Narcotic Substances Research Articles

Problems of the state of the oral cavity and anesthetic care in users of various forms of cocaine (scientific and literary review)

The prevalence of cocaine among the narcotic substances used by the population of Europe and America is second only to cannabinoids. Cocaine and crack use can cause various types of damage to the oral cavity, ranging from bad breath (halitosis) and gingivitis to cancer. These lesions are due to the anesthetic, vasoconstrictor, local prothrombotic properties of cocaine and its components in combination with cytotoxic effects and tissue damage associated with the method of use. Dentists quite often and treat cocaine users unknowingly, and they should be aware of the significant risks of possible problems and complications and be prepared to deal with them. Consuming this narcotic immediately before or after tooth extraction can cause excessive bleeding. Active cocaine users had significantly more complications related to anesthesia. Anesthesiologists should know the specifics of managing such patients, regardless of whether they are acutely intoxicated or suffering from the effects of chronic drug use. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, class I antiarrhythmic drugs, and methadone in combination with cocaine lead to arrhythmias. The prescription of β-blockers should be avoided. The use of atropine and adrenaline can cause dangerous tachycardia in cocaine addicts. With general anesthesia during intubation, uncontrolled hypertension, arrhythmia and myocardial infarction, difficulty in mask ventilation and tracheal intubation due to inflammation, mucosal edema, defects of the palate, nasal membrane, pulmonary hypertension, which can complicate oxygenation or ventilation, may occur. Sympathomimetics are contraindicated if cocaine has been used within the last 24 hours. This must be explained to the patient (who must ensure that the drug was not used during this period), if local anesthesia with vasoconstrictors is indicated to reduce periodontal bleeding, since the use of a local anesthetic alone may not provide the necessary duration of anesthesia or the degree of hemostasis. Planned intervention using general anesthesia is possible at least 48 hours after the last use of cocaine (with certain risks), and optimally — after a week.

DECRIMINALISING DRUG POLICY THROUGH THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS DIMENSION: PROGRESS OR REGRESSION?

The authors examine the process of decriminalization of drug policy through the international human rights dimension. The aim of the study is to analyse the impact of international human rights initiatives on the established international legal regime against drug trafficking, as enshrined in the three main UN conventions. The authors note the high degree of state participation in these conventions and emphasise that the main objective of the three conventions is fully consistent with the international human rights dimension, as it also aims to strengthen the ‘foundations of society’. The article highlights the ‘demands’ of the proponents of decriminalization, who advocate the legalization of a number of narcotic substances under the pretext of protecting human rights, because they believe that today there has been a failure of the international regime against drug trafficking. According to the authors, there are many factors contributing to the growing number of drug addicts, including a divergence in the approaches of States on key aspects of effectively combating illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that strict control should be maintained, as the existing international legal regime not only does not contradict human rights standards, but also aims at their implementation, ensuring the protection of the health and well-being of society.

Взаимосвязь аддиктивных установок, склонности к поиску острых ощущений и психологических защит личности у наркозависимых осужденных

<p style="text-align: justify;">The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the importance of studying addictive attitudes, a tendency to search for thrills and psychological defenses of personality in drug-addicted convicts, which are taken into account when compiling psychological characteristics in places of deprivation of liberty, and, further, are evaluated in dynamics when serving a criminal sentence by convicts. The empirical study was conducted on the basis of the FKU IK-1 of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia for the Udmurt Republic. 114 convicts with drug addiction and 108 convicts without drug addiction took part in it. The revealed differences characterize the sample of drug-addicted convicts as persons who still have a high need and willingness to use narcotic substances, even in conditions of serving a criminal sentence. Significant interrelations between additive attitudes, thrill seeking and psychological defenses indicate the existing risk of destructive behavior of convicts. The study of the stated indicators will allow penitentiary psychologists to make an adequate forecast of the behavior of drug-addicted convicts in a correctional institution.The prospects of the problem under study are the development of a psychocorrection program taking into account the identified indicators and its use in the professional activities of penitentiary psychologists.</p>

