Hydrocarbons Naphthalene Research Articles

EFFECT OF AN ALKYL SUBSTITUTE ON HYDROCONVERSION OF INDIVIDUAL AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ON Co/HZSM-5/SO42-–ZrO2 COMPOSITE CATALYST

A systematic study of the hydrogenation of individual aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene) and their mixtures was carried out at 1800C, H2/Ar=7, WHSV = 2h-1 and atmospheric pressure on a composite catalyst 0.4%Co/HZSM-5/SO42-(2.0%)–ZrO2. It has been established that the developed catalyst has a high hydrogenating ability with respect to aromatic hydrocarbons at low hydrogen pressures. Alkyl-substituted benzenes turned out to be more active. It was found that alkyl substituents increase the activity of hydrogenation of the benzene ring of an aromatic hydrocarbon. According to their conversion, benzene, toluene and xylene form the following sequence: benzene<toluene<xylene. It was found that the optimal temperature for the process of hydroconversion of aromatic hydrocarbons on a composite catalyst is 1800C. The influence of the concentration of the hydrogenating component of the catalyst – Co on the hydroconversion was also investigated. It was found that the optimal concentration of Co is 0.4wt %. It has been established that in a benzene:toluene:xylene mixture, the conversion of benzene in comparison with its separate hydroconversion increases by more than 10%. The hydroconversion of aromatic hydrocarbons is accompanied by the formation of high-octane naphthenic hydrocarbons - cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and methylcyclopentane. The antibatic change in the yield of CH and MCP with the duration of the experiment shows that the hydrogenation of the aromatic ring is primary and the isomerization of C6H10 to MCP is secondary, i.e. MCP is the result of a sequential transformation. The absence of dimethylcyclohexane (DMCH) in the benzene:toluene:xylene mixture conversion products suggests that the benzene and xylene conversions additionally involve transalkylation

INVESTIGATION OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF MODEL PETROLEUM RAW MATERIALS UNDER CRACKING CONDITIONS OVER A REGENERATED SPENT HYDROTREATMENT CATALYST

The physicochemical properties and catalytic activity of regenerated spent aluminium-cobalt-molybdenum hydrotreatment catalyst have been investigated under cracking conditions in the model systems n-dodecane - toluene and decalin - toluene - n-hexane. A series of experiments to study the catalytic activity of the sample was carried out using a flow-type laboratory installation within the temperature range 430-470 °C, nitrogen pressure 1.6 MPa, liquid hourly space velocity 0.5-3.0 h-1. The directions of transformation were determined for paraffin and naphthenic hydrocarbons by means of gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Paraffin hydrocarbons enter into cracking, isomerisation and compaction reactions. Naphthenic hydrocarbons are transformed into the products of isomerisation, dehydrogenation and compaction. Predominant dehydrogenation of decalin with the formation of naphthalene and hydrogen is observed in the system under investigation. A positive role of hydrogen in thermodestructive processing of heavy oil residues is observed due to the hydrogenation of nonlinear olefin hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbon intermediates, which decreases the rate of coke formation. The corresponding reaction rate constants were calculated, and the results were analysed. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects of introducing a regenerated spent hydrotreatment catalyst into the procedure of thermodestructive processing of heavy oil residues.

