, but also the apparatus enabling the feeling of the sacred.

Digging in to the Alphabet Soup: Exploring Trends and Embracing Change in LGBTQ+ YA Literature

Digging in to the Alphabet Soup:Exploring Trends and Embracing Change in LGBTQ+ YA Literature Robert Bittner (bio) Jenkins, Christine A., and Michael Cart. Representing the Rainbow in Young Adult Literature: LGBTQ+ Content since 1969. Rowman & Littlefield, 2018. 293 pp. $45.00 pb. ISBN 9781442278066. Christine A. Jenkins and Michael Cart, in the introduction to their new volume, Representing the Rainbow in Young Adult Literature, note that their goal is to "both to chart the evolution of the field and to identify titles that are remarkable either for their excellence or for their failures" (xiii). Their goal is admirable and also successful in many respects, but before assessing individual elements of the text and the various ways in which the authors engage with primary texts, one must understand the text whence Representing the Rainbow came to be. Cart and Jenkins's The Heart Has Its Reasons was and continues to be a groundbreaking work in the arena of GLBTQ (changed to LGBTQ+ in Representing the Rainbow) young adult (YA) literature scholarship. Not only did their original text provide a comprehensive analysis of trends during each decade between 1969 and 2004,1 but the inclusion of an annotated bibliography allowed children's and young adult (C/YA) literature scholars to easily discover texts and trends that had previously remained unknown or hidden within the overall output of YA novels. Jenkins and Cart, in their updated book Representing the Rainbow, highlight and discuss LGBTQ+ literature published after 1969 but additional chapters also cover new titles and trends since 2004, and even envision new trends to watch for in the coming years. In this volume, Jenkins and Cart revisit their previous work and assertions and integrate the discoveries of contemporary conversations, including discussions around diversity, own voices authorship,2 and the increasing representation of identities outside a gay/lesbian [End Page 179] sexual dichotomy, particularly bisexuality, which was not an orientation typically included in earlier fiction for teen readers. In addition, Representing the Rainbow engages with the increased incorporation of trans, intersex, and gender fluid characters in youth literature, through additional chapters in the section called "Part II: Breaking Down the Barriers." Working from Dr. Rudine Sims Bishop's Shadow and Substance: Afro-American Experience in Contemporary Children's Fiction, Jenkins and Cart reimagine Bishop's three categories of literature to create a simplified model of categorizing LGBTQ+ YA fiction. The chronological model describing fictional portrayals of African American characters consists of "social conscience" books (Bishop 17-32), "melting pot" books (33-48), and "culturally conscious" books (49-78). Within Representing the Rainbow, the categories become "homosexual visibility" (the coming out story), "gay assimilation" (inclusion of LGBTQ+ secondary characters and themes that are not the narrative focus), and "queer consciousness/community" (in which LGBTQ+ characters are able to find community and are not isolated within their respective stories) (xiv). While this simplified categorical model does make it easier for librarians, educators, and others to find commonalities among narratives, it does, in some cases, ignore certain complexities that scholars focusing on intersectional approaches to literature are likely to focus on (e.g., racial stereotypes, issues around class, or even sexualities/genders in other cultural contexts). For example, a book that is categorized as "gay assimilation" may incorporate secondary queer or trans characters, but there is no explicit space within this framework for an intersectional approach to better understanding those characters. [End Page 180] Though the tone of the book is sometimes more informal than academic texts—with personal anecdotes and subjectively positioned asides—the accessibility of the reviews and overarching analysis ensure that Representing the Rainbow is an ideal text for students, educators, librarians, and academics. Jenkins and Cart present readers with a combination of in-depth reviews of texts they consider to be foundational or radical, and overviews of the socio-political climates during which the books were published. For instance, when discussing the overwhelming number of gay characters who die in YA literature in the 80s, Jenkins and Cart note the presence of the AIDS epidemic (38-40) as well as the influence of publishers who refused to publish positive queer stories for fear of backlash (42). Unlike some academic disciplines that...