The Use of Narcotic Substances Among the Youth in the Tamale Metropolis Northern Ghana

This study explores substance abuse among the youth in the Tamale Metropolis and identifies the various types of substances commonly used by the youth. The research employed a qualitative method. Snowballing sampling technique was used to identify 32 participants. Data were collected through interview guide and four focus group discussion sessions were held with youth groups residing in the Tamale Metropolis. Key themes that emerged from the data, included the Substance Abuse knowledge, personal experience with substance abuse, types of substances abused and solutions to substance abuse and its legal implications. The key themes that emerged from the FGDs were snuff consumption history, patterns of consumption, perceived risks and consequences of snuff use and attempts to quit and support systems needed to quit. The study revealed the following different types of narcotic substance used. These are marijuana, alcohol mixed with tramadol, tramadol itself, energy drink mixed with “wee”, dried moringa leaves mixed with tobacco and wee. It was equally realized that most participants had knowledge about the drugs they used. Some Recommendations were proposed to implement comprehensive drug prevention programs, improve access to substance abuse treatment facilities, and strengthen law enforcement efforts to combat drug trafficking. Additionally, raising awareness about the dangers of drug abuse and promoting community engagement are vital in tackling this complex issue. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on narcotic substance abuse and provides valuable insights for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and stakeholders working towards the prevention and intervention of drug abuse in the Tamale Metropolis. In conclusion, this study found out that narcotic substance use has heavily impacted negatively on the lives of the youth of the Tamale metropolis.

A Path Analysis Study on the Influence of Social Norms on Substance Use Severity: Focusing on People Who Use Cannabis, Narcotics, and Psychotropic Substances in South Korea.

This study investigates the effects of social norms on substance use severity mediated by health beliefs among people who use cannabis, narcotics, and psychotropic substances in Republic of Korea. A survey was administered to 109 people who use cannabis and narcotics and 191 people who use psychotropic substances between May and July 2024. Path analysis was conducted. The findings indicated that the effects of social norms on health beliefs and the impact of health beliefs on substance use severity were statistically significant among people who use psychotropic substances, whereas no such significance was observed among people who use cannabis and narcotics. We recommend implementing early intervention treatment and social rehabilitation programs tailored to the specific needs and severity of substance use in people who use psychotropic substances, cannabis, and narcotics in Republic of Korea. Additionally, the establishment of online platforms to disseminate information on harm reduction, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation based on substance type is advocated.

Проблема соотношения понятий «общественный порядок» и «общественная безопасность» в современной правовой науке

Ensuring public order and safety is one of the main state tasks, one of the priority areas of state policy in the sphere of national security of the Russian Federation. Currently, the level of public safety is low, the situation continues to be unstable, which is complicated by the aggravated foreign policy relations, threats to the integrity of the state from external aggressors, worsening crime situation in the country, terrorist activity, activities of extremist groups, abuse of alcohol products, narcotic and psychotropic substances, as well as threats of man-made and natural origin, which can be countered only with the constant improvement of public safety systems. Being an object of criminal law protection, crimes against public safety and public order are singled out in a separate section of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), and the protection of public order and public safety are defined in Article 2 among the tasks of the code. The legal and technical design of Section IX of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the use by the legislator of the concepts of “public safety” and “public order” raise questions in the course of law enforcement and discussion in the scientific community. In this regard, implementing state policy to ensure public order and security, it is necessary to understand the essential nature of social phenomena, including by comparing such related concepts as “public order” and “public safety”. In the course of the study, we come to the conclusion that these concepts are interconnected, their semantic fields intersect, thereby one ensures the implementation of the other, but each of them has its own content. In this regard, the concepts differ in their nature, scope of regulation. The issue of the relationship of these categories in the scientific community remains one of the debatable, which requires separate coverage.