SYSTEMATIC INFORMATION BASE OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT APPLICATIONS FOR AVIATION PETROL

The additives in petrol was started to use in the first half of the twentieth century. In the late 1970s, a qualitative conceptual change in the development of this area of science and practice took place. Environmental pollution from harmful emissions led to the modification of petrol formulations and structural improvements of engines. The problem of improving the quality of gasoline and fuels for jet engines is usually solved in two ways: by developing high-quality new products and by efficient use of traditional ones.
 The proposed work analyses the scientific literature on energy-efficient additives to aviation gasoline and, on this basis, creates a systematic information base, namely: classification of the range of additives to gasoline (by the following features: chemical, physical and biological stability enhancers; flash point modifiers; combustion modifiers; washing; dopes that promote efficient operation of fuels at low temperatures; friction modifiers; marking agents; anti-corrosion agents; safety enhancers; surface-active property modifiers) and the range of anti-detonation and environmental (anti-emission) additives in aviation petrols.
 The following additives are manufactured and approved for use in Ukraine: poly-functional additives representing a complex mixture of manganese compounds and mixtures of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons (TU 30218597.001[in Ukrainian] "Poly-functional additives "Eco-Octane". Technical specifications"); iron-containing multifunctional additives "Standard"; there are also known developments of oxygenates based on methanol, ethanol and other alcohols, alcohol processing products, ethers and other oxygen-containing compounds.
 The research is being carried out within the framework of the project "Development of a technology for the production of new environmentally friendly high-octane aviation gasoline from domestic raw materials" at the expense of the state budget in accordance with the Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 12 August 2022 No. 713-r "Pro zatverdzhennia pereliku naukovo-tekhnichnykh (eksperymentalnykh) rozrobok v ramkakh vykonannia derzhavnoho zamovlennia na naivazhlyvishi naukovo-tekhnichni (eksperymentalni) rozrobky ta naukovo-tekhnichnu produktsiiu u 2022 rotsi" [in Ukrainian] (registration number 2020.01/0242).

THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF THE PROCESS OF SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION OF BENZENE IN DIFFERENT CATALYTIC SYSTEMS

Pollution of the environment with substances obtained in the production of oil and other products in various industries forces us to take measures to solve environmental problems that have become relevant in recent years. Arenes, belonging to the class of petroleum-derived aromatic hydrocarbons, are very life-threatening substances due to their carcinogenic effects. In this regard, one of the important issues is the release of benzene, a special representative of arenes, from its carcinogenic effect as a toxic and volatile compound, and its use in the production of cyclohexane, which is the main raw material for the production of caprolactam and nylon. The selectivity of the hydrogenation of benzene and the high yield of cyclohexane, the target product, depend on the reaction conditions and the choice of catalysts. In recent years, the application of polymer and zeolite nanocomposite catalysts, as well as modified metal polymer-based catalysts, in obtaining highly active and selective catalysts for the purpose of effective implementation of aromatic hydrocarbon hydrogenation processes is of great interest. Thus, naphthenic hydrocarbons are considered the main starting materials for the synthesis of various classes of compounds. Derivatives of these compounds are used in the pharmaceutical industry as special-purpose caprolactam, adipic acid, cyclohexanone, as a solvent for essential oils, varnishes, paints, as an extractant, etc. are used in synthesis. As a result of investigating the catalytic properties of polymer-mineral catalysts in the benzene hydrogenation reaction, it was determined that these reactions show selectivity in the direction of cyclohexane formation in narrow-pore zeolites (mordenite, clinoptilolite)In the presented work, the main information was collected by analyzing the literature on the work carried out in this direction

Increasing of Naphthenes Content in Naphtha by Using Y and  Zeolite Prepared from Iraqi Kaolin

This work dealt with separation of naphthenic hydrocarbons from non-naphthenic hydrocarbons and in particular concerns an improved process for increasing the naphthenes concentration in naphtha, The separation was examined using adsorption by Y and B zeolite in a fixed bed process. The concentration of naphthenes in the influent and effluent streams was determined using PONA classification. The effect of different operating variables such as feed flow rate (2- 4 L/hr); bed length (50 - 80 cm) on the adsorption capacity of Y and  zeolite was studied. Increasing the bed length lead to increase the naphthenes concentration, and increasing the flow rate lead to decrease in the concentration of naphthenes, It was found that the decrease in flow rate to 2 L/hr and increase the bed length to 80 cm lead to increase the naphthenes concentration from 6.2 to 24.8 Wt. %.

