Naphthenic Oil Research Articles

A comparative study on selective properties of Kraft lignin\u2013natural rubber composites containing different plasticizers

Effect of plasticizer type on the kraft lignin–natural rubber composite microstructure and selected properties was determined. The composites were prepared with addition of a commonly used naphthenic oil plasticizer to study the decomposition product of polyurethane (glycerolysate) and its characteristics. Kraft lignin powder was incorporated into the natural rubber matrix in amounts of 10 and 40 parts per 100 parts of natural rubber (phr). The reference samples were prepared without any lignin present. The chemical interaction between the filler particles and natural rubber macromolecules was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the adhesion was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the adhesion measurements confirmed poor distribution of lignin particles into the natural rubber matrix with increasing filler content. Optimal lignin content in the composites was 10 phr in the case of both plasticizers. Moreover, the results of FTIR verified the formation of non-covalent bonds and the need for modification of the filler to enhance the reinforcing effect in the natural rubber matrix. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and mechanical measurements proved that the specimen containing 10 phr of lignin with the use of glycerolysate as plasticizer displayed the highest mechanical performance. It was demonstrated that glycerolysate and naphthenic oil as plasticizing agents showed similar effect on the thermal properties of the prepared composites. Also, the measured mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, hardness, resilience, and abrasiveness confirmed these findings.

Hydrocarbon composition and structural parameters of resins and asphaltenes of naphthenic oils of northern West Siberia

The composition of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons and the structural-group characteristics of resins and asphaltenes in four oils of northern West Siberia have been studied. As follows from the distribution of hydrocarbons, the Cenomanian oils (pools in the beds PK and K2c) of the Russkoe, Barsukovskoe, and Pangodinskoe fields are naphthenic and the Pangodinskoe oil sample from the Lower Cretaceous pool (bed BN9) is methanoic. The hydrocarbon composition pattern of the saturated fraction and the characteristics of the heterocyclic components of these oils point to their formation from dispersed organic matter of mixed genesis in the oil window. Hence, the oil source rocks are localized at depths much greater than the present-day level of the oil pools. Secondary (cryptohypergene) alterations (oxidation and biodegradation) in the shallow-depth oils determined their current predominantly naphthenic composition and considerably hamper reconstruction of the types of initial dispersed organic matter. We assume that the mixed genetic type of the studied oils is not only due to their heterogeneous source but also due to the reorganization of primary oil pools at the Cenozoic stage of tectogenesis. The Cenomanian Russkoe and Pangodinskoe naphthenic oils are saturated with adamantoids, which can be selectively accumulated during biodegradation.

Effects of Bio-based Oils on Processing Properties and Cure Characteristics of Silica-filled Natural Rubber Compounds

A new bio-based oil, tea oil (TO), was studied as possible alternative processing oil to the commonly used but potentially carcinogenic petroleum-based oils, viz. heavy naphthenic oil (HNO) and light naphthenic oil (LNO). Comparison was also made with two other bio-based oils, palm oil (PO) and coconut oil (CO). The results revealed that all bio-based oils studied exhibit higher thermal stability than LNO and, in the case of silica-filled natural rubber (NR), provide superior processing properties over the petroleum-based oils. These include higher thermal stability, greater mixing efficiency of NR with silica, improved silica dispersion in NR compound and greater plasticising effect for silica-filled NR compounds when compared under similar mixing condition. For cure characteristics of the rubber compounds, they are not significantly affected by the processing oil type and content. The results show the potential of the bio-based oils studied, TO, PO and CO, as possible alternative processing oils to replace petroleum-based oils.

Performance of a hybrid pilot-scale constructed wetland system for treating oil sands process-affected water from the Athabasca oil sands

Mining leases in the Athabasca oil sands (AOS; near Ft. McMurray, Canada) produce large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) that contain potentially problematic constituents requiring treatment prior to surface water discharge into receiving aquatic systems. The aim of this research was to identify constituents of concern (COCs) in OSPW sourced from an AOS external tailings facility and design a hybrid pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTS) to decrease concentrations of COCs and subsequently mitigate risks. COCs were identified based on comparisons to ambient water quality thresholds for the protection of aquatic life (i.e. Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines [CEQGs], Alberta Environment Water Quality Guidelines [Alberta WQGs], and United States Environmental Protection Agency Water Quality Criteria [USEPA WQC]) and toxicity endpoints. Performance of the hybrid pilot-scale CWTS was evaluated by rate and extent of COC removal and change in toxicity as measured by an aquatic invertebrate Ceriodaphnia dubia. Following characterization of OSPW, specific COCs were identified as: naphthenic acids (NAs), oil and grease (O/G), metals/metalloids (Al, B, Cu, Ni, Se, and Zn), chloride, and total suspended solids (TSS). A hybrid pilot-scale CWTS was designed to promote treatment processes to alter (transfer and transform) COCs using sequential reducing and oxidizing wetland reactors and a solar photocatalytic treatment reactor using fixed film titanium dioxide (TiO2). Performance criteria were achieved as the CWTS decreased concentrations of NAs, O/G, and metals below protective thresholds and decreased toxicity to C. dubia. Results from this study provide proof-of-concept data to inform hybrid passive or semi-passive treatment approaches (i.e. constructed wetlands) that could be used to mitigate COCs contained in OSPWs.