Deferment of the filing of a public lawsuit and the treatment measure in the context of using narcotic or stimulant substances

In this study, the institution of postponement of public prosecution and the treatment measure envisaged in terms of the crime regulated in Article 191/1 of the Turkish Penal Code (TPC) No. 5237 will be addressed in the context of the "use" alternative action of the crime. According to Article 191/2 of the TPC, at the end of the investigation carried out in terms of the crime regulated in Article 191/1 of the TPC, a decision will be made to postpone the public prosecution for five years without seeking the conditions in Article 171 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) No. 5271 regarding the suspect, and the public prosecutor does not have the discretion to make a decision not to issue this decision. In this respect, Article 191/2 of the TPC comes to the fore as an exception to the institution of postponement of public prosecution regulated in Article 171 of the CPC. In terms of investigations carried out pursuant to Article 191/6 of the TPC, such a decision cannot be made. According to Article 191/4 of the TPC, if the suspect insists on not complying with the obligations imposed on him or the requirements of the treatment applied during the postponement period, if he purchases, accepts, possesses, or uses drugs or stimulants again, an indictment will be issued and a public prosecution will be initiated. With the provision of Article 191/2 of the TPC, the suspect is given the opportunity to benefit from the possibility of treatment and to get rid of being a substance addict without waiting for the prosecution phase. The treatment measure can only be applied to a suspect who has reached sufficient suspicion of using substances. Other probation measures will be applied to a suspect who does not need treatment. If necessary, it is also possible to apply the treatment measure together with other probation measures. How the treatment measure will be implemented is regulated in Article 71 of the Probation Services Regulation. Accordingly, it is possible for the treatment to be carried out on an outpatient or inpatient basis. Pursuant to Article 191/3 of the TPC, a suspect in need of treatment during the postponement period will undergo treatment for a minimum of one year, and this period can be extended for a maximum of two more years in six-month periods.

Legal Individualisation of Criminal Punishments for Drug Trafficking in the Criminal Legislation of the Republic of Moldova

This study addresses the issue of the legal individualisation of criminal punishments for drug trafficking offences provided for in the criminal legislation of the Republic of Moldova. The rationale of the scientific approach lies in the need for a perpetual harmonisation of criminal legislation to the new trends of manifestation of drug trafficking, in order to make the applicable deterrent arsenal more efficient in relation to the various practical situations of committing these crimes. The aim is to re-evaluate the legal criteria for the individualisation of criminal punishments for drug trafficking offences and to assess the degree to which these criteria correspond to the deterrent purpose of the criminal punishments applicable to drug traffickers. Some solutions for a reference law on the harmonization of the punitive regime established for drug trafficking offences in strict accordance with their seriousness were substantiated. Based on the national specificity existing in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova (Republic of Moldova Criminal Code, 2002), it was proposed to create a separate incriminatory framework for trafficking in narcotic substances with narcotic effect, which are new generation drugs not provided for by the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (United Nations, 1961) and the 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The ineffectiveness of the quantitative criterion for individualising penalties for trafficking in ethnobotanicals, represented by their quantitative proportions, has also been demonstrated. In this context, the idea of individualisation of criminal punishments for trafficking in ethnobotanicals based on qualitative criteria, which are represented by the risks that these substances pose to the health of consumers, was promoted.