CLICKBAIT AS A FACTOR OF FALSE NARRATIVE CREATION IN POLITICAL MASS MEDIA DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to a very important problem - mass media clickbait possessing great potential in controlling the readers’ attention, precise information control and design of narrative space. The given study is urgent due to a wide usage in the modern mass media of various phenomena which spring up in response to the challenges of our time, and specifically the shift of the focus of narration and the emergence of new forms of information presentation. The aim of the article is to study the phenomenon of clickbait in the light of the theories of post-truth, fake news and pseudo-narrative as their material realization, as a tool of completion and a form of existence. The term “clickbait” is used to mean: 1) news headlines appealing to the reader’s curiosity; 2) the content the task of which is to lead the reader to a certain page; 3) the content that raises the traffic statistics of a page; 4) a form of advertisement of certain content on social networks. On the example of clickbait headlines in the online edition of The Guardian it has been shown that clickbait performs the mediating, attracting and leading functions. Such properties of clickbait as sensational nature, originality and efficiency in attracting attention have made clickbait a popular instrument of manipulating the readers’ consciousness. Nevertheless, the article poses a question about the dual nature of clickbait which primarily serves as a means of singling out the necessary material from the general information flow. The literature cited in the article reflects the modern view of the problem under study not only in domestic but also in foreign linguistics, which gives a clear idea about the level of scientific development of the topic.

Analysis of fashion narrative by communication platforms

The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the fashion narrative from the commercial and artistic viewpoints by identifying and evaluating the attributes of the fashion narrative and analyzing the fashion narrative focusing on various cases according to fashion media. Louis Vuitton, a brand of the Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy (LVMH) group that operates the entire fashion community platform, is recognized as an influential luxury company with enormous capital and capabilities. This study targeted Louis Vuitton to examine the fashion narrative. The common results of Louis Vuitton’s fashion narrative according to the communication platform are as follows. First, it emphasizes well-designed craftsmanship and artistry to convey the value and meaning of the brand. Second, it expresses the lifestyle of the bourgeoisie using traveling for finding life purpose, nature, and freedom as common denominators. Louis Vuitton connects, shares, and engages with customers by crossing the communication platform and trying multi-sensory changes based on the fashion narrative of the ‘artification’ message encompassing craftsmanship, innovation, and travel. The fashion narrative of Louis Vuitton applies tools (e.g., design, direction, stage, and props) differently according to the nature of media. In other words, the fashion narrative in the form of transmedia storytelling is a marketing communication strategy that indicates the representation means and direction of a brand’s goals by remediating the brand narrative in various ways through the communication platform.

김동리의 종교 갈등과 N. 스캇 마머데이의 문화적 화해 : 스티븐 스필버그의 ≪레디 플레이어 원≫을 중심으로

Dong-Ri Kim’s Eul-Hwa and N. Scott Momaday’s House Made of Dawn have a theme of religious conflict in common. As Kim’s narrative tracts a process of gradually aggravated religious conflict between a shaman Eul-Hwa and a fundamentalist Christian Young-Sool, Momaday also depicts his main characters’ inner conflict originating from difference in their worldview and religious creed, perse. However, the two novelists show a significantly enough difference in terms of their thematic focus and its degree. Whereas narratives in Eul-Hwa just center on religious arguments between the two protagonists, Momaday, distancing his narrative from never-ending religious controversy, focuses on describing how the main characters like Abel, Angela and Father Alguin suffer from their actual life-based agony and illness such as Abel’s war fatigue and Angela’s spiritual disease. And beyond individuals’ sufferings, Momaday’s thematic message broadens into a sense of community which ecological communalism predominates in. The two writers’ difference on their narrative focus renders Eul-Hwa result in aggravating religious conflict while reserving, in House Made of Dawn, a significant message that enables religious and cultural reconciliation.

5월 18일까지의 시간과 공간, ‘봄날’의 정치학 : 임철우의 장편소설 『봄날』을 중심으로

Lim Chul－woo’s ‘Spring Day’ was an attempt to transfer the time and the space of those days to the ordinary space of the present time by reproducing the ten days of the ‘Gwangju Democratic Uprising’. One more important fact is the author’s balance in trying to express ‘Spring Day’ as more realistical between the ‘historical truth’ and the ‘novelistic fictionality’. To fulfill this, ‘May’ adopted the narrative form to describe the time and the space from May 16th to 27th in a chronological order, using ‘multiple views’ or ‘crossed views’. At this time, this paper noted that the novel began in May 16th. Investigating a process of acquiring the historical truth, prior to the full－scale beginning of the event (May 18th) is also to see the time and the space that each character faces.BR The author reproduces the archetypal space of the ‘Gwangju Democracy Movement’ by creating a narrative focusing on ‘Han Won－gu’, who has continuity with the past of May 16th and 17th. May 18th refers to the time set on the present foundation and he reproduces May 18th, which is progressive, through ‘Myeong－gi’ symbolizing new time and space. In other words, Im, Chul－woo is working on implanting reality in historicity and politics of the later time and space by reproducing the two－day time and space additionally. The two days from May 16th enabled the characters to acquire historicity.