Norbornylized soybean oil as a sustainable new plasticizer for rubbers with hybrid fillers

AbstractCarbon black (CB) and precipitated silica are two major reinforcing fillers in rubbers. CB/silica hybrid filler is also widely used in rubbers to provide balanced properties. CB/silica‐hybrid‐filler‐filled styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) containing naphthenic oil (NO), soybean oil (SO) and norbornylized SO (NSO) was investigated. The swelling and curing behavior and rheological, mechanical, thermal, aging and dynamic properties were studied and compared with earlier reported data on CB‐ or silica‐filled SBR. NSO provides better scorch safety and faster cure than SO. Compared with NO, the addition of SO and NSO enhances the thermal stability and aging resistance of SBR vulcanizates. SBR/NSO vulcanizates with hybrid filler exhibit a higher tensile and tear strength than SBR/NO and SBR/SO vulcanizates. A synergistic effect in the abrasion resistance of vulcanizates containing the hybrid filler is observed. An increase of sulfur content in the hybrid‐filler‐filled SBR/NSO vulcanizates provides further improvement in abrasion resistance, wet traction and rolling resistance. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

Thermal conductivity and electrical properties of hybrid SiO2-graphene naphthenic mineral oil nanofluid as potential transformer oil

Hybrid SiO2-graphene nanoparticles were synthesised by sol gel centrifugation technique under four different pH levels ranging from 9 to 12. Stability, thermal conductivity, viscosity and electrical conductivity of hybrid SiO2-graphene and pure graphene dispersed in naphthenic oil were investigated. Nanofluids were synthesied at three different nanoparticle concentrations (0.01, 0.04 and 0.08 wt%) while the temperature was varied from 20 °C to 100 °C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), x-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer show successful coating of SiO2 on graphene surface. The growth units and size distribution of SiO2 nanoparticles increased with pH level. Moreover, the presence of SiO2 improved the dispersion behaviour of the nanofluid as confirmed by visual observation and UV–Vis studies. Zeta potential measurements show the hybrid nanofluids at pH 11 are most stable due to its optimum amount and size of SiO2 coated on graphene surface while at pH 12 shows least stability due to precipitation. The presence of SiO2 on graphene further enhanced the thermal conductivity by 80% at pH 9. Also, the viscosity of hybrid nanofluids was higher than pure graphene based nanofluids due to increase in density and particle size. Moreover, the addition of hybrid SiO2-graphene nanoparticles significantly reduced the electrical conductivity enhancement of base fluid from 557% to 97%.

Improvement of surface quality of aluminum product in cold extrusion by using reuse tool with groove array formed on tool surface

Abstract Surface smoothness of aluminum product was investigated with regard to viscosity range of naphthenic mineral oil N1 (VG10), N2 (VG22) and N3 (VG460) by carrying out cold extrusion tests using the plane strain extrusion apparatus constructed with the taper die, plane plate tool and container. The plane plate tools without or with the fine groove arrays scraped on the tool surface were prepared for the present investigation. Fine smooth surface of the products could not be obtained in case of N1 and N3 in extrusion tests. While, surface roughness of the product was fine in 0.04μmRa in case of N2 and tool surface roughness 0.05μmRa. Cross sectional profile of the groove of groove array was self-reformed at the first time extrusion process using different lubricants. Then, extrusion tests for achieving smoother surface of the product were carried out by using reuse tool with the selected groove array and lubricants, N1 and N3. Surface smoothness of the product could be improved by using the reuse tool with the self-reformed groove array having selected cross sectional groove profile and at lubrication condition using N1 or N3. It was found that combination of the cross sectional profile of the groove of groove array and viscosity of lubricant could control the thickness of oil film and contribute to achieve smoother surface of the extruded products.