Features of the situation of crimes against life and health committed by members of youth informal groups (associations)

The article emphasizes that the circumstances of crimes against life and health committed by members of youth informal groups (associations) are no less important elements of forensic characteristics than the trail picture and methods of their commission, because it allows obtaining objective forensically significant information , which contributes to more effective detection and investigation of criminal offenses. It is worth noting that the circumstances of committing the investigated crimes largely determine the overall mechanism of criminal activity of informal groups (associations) and are somewhat different from the circumstances of other types of crimes. the study of criminal proceedings (cases) made it possible to establish that crimes against life and health are committed by members of youth informal groups (associations), as a rule, in public places, in the time period from 18 to 24 hours. The date of the crime may be different and may be affected by the socio-psychological climate in the middle of the youth informal group (association), i.e. it may be in the evening from 18.00 to 24.00, or it may be at another time considering that sometimes such crimes occur spontaneously, are not planned in advance and can be committed under the influence of alcoholic beverages, psychotropic substances, narcotic drugs, etc. Also, delinquent behavior of representatives of informal groups can be provoked by spontaneous aggression towards representatives of other informal youth groups (associations). The commission of the researched type of crime can be associated with state, religious, cult holidays, dates of ceremonies and other important events for a certain informal youth group (association), as well as crimes can be committed on days of mass events, including sports events, rock concerts, festivals, etc. The practice of investigating crimes against a person’s life and health committed by members of youth informal groups (associations) shows that as tools and means in most cases criminals use metal sports equipment, rods, sticks, metal pipes, broken bottles, chains, military belt buckles, cold and firearms, etc. In addition, the places where informal youth commit crimes are mostly public places - roads and highways, underpasses, bus stops, premises of shops and entertainment establishments, residential areas located near houses, the same entertainment establishments and shops, recreation areas, including parks, parks, stadiums, concert halls, etc. Analysis of processed criminal proceedings indicates that crimes of the specified category are committed, as a rule, in conditions of obviousness (about 80%). The key factor for the specified category of crimes is that the situation of crimes against life and health committed by members of youth informal groups (associations) depends, first of all, on the type of youth informal group (bikers, skinheads, rockers, football fans, etc. .); secondly, from the degree of organization, hierarchy and structure of the group itself; thirdly, from other factors that immediately preceded the crime (drinking of alcoholic beverages, use of psychotropic or narcotic substances, etc.).

Organization and regulatory and legal basis of professional training of police officers

The article deals with topical issues of organisation and regulatory and legal framework for professional training of police officers, and direct functional, firearms, tactical and physical training, in particular, within the framework of training in higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine which provide training for the National Police of Ukraine institutions and establishments that specialise and are authorised to conduct specialisation, retraining and advanced training classes, the study examines the peculiarities of interaction between teachers, instructors and other persons engaged in professional training of police officers, methods and approaches to training, organisation and conduct of relevant classes using interactive technologies that allow for practical application of all acquired knowledge. Special attention is paid to the approaches and principles to professional training of police officers who exercise their official powers under martial law, and those police officers who serve in rapid response teams, consolidated units of the National Police of Ukraine (in the territories of administrative jurisdictional units where, due to the security situation, it is impossible to function as permanent territorial police bodies with certain personnel) as well as professional training of police officers who exercise their powers as part of paramilitary police units (police rifle battalions within the Rapid Action Corps and the joint assault brigade «Rage», the consolidated battalion of the National Police of Ukraine «Volya»). The author additionally investigates the issue of the need to differentiate professional training of police officers depending on the specifics, powers and areas of service of police units (public safety and preventive activities; operational and investigative activities, taking into account the specialization of the criminal police unit; pre-trial investigation of criminal proceedings in certain areas: crimes in the field of economic and official activities, general criminal orientation, trafficking in narcotic and psychotropic substances, drugs and precursors). In particular, in the context of the need to distinguish between certain criteria of service compliance during the final training. Translated with DeepL.com (free version).