INVESTIGATION OF ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ON THE COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN THE WATER AND BOTTOM SEDIMENTS IN THE PARSHIKHA BAY OF LAKE CHANY (THE NOVOSIBIRSK REGION)

The distributions of bioorganic components, as well as compounds of anthropogenic and mixed origins, have been studied in the sediments and water of the Parshikha Bay of the brackish Lake Chany (the Novosibirsk Region). The contribution of the main sources of organic matter in water and bottom sediments was estimated relying on the compositions of identified compounds (acyclic, aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons, acyclic and alicyclic oxygenated organic compounds, steroids, bicyclic sesquiterpenoids and pentacyclic triterpenoids). The composition of these objects has been established to be formed mainly due to the compounds of biogenic and mixed origin. The ratio of odd to even alkanes is equal to unity, the presence of cyclohexanes and drimanes, which are not characteristic of recent precipitation, indicates the presence of petroleum products. Household compounds - triphenylphosphates and phthalates, which are used as plasticizers in the production of polymer materials, have also been identified.

Wood Vinegars: Production Processes, Properties, and Valorization

Abstract Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is widely used for the production of charcoal, pyroligneous liquid, and noncondensable gases. All three are value-added products that are exploited in several fields. However, this review focuses on three main areas: wood vinegar production methods, its physicochemical properties, and the use of wood vinegar or pyroligneous acid in agriculture and the environment. Wood vinegar is a liquid derived from wood by the condensation of gases and vapors released during the carbonization process, which is the transformation of wood into charcoal. It is mainly composed of aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic hydrocarbons and other oxygenated compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, furans, acids, phenols, and ethers. Wood vinegar has antioxidant and free-radical-scavenging properties and is used in agriculture as an antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticide, and plant germination and growth agent. It is also used in food preservation, in medicine, and in the ecological preservation of wood. This review also examines the state of the art in pyroligneous liquid production techniques and factors that could potentially affect its quality.

Hydrocarbon composition of liquid products of catalytic oxy-cracking of vacuum gasoil

The hydrocarbon composition of liquid products of oxycracking of vacuum gas oil obtained in the presence of a zeolite-containing catalyst has been studied. It has been established that the group hydrocarbon composition of the liquid oxycracking catalyzate is significantly affected by the process parameters. When considering the influence of the process temperature, it was found that the concentration of C5-C9 and C10+ alkanes has an opposite temperature dependence: the C5-C9 yield passes through a maximum at a temperature of 500°C, while for C10+ it is a minimum temperature; there is a linear relationship between the temperature and the yield of unsaturated; the yield of naphthenes gradually decreases with increasing temperature; elevated temperatures contribute to an increase in the total yield of aromatic hydrocarbons. When varying the duration of the process, it was revealed: within 900 seconds from the beginning of the process, the most significant decrease in concentration was noted for aromatic hydrocarbons. The low oxidation state of 0.5% contributes to the intensive conversion of high molecular weight alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons with long side chains; the concentration of oxygen-containing compounds raises with an increase in the degree of oxidation to 1%, passing through a maximum. The contact time with the catalyst had a complex effect on the hydrocarbon composition of the liquid products of vacuum gas oil oxycracking: a short contact time contributes to a decrease in the concentration of high molecular weight paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons and an increase in aromatic hydrocarbons; with a subsequent increase to 2 s, it drops sharply. The obtained data made it possible to establish the fundamental distinguishing features of the catalytic oxycracking of vacuum gas oil from the traditional catalytic and noncatalytic oxidative ones, and also to propose a list of reactions occurring during the catalytic oxycracking of vacuum gas oil.