Miscibility performance of trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene and its binary blends with lubricating oil

In order to investigate the performance of R1234ze(E) and its blends with lubricating oil in refrigeration system, the miscibility should be well understood firstly. The critical miscibility temperature (TCMT) data of different mass fraction of R1234ze(E) and its blends (R600a, R32) with lubricating oils (a 3GS naphthenic mineral oil and polyol ester (POE) oil) were measured and analyzed at temperature ranging from 220.15 to 310.15 K in this paper. The miscibility data were correlated with a Modified Element Contribution Evaluation Method and an evaluation equation, which was proposed to predict the miscibility of the binary blends. It was concluded that R600a promoted the miscibility of R1234ze(E)/R600a with mineral oil while R1234ze(E) blocked it. For the mixed solution of R1234ze(E)/R32 with POE oil, the more R32 had the better miscibility shown, while the more R1234ze(E) was the worse miscibility performed.

TOWARD REPLACEMENT OF PETROLEUM OILS BY MODIFIED SOYBEAN OILS IN ELASTOMERS

ABSTRACT Precipitated silica- and carbon black (CB)-filled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds and vulcanizates containing naphthenic oil (NO), soybean oil (SO), and modified soybean oil (MSO) were studied. Gel fraction; crosslink density; bound rubber fraction; curing behavior; and thermal, mechanical, and dynamic properties were compared. Interaction between SO, MSO, and silane coupling agent was also studied. It was shown that the incorporation of SO and MSO had similar effects in both silica- and CB-filled SBR compounds and vulcanizates. SO and MSO were found to consume curatives leading to a lower crosslink density and improved thermal stability of compounds and vulcanizates. In comparison with NO, MSO was found to increase the elongation at break and tensile strength, and the values of tan δ at 10 °C and 60 °C predict an increase of the wet traction performance and the rolling resistance to decrease the modulus and abrasion resistance. After adjusting the recipe, the modulus and abrasion resistance of the silica- and CB-filled SBR/MSO vulcanizates were tremendously increased, and the silica-filled SBR/MSO vulcanizates exhibited a better wet traction performance, a lower rolling resistance, and a better abrasion resistance simultaneously than the silica-filled SBR/NO vulcanizate.

Enzymatic synthesis of dioctyl sebacate

Pollution and environmental conservation have increased visibility in the global context over past decades. Specifically, regarding lubricants market, concern has been raised due to the large amount of this material released to the environment. In this scenario, development of biodegradable lubricants was investigated. One of the most important class of biodegradable lubricants includes esters of dicarboxylic acids, as sebacic esters. The aim of this work was to study the enzymatic synthesis of diesters derived from sebacic acid in solvent-free system. The effects of commercial immobilized lipase (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM IM, Lipozyme TL IM), lipase amount (3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13wt.%), reaction temperature (90, 100, 110°C) and molar ratio of reactants (sebacic acid/octanol molar ratio of 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7) were studied. Experiments using sulphuric acid as catalyst were carried out for the purpose of comparison. Sebacic acid conversion close to 100% and diester molar percentage higher than 90% were obtained at 100°C, using 5wt.% of Novozym and sebacic acid/octanol molar ratio of 1:5. Removal of water produced in the reaction (using molecular sieves, vacuum and free evaporation of water), and reuse of biocatalyst were also investigated. The product obtained was characterized (viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point and acid number) and compared with commercial mineral lubricants. Synthesized esters showed suitable physico-chemical properties similar to naphthenic oil.

Synthesis of nanostructured flower-like MoS2 and its friction properties as additive in lubricating oils

Purpose This paper aims to synthesize nanostructured flower-like molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) particles and evaluate their suitability to act as additives for lubricants. Design/methodology/approach A hydrothermal method without any surfactant successfully produced 250 nm mean diameter Nanostructured flower-like MoS2 particles. The resulting product was then solvothermally treated with absolute ethanol producing lipophilic powder particles which after being dispersed in two different lubricants were tribologicaly characterized by using a pin-on-disk tribometer geometry with reciprocal movement under immersion. Findings The influence on the stability and the coefficient of friction of the nano-oils is shown to be strongly dependent on their molecular structure. After 1 h of tribological testing, a ramified polyolester oil with 1 Wt.% of MoS2 nanoflowers did not show decrease in its average coefficient of friction, while an additive naphthenic oil with the same concentration of nanoparticles showed a decrease of 86 per cent. Originality/value In this paper, nanostructured flower-like MoS2 synthesized by the hydrothermal method was dispersed in lubricating oils to study its stability and tribological properties. To ensure good stability of the nano-oils, the particles were solvothermally treated with absolute ethanol to dehydrate and lipophilize them. A ramified polyolester-based nano-oil with 1 Wt.% of MoS2 nanoflowers showed no decrease in its steady state coefficient of friction, while a naphthenic-based nano-oil with the same concentration of nanoparticles presented a remarkable 86 per cent reduction.