Specific anti-toxic immunotherapy: use in medical practice and perspectives

The results of use of approaches and means of antitoxic immunotherapy in medical practice are summarized: passive transfer of various variants of antibodies specific to toxic compounds, vaccination – specific active immunization with vaccines carrying determinants of the immunochemical specificity of target toxic compounds. The practical effectiveness of the known approaches of passive transfer and vaccination is associated with the ability of specific antibodies, by binding target bioactive compounds with pronounced toxicity, to change the availability of corresponding structures in the body-targets and, in the presence of a sufficient number of specific antibodies with high binding ability to the target compounds, neutralize their toxicity. In medical practice, polyspecific heterologous antisera or the gamma globulin fraction of antisera (extremely rare monoclonal antibodies of narrow specificity) are widely used for passive transfer as antidotes in the treatment of victims in order to prevent deaths and extensive necrosis of soft tissues at the site of the bite of poisonous snakes and insects. Active immunization – vaccination with appropriate antigenic drugs should create in immunized individuals a state of humoral immunity with the corresponding characteristics of antibody formation specific to the target compound. When a target toxic compound enters an immunized organism, it is also possible to neutralize its toxicity. The most successful experience in using the principles of active immunization as a technology for specific antitoxic therapy is associated with the practice of using toxoids for toxinemic infections. Specific practical techniques used to achieve the effectiveness of possible approaches to specific antitoxic immunotherapy in the form of passive transfer of specific antibodies or their fragments are considered: to combat lethal infections in the pathogenesis of which the toxic effects of bacterial exotoxins are significant; when treating victims of snake and insect bites, exposure to poisons of marine organisms, algae and plant toxins; in the treatment of severe intoxication with certain low molecular weight toxic substances: digoxin, colchicine, tricyclic antidepressants. The most successful experiences of using the principles of active immunization as a technology for specific antitoxic therapy, based on the use of toxoids with specificity for diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, gas gangrene and other toxinemic infections, are also considered. The fairly high immunogenicity of toxoids with the possibility of activating both constitutional and adaptive immunity has become the basis for their use as macromolecular carriers of hapten analogues of narcotic substances – a promising direction in drug addiction, in the implementation of which a number of experimental molecular and combined vaccines of opiates, methamphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine. This variant of practical efforts in medicine can be regarded as a new direction of specific antitoxic immunotherapy – an option to combat drug addiction by vaccinating drug addicts.

The Analysis of Criminogenic Factors in a Sample of Drug Addicts: The Relevance of the Social -Environmental Element in Antisocial Behavior. Pilot Study

Introduction: Behavior is the consequence of cognitive processes that originate from multifactorial products, such as genetic predisposition, education received, and experience gained from the family and social context of reference. The deficiency or defect of one or more of these factors could cause psychopathological shaping in the individual that can foster or nurture deviant or antisocial behavior. It is necessary to investigate what are the main factors underlying the criminal phenomenon. Materials and methods: The literature up to August 2024 was reviewed and 40 articles were included in the research. The survey was conducted through the administration of an experimental Questionnaire-type sociological survey (QA2CPICB). Results: In this pilot study, a population of 49 individuals (42 males and 7 females) most with criminal records and currently addicted to narcotic substances / drugs / alcohol, aged between 24 and 57 years (M: 39.7; SD: 9.1), residents or permanent residents of the “Emmanuel” Communities of the Apulia Region (Italy), were selected. The variable of age is negatively correlated with the areas investigated by the QA2CPICB (as age increases, the impact of the factors investigated decreases). Conclusion: Variables that can describe lived life influences (such as traumatic childhood events, critical family and work issues, economic poverty in adulthood, and lack of stable and lasting affective-emotional support), psychiatric disorders, and social-environmental influences (such as degraded, poor, and/or criminal family and social environment) are negatively correlated with the age variable and serve as positive reinforcers for maintaining the pathological state of drug addiction and engaging in deviant or criminal conduct to procure the necessary economic liquidity. Early intervention, reeducation and economic-work support can act as a deterrent and negative reinforcer on drug addiction, promoting patient recovery and limiting further legally relevant behavior in the justice system. Key points 1. The social-environmental factor plays a central role in maintaining criminal conduct. 2. Criminal conduct is the prerequisite for nurturing the substance-dependence state of drug addicts. 3. Early intervention, reeducation and economic-work support can act as a deterrent and negative reinforcer on drug addiction, promoting patient recovery and limiting further legally relevant behavior in the justice system.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE OBJECT AND SUBJECT OF THE CORPUS DELICTI PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE 273 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