SHIPPING FUEL PRODUCED FROM SECONDARY POLYMER RAW MATERIALS

The article considers the possibility of expanding the raw material base of the production of motor fuels, particularly the fuels for shipping due to the use of secondary polymer raw materials. It was established that this raw material, which is represented by various polyolefins, is characterized by the absence or rather low (up to 150–200 ppm) content of sulfur-containing compounds.
 Therefore, according to such an indicator as the sulfur content, using thermal or catalytic pyrolysis technologies in a reactor-type apparatus, it is possible to obtain fuels from secondary polymer raw materials, which in terms of sulfur content (0.5 % and 0.1 %, respectively) will correspond to marine gasoil (MGO) or low sulfur marine gasoil (LS-MGO).
 It was experimentally established that the products of thermal pyrolysis of secondary polymer raw materials contain up to 30–40 % of olefinic hydrocarbons, which have low chemical stability and increased hygroscopicity compared to paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons. Given their properties, such products should only be used as components of marine fuels. The products of catalytic pyrolysis (the process was carried out using the ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst) of secondary polymer raw materials, on the contrary, have high chemical stability due to the low (up to 3 %) content of olefinic hydrocarbons. But, at the same time, they contain up to 15 % aromatic hydrocarbons in their composition, which does not exceed the generally accepted restrictions on their content in motor fuels.
 It has been determined that the initial boiling point of the obtained fractions is the main parameter, which can be used to regulate some quality indicators of the products obtained. Its increase significantly reduces hygroscopicity and increases the flash point of the obtained products. However, it is not advisable to significantly increase this indicator, given the decrease in the yield of the target product (increasing the boiling point of the fraction by only 1 °C leads to a decrease in its yield by 0.275–0.325 %).

Histopathological and Biochemical Changes in the Gills of Anabas testudineus on Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Naphthalene.

Naphthalene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is generated by various distillation, petroleum, and coal-tar production units and is used worldwide as mothballs, soil fumigants, and toilet deodorants. Considering the susceptibility of aquatic animals to different types of stressors in several water bodies, this study was carried out to evaluate the impact of naphthalene on the architecture of gill tissue including response of various enzymes like cholinesterase (ChE) activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and lipid peroxidation (LPX) level of the freshwater fish Anabas testudineus. Activities of antioxidants like catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) were also evaluated. Constant loss of gill structure and secondary lamellar fusion was observed in fishes exposed to various concentrations of naphthalene. ChE, LDH, LPx, CAT, Gpx and GSH activities indicated significant variation (p < 0.05) between the control and experimental groups. ChE activity was lowered in experimental fishes; however, LDH activity, LPx levels, and CAT activity were elevated in response to various concentrations of naphthalene as compared to control group. Both GPx and GSH activities decreased in the gill tissue of the experimental fishes. Thus, a conclusion was drawn that naphthalene is a potent toxicant capable of inflicting tissue damage leading to physiological changes in the exposed fishes.

Influence of Micronutrients in The Alleviation of Immunotoxicity Induced by Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons Naphthalene and Anthracene

Diet plays a major role in fine tuning the immune system and to combat against dreadful diseases and infections. Micronutrients form an important part of balanced diet and enable efficient functioning of the immune system. Vitamins, minerals and trace elements comprise the major category of micronutrients. Deficiency of micronutrients could culminate in suppression of both adaptive and innate immunity leading to altered immune homeostasis. Anthracene and naphthalene are two environmental pollutants which are highly toxic, carcinogenic poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that gains entry in to the human system through multiple modes. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the potential of four dietary micronutrients Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Folic acid and Zinc to counteract the immunotoxic effects of naphthalene and anthracene on Murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Several cell based assays like MTT assay, LDH leakage assay, Crystal violet test, DCFDA analysis (for ROS generation) and Rhodamine B assay (for measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential) were taken as end point indicators to support the findings of the study. The results showed that, both naphthalene and anthracene triggered the production of ROS, altered mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced strong immunosuppressive effects. The immunosuppressive effect was found to be more prevalent in anthracene treated cells. Pre-treatment with the micronutrients exhibited considerable protection against naphthalene and anthracene induced changes in the cells primarily through the antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. The overall protective effects offered against naphthalene and anthracene was found to be superior in the Vitamin A treated cells as compared Vitamin C, Folic acid and Zinc treated cells. Prolonged immunosuppression reduces immune surveillance and hence could activate oncogenic signals leading to carcinogenic conditions. Regular micronutrient supplementation in the diet could help considerably to negate or prevent these deleterious conditions.