A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Scheduling Optimization Model for Refinery Production

This paper addresses the problem of production planning and scheduling in an oil refinery process. In the process crude oil is transformed to bitumen and naphthenic special oils. The aim of the scheduling optimization is to decide which mode of operation to use in each processing unit at each point in time, in order to satisfy the demand while minimizing the production cost and taking inventory capacities into account. A mixed-integer optimization model is developed for the scheduling problem. The model can be regarded as a generalized lot-sizing problem, where inventory capacities are considered and more than one product is obtained for some modes of operation. It is shown how the optimization model can be used as a viable tool for supporting production planning and scheduling at the refinery, and that it is possible to analyze scheduling scenarios of realistic sizes.

Influence of the antioxidant on the long‐term ageing characteristics of oil–paper insulation and the deposition and migration of copper sulphide in oil‐immersed transformers

This paper investigated the influence of 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (DBPC) on the long-term ageing characteristics of oil–paper insulation and the deposition and migration of copper sulphide induced by the reaction of copper and dibenzyl disulphide (DBDS) in oil-immersed transformers. A thermal ageing experiment at 130°C were designed and conducted by adding different concentrations of DBPC to the naphthenic mineral oil and after the experiments a set of characteristic parameters were tested. The result indicates that the excessive concentration (≥0.6%) of DBPC will slightly increase the ageing of insulating oil and increase the carboxyl group in the mineral oil, affecting the reaction of DBDS and copper, and the insulating paper wrapped on the copper strip was also aged seriously accordingly. Meanwhile, the deposition of copper sulphide on the insulating paper is found to be slightly increased with the increase of the concentration of DBPC. When insulating oil contains DBPC and DBDS, due to migration of DBDS–Cu and DBPC–Cu in oil, the copper ions in the oil would be fluctuating at a certain period of time. Although the addition of a small concentration of DBPC can improve the antioxygenic property of the insulting oil to some extent, the transformers that contain excessive concentration of DBPC may be more harmful than beneficial.

Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Heavy Naphthenic Oil Using Commercial Activated Carbons. 2. Column Adsorption Studies

Continuous adsorption and desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from heavy naphthenic oils (HNOs) were performed using commercial activated carbon on fixed bed experiments. In part 1, HNO samples with high PAH content (ca. 8 wt %) were treated in batch adsorption experiments, showing decrease in PAH concentration to ca. 3%. In this study, successive column experiments were carried out to study the reduction in capacity along continuous cycles and optimal operational conditions. A column simulation model, using the particle parameters obtained in the previous study, was applied to predict breakthrough curves for adsorption and desorption runs. After several cycles of adsorption/desorption, using solvent or inert gas, only a slight decrease in PAH adsorption capacity was observed. Selectivities for PAH adsorption in relation to aromatics adsorption were also estimated from the adsorption breakthrough curves data. A conceptual continuous process was simulated using the proposed model and evaluated based on productivity in terms of volume of treated oil per mass of adsorbent per time, showing a maximum value at space velocity of ca. 4 h–1.

Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Heavy Naphthenic Oil Using Commercial Activated Carbons. 1. Fluid-Particle Studies

In this study, the adsorption of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from heavy naphthenic oils (HNOs) on commercial activated carbons was evaluated. Among the aromatics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are usually present in heavy oils and are contaminants that have potential carcinogenic and mutagenic characteristics. Oils with of PAH concentration less than 3 wt % are labeled as noncarcinogenic. The HNO samples used in this study had a high content of PAHs (ca. 8 wt %). Batch experiments were carried out to evaluate the adsorption capacity of activated carbons for PAHs (>160 mg/g), and to estimate the mass transfer parameters of the adsorption process. The pore diffusion model and the pore–surface diffusion model were applied to interpret and validate the kinetic experimental results. The results indicated the efficiency of activated carbons as potential adsorbent to adjust the polycyclic aromatics content of HNO.

The behavior of different transformer oils relating to the generation of fault gases after electrical flashovers

Dissolved gas analysis is a common technique in the supervision and maintenance of transformers. It can give hints on defects and faults in oil-immersed transformers by determination and quantification of gases arising in consequence of thermal or electrical stress. Different algorithms for the assessment of transformers, which employ data obtained from dissolved gas analysis, have been published so far. However, only few investigations, dealing with the influence of the oil’s composition towards the oil’s tendency of releasing gases, exist. This research study presents a comparison of three commercially available transformer oils of different composition regarding that aspect. The results indicate that an oil with high percentages of paraffinic hydrocarbons forms gases to a lesser extent than naphthenic oils when it is exposed to electrical stress. This phenomenon can be explained either by a variable solubility of gases in the medium oil, or by the presumption that cyclic hydrocarbons are the main producers of gases.