This article investigates the object and subject of the corpus delicti outlined in Article 273 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, focusing on the legal ramifications surrounding drug-related offenses. General Background: The increasing prevalence of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances has prompted legal reforms to address drug-related crimes effectively. Specific Background: Article 273 identifies various categories of illicit substances, including narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, and their analogues, along with precursors used in their production. Knowledge Gap: However, the absence of a comprehensive list of drug analogues creates ambiguity regarding legal responsibility, complicating the prosecution of offenders under this article. Aims: This study aims to elucidate the generic, specific, and immediate objects of the crime, while critically assessing the implications of undefined analogues in the context of legal accountability. Results: The findings reveal that the lack of clarity regarding the classification of drug analogues may hinder the enforcement of Article 273, resulting in potential challenges in ensuring justice. Novelty: This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting the necessity for a precise legal framework that encompasses all forms of narcotic substances and their analogues. Implications: The insights derived from this analysis underscore the urgent need for legislative reform to establish clear definitions and lists of drug analogues, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the legal system in combating drug-related crimes and protecting public health.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKPLACE AGGRESSION IN MEDICAL PRACTICE

Purpose: To study and analyze the presence of aggression in the workplace among medical professionals in emergency departments. Material/Methods: The study included 227 medical and non-medical personnel from emergency units in the Varna region. Documentary, sociological, and statistical methods are applied. The study was carried out in 2023. Results: A large proportion of emergency workers were the object of aggression from patients or their relatives during work (84.1%, n=191). The object of aggression is the employees in the age group of 51-65 years (35.2%, n=80). More often, aggression is verbal aggression. Doctors and nurses are the object of aggression more often than other categories of staff. Aggression leads to a decrease in the pace of work, intention to leave the workplace, etc. Negative emotional reactions to the intake of alcohol or narcotic substances are among the reasons leading to aggression of the patient or his relatives. Conclusion: The professional activity of medical specialists is related to mental and physical stress. Violence in the workplace is a prerequisite for stress and anxiety. It adversely affects workers.

Ionic Liquid-Based Hybrid Gel Microcolumns for Enhanced Narcotic Detection in Portable Micro-Gas Chromatography.

As the societal issue of increasing global illicit drug usage emerges, there is a growing demand for more portable and versatile drug detectors. Traditional drug analysis techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) face significant challenges in adapting to diverse real-world applications due to their size, cost, and power requirements. While advancements have been made in the development of on-site drug detection methods such as fluorescence, stereoresonance energy transfer (FRET), colorimetric, electrochemical sensing, and lateral flow assays (LFAs), their reliance on specific reactive materials poses limitations in effectively detecting a wide range of narcotics. Therefore, this study proposes the development of specialized microcolumns with optimized stationary phases for next-generation portable microfabricated GC-based narcotic detectors. The stationary phase consists of a hybrid gel incorporating the ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]) and OV-1. The stationary phase not only enhances interactions between drug analytes but also demonstrates improved separation characteristics among various narcotic substances. Additionally, the principles of the separation results were validated through density functional theory (DFT) analysis, and the effective separation of over seven types of narcotics was demonstrated through temperature optimization. This research lays the groundwork for the advancement of next-generation portable drug analyzers, offering significant potential in the field.

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The article highlights the current state of the world market of industrial hemp, presents forecasts for its development, it is stated that the last decade has been characterized by the active development of hemp production in many countries of the world. It is emphasized that this niche plant is called a culture of the 21st century due to a number of advantages that are inherent to it, and also that there are no generalized official statistics on the cultivation of industrial hemp in the world as of 2024. The geography of growing industrial hemp in the world is presented. It is noted that the cultivation of industrial hemp in Ukraine is subject to licensing, the level of the narcotic substance in the varieties that are allowed to grow is the lowest in the world, according to forecasts, the state can become one of the leaders in the production of industrial hemp in the world by 2050. It is highlighted that hemp raw materials are used in the most diverse branches of the economy, in the process of processing different parts of hemp, a wide range of products with high added value can be obtained. A number of other factors that testify to the economic attractiveness of hemp production are also presented, including: short growing season; the possibility of obtaining a significant harvest of biomass even on lands that are unsuitable for other crops; the possibility of cultivation without herbicides; low need for water use; expediency of introduction into crop rotation; the possibility of using all parts of the plant and others. Attention is focused on the multi-vector possibilities of hemp processing; the key factors that encourage the growth of the world market of hemp products are highlighted; the key segments of the global industrial hemp market are highlighted food and beverages, personal care products and paper. Examples of the main areas of hemp processing in Ukraine and the profitability of its cultivation in Ukraine in 2023-2024 are given. It was revealed that the opening of industrial parks, which are aimed exclusively at the cultivation and processing of industrial hemp, is a confirmation of the development of the hemp growing niche in Ukraine. It was concluded that the production of a niche culture of hemp and its processing is accompanied by a high level of economic efficiency

Предмет ст. 305 КК України як обов’язкова ознака складу кримінального правопорушення

The subject matter of Article 305 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine has been considered as a mandatory element of the offense. The opinions of other authors regarding the definition of the concept of the subject matter of a criminal offense have been analyzed, and it has been concluded that the subject matter of a criminal offense should be understood as things of the material world that may be the subject of a criminal offense or are related to it. The subject matter of a criminal offense is an optional element of the offense. If the subject matter of a criminal offense is directly indicated in the disposition of the relevant article of the Special Part of the Criminal Code, it acquires the status of a mandatory element. Thus, the subject matter of Article 305 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is narcotic substances, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors, or counterfeit medicinal products. Considering that this subject matter is directly mentioned in the article, it is a mandatory element of the offense, and the list of items mentioned in the article is exhaustive and cannot be expanded. In addition, the size and degree of social danger of a narcotic substance, psychotropic substance, their analogue or precursor, or counterfeit medicinal product affect the qualification, as the person who commits the criminal offense is held criminally responsible for the basic, qualified, or particularly qualified form of the offense. Therefore, after analyzing the subject matter of paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of Article 305 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, it has been concluded that there are no issues in the qualification of criminal offenses involving narcotic substances, psychotropic substances, or counterfeit medicinal products, as the legislator clearly differentiates the responsibility based on the size of the narcotic substance, psychotropic substance, their analogues or precursors, or counterfeit medicinal product (small, large, particularly large). However, regarding the qualification of criminal offenses involving particularly dangerous narcotic substances or psychotropic substances, there is a problem, as particularly dangerous narcotic substances and psychotropic substances are only the subject matter of paragraph 2 of Article 305 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Therefore, it is proposed to further differentiate the responsibility for criminal offenses involving particularly dangerous narcotic substances or psychotropic substances, taking into account their size (large, particularly large), and accordingly make changes to paragraph 3 of Article 305 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and present paragraph 4 in the following version: 3. Smuggling of narcotic substances, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors, or counterfeit medicinal products committed by an organized group, as well as if the subject of smuggling was narcotic substances, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors, or counterfeit medicinal products in particularly large quantities or particularly dangerous narcotic substances or psychotropic substances in large quantities, shall be punished... 4. Smuggling of particularly dangerous narcotic substances, psychotropic substances in particularly large quantities shall be punished...