Effect of norbornyl modified soybean oil on CB‐filled chloroprene rubber

ABSTRACTCarbon black (CB)‐filled chloroprene rubber (CR) compounds and vulcanizates containing naphthenic oil (NO), soybean oil (SO), and two different levels of norbornyl modified soybean oil (MSO) were prepared and investigated. The MSO was prepared through the reaction of SO and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) at different ratios. Various properties including gel fraction, crosslink density, bound rubber fraction, curing behavior, thermal, mechanical, and aging properties of CB‐filled CR containing different oils were compared. It was observed that the addition of SO and MSO could benefit the dispersion of the filler, lower the glass transition temperature, and increase the thermal stability of the CB‐filled CR/MSO compounds and vulcanizates, and also slightly decrease the crosslink density of the CB‐filled CR/MSO vulcanizates compared to that of the CR/NO vulcanizate. With the increase of the modification level of the MSO, the curing time of the CB‐filled CR/MSO compounds was found to be decreased, the tensile property, tear strength, abrasion resistance, and aging resistance of the CB‐filled CR/MSO vulcanizates were improved compared with those of the CB‐filled CR/NO vulcanizate. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43809.

Effect of the naphthenic oil and precipitated silica on the crystallization of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) belongs to the specialty polymer grade because of its unique properties. Among other applications, it is used for battery separator membranes elaboration for automotive applications. These PE separators are porous membranes composed of a blend of UHMW-PE, naphthenic oil and precipitated silica. With the aim of understanding the membrane structuring mechanisms, we studied the influence of silica and oil concentrations on the UHMW-PE crystallization during the elaboration process. Results have shown that the high initial thickness of the UHMW-PE crystals is reduced after the process. Moreover, χc (crystallinity) and Tc (crystallization temperature) are both controlled by the volume fraction of oil. The initial high crystallinity of UHMW-PE (χc ≈ 65%) can be increased in the membrane with a high Oil/PE ratio. Furthermore, silica indirectly contributes to enhance the UHMW-PE crystallinity by acting as a reservoir, hence increasing the possible oil content in the blend.

Investigation of the impacts of aging and RAP percentages on effectiveness of asphalt binder rejuvenators

In this study, the ability of five asphalt binder rejuvenators to restore low and high temperature true performance grades of aged binders was investigated. The rejuvenators considered in this study included a Naphthenic Oil, a Paraffinic Oil, an Aromatic Extracts, a Tall Oil, and an Oleic Acid. Several sets of asphalt mixtures containing different percentages (i.e. 25% and 45%) of RAP materials were prepared using PG 76-22 polymer-modified asphalt binder blended with rejuvenators at manufacturers’ recommended dosage. Control mixtures not including the rejuvenators were also prepared. All mixtures were loose mix aged for two hours and six hours to evaluate the impact of aging on the effectiveness of the different rejuvenators. After aging and compaction, the asphalt binder contained in each of these mixtures was extracted and recovered. The true low and high temperature grades of the extracted binders were determined using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) tests. The recovered binders were considered RTFO aged due to the mixture aging used in this study. The DSR shear modulus master curves were also utilized to examine the impact of using different rejuvenators on rutting and fatigue cracking. Furthermore, a multi-factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate the statistical significance of the differences between results. The results showed that all rejuvenated binders had lower performance grade than that of the control binder without rejuvenation. In addition, rejuvenator’s effectiveness was not affected by aging (from 2 to 6h) and increasing the amount of RAP materials (up to 45%). The rejuvenators were also found to improve the fatigue resistance without substantially influencing rutting performance.

Isolation of adamantane hydrocarbons from Cenomanian oil of the Russkoe oilfield

Adamantane hydrocarbons have been isolated from Cenomanian heavy naphthenic oil of the Russkoe field using the thiocarbamide adduction method. Steam distillation of the oil has given a fraction (boiling range 105–150°C) containing 0.36 wt % adamantane, from which a concentrate containing 18.2 wt % C10–C14 adamantane derivatives has been obtained. Adamantane and its derivatives in the crude oil, oil fractions, and concentrate have been identified, and adamantane has been quantified using the gas chromatography—mass spectrometry technique.