Penyuluhan dan Sosialisasi Guna Meningkatkan Kesadaran Bahaya NAPZA bagi Remaja Desa Sumbersari

Abuse of Narcotics, Psychotropics and Addictive Substances (Drugs) among the younger generation is a crucial issue that threatens the future of the nation. This abuse has a significant negative impact on the mental and physical development of the younger generation. Therefore, prevention efforts through education, routine counseling and positive activities in the community are very important. The socialization program on the dangers of drugs was carried out at the Sumbersari Village Hall, Ngampel District, Kendal Regency. The targets for this activity are teenagers from Sumbersari Village. This activity is carried out using the ABCD method which includes identifying community strengths, asset mapping, community economic analysis, creating relationships and activity priorities, as well as monitoring and evaluation. The results of counseling regarding the abuse of narcotics, psychotropic substances and other addictive substances in Sumbersari village show significant benefits for the younger generation. Participants' responses emphasized the importance of the understanding provided. The suitability of participants' expectations with the reality of the activity can be seen from the appreciation for the presence of food and similarities with socialization at school. Participants' understanding also increased thanks to the material presented in an interesting way. Comfort during activities is an important factor in maintaining participant concentration. However, participant satisfaction was affected by schedule discrepancies.

Review on Toxicological Aspect of Ahiphena (Papaver)

Ahiphena (papaver) is one among Upavisha which is air-dried latex juice obtained from unripe capsules of white poppy. White poppy is botanically classified as Papaver somniferum and belongs to family Papaveracea The name poppy is derived from Latin meaning sleep inducing. The Ayurvedic text Rasa Tarangini Included Ahiphena (papaver) among eleven Upavishas . Opium yields wide range of natural, semi synthetic and synthetic alkaloids namely morphine, thebaine, codeine and papaverine which is commonly use in medicine. Semi synthetic heroin, hydro morphine, oxymorphone, oxycodone and synthetic meperidine, methadone, levarphanol , diphenoxylate, fentanyl, proposophene. Opium and its alkaloids cause drug dependence and it is most commonly abused substances after cannabis. Opioids are the main drugs of abuse in Asia, Europe and much of Oceania. The opium act of 1857 empowers only Central Government to cultivate poppy plants and manufacture opium with the help of farmers authorized by Government. The opium act 1878 prohibits import, export, transportation, possession and sale of opium. The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 includes opium as narcotic and psychotropic substances and consumption of opium and its leads to imprisonment for one year or with fine or with both. Schedule-E (1) of Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940 has included opium in list of poisons. This study design to present all toxicological aspect of Ahiphena in Ayurvedic and contemporary View to treat people of opium poisoning and counselling in drug abuse.

ANALYSIS OF THE NUMBER OF DEATHS DUE TO POISONING BY THE MOST COMMON POISONOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE LVIV REGION IN 2018-2023

Drunkenness is an acute social and cultural problem in Ukraine. Alcoholic poisoning occupies a leading position among household poisonings. Alcohol is the cause of more than 60% of all fatal poisonings. Each year, more than 40,000 people in Ukraine die from alcohol poisoning. Carbon monoxide poisoning also occupies a leading position, the statistics are very sad, adults die, children die. Poisoning with narcotics and psychotropic substances is a very urgent medical and social problem, which is far from being solved today. Aim of the work. To analyse the mortality rate due to poisoning by the most common types of poisons by age and sex of the deceased in Lviv and the region for the period 2018-2023. Materials and methods. In the work, a statistical analysis of expert conclusions from the archive of the Lviv Regional Bureau of Forensic Medicine for the period 2018-2023 was conducted. Results. The article provides quantitative indicators of cases of fatal poisoning, their prevalence trends, identifies the most common poisonous substances, and analyses mortality rates by age and sex. Conclusions. There is a downward trend in the total number of deaths due to poisoning. In 2023, the number of poisoning deaths will be almost halved compared to 2018. The most common poison is ethyl alcohol, 60% of people from the total number of poisonings, the second place in terms of number of deaths was carbon monoxide poisoning 21.5%, the third place was poisoning by narcotic substances 5.1%. Mortality due to poisoning in men is more than 5 times higher than in women, and men in their 40s and 50s die most often.