Structural Model Construction and Optimal Characterization of High-Volatile Bituminous Coal Molecules

The structural characteristics of coal at the molecular level are important for its efficient use. Bituminous coal from the Baozigou Coal Mine is investigated, using elemental analysis, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared. The molecular structure was determined. The aromatic compounds of bituminous coal molecules are primarily two- and three-ring structures, and the aliphatic structures are primarily in the form of methyl, ethyl side chains, and naphthenic hydrocarbons. The ratio of aromatic bridge carbon to peripheral carbon in the molecular structure is 0.279. Oxygen atoms in the form of carbonyl, phenolic hydroxyl and C–O, and nitrogen atoms in pyrroles. Thus, the average structure model of bituminous coal macromolecules was constructed; the molecular formula was C169H128O10N2S, and the molecular weight was 2378. The aromatic structural units in the macromolecular structure of coal include four naphthalenes, three anthracenes, two tetracenes, and heteroatoms in the form of three carbonyl groups, one phenolic hydroxyl group, one pyrrole, and one pyridine. The structure optimization and annealing kinetic simulation of a single macromolecular structure model were performed. Chemical bonds such as bridge bonds and aliphatic bonds were found to be twisted, and π–π interactions between the aromatic sheets in the molecule produced adjacent aromatic sheets. This arrangement tends to be approximately parallel, and the total energy decreases from 6713.401 to 2667.595 kJ/mol, among which the bond stretching energy and van der Waals energy dominate. We used 20 bituminous coal macromolecular models to construct aggregated structural models. After optimization by molecular dynamics simulation, the macromolecules were constrained by the surrounding molecules, and the sheet-like aromatic carbon structures that were originally approximately parallel were distorted. The macromolecular structure model of bituminous coal constructed in this study provides a theoretical model basis for the optimal surfactant.

Soot emission reduction in n-hexadecane/cycloalkane mixtures combustion with the addition of Borane-dimethyl sulfide

Soot is carbonaceous particulate produced by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuel, reducing the efficiency of energy utilization and affecting the environment and people’s health adversely. Naphthenic hydrocarbons are essential components in diesel and kerosene, generating great quantities polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and subsequently soot particles in the combustion process at high temperature. In this study, a new strategy of cycloalkane combustion at low temperature is developed to reduce the formation of the PAH soot-precursors in the combustion process to decrease soot emission. Borane-dimethyl sulfide (BDMS) and n-hexadecane were employed to promote the low-temperature ignition of cycloalkanes and the reduction of soot emission. By adding of 5% BDMS, the ignition temperature of hybrid fuel 10 (10 vol% n-hexadecane, 90 vol% cyclohexane) decreased drastically from 570 °C to 213 °C and PAH formation was reduced by 87%. In the flame development stage of the combustion process, the flame of BDMS/hybrid fuel 10 appears green in color and is larger than the blue flame in the stage of flame reduction, indicating the complete combustion of cycloalkane fuels. By this strategy of low-temperature combustion, the generation of PAH during combustion of cyclohexane decreases, thereby reducing the generation of soot and improving hydrocarbon fuels utilization.

INFLUENCE OF THIOPENE ON THE CONVERSION OF METHYL-CYCLOPENTANE AND N.HEXANE TO BENZENE USING MONO-AND BI-METALLIC REFORMING CATALYSTS

Parrafin and naphthene hydrocarbons are usually the major component in the naptha reforming feedstock. Thus the conversion of these hydrocarbon to high octane motor gasoline and aromatic hydrocarbon is one of the important reactions of the catalytic reforming process, (Montamal., 1965). And aromatization reaction is guided by both metal and acid sites of bi-functional reforming catalyst (Hobson 1973).

Influence of Reduction Temperature on the Structure and Naphthalene Hydrogenation Saturation Performance of Ni2P/Al2O3 Catalysts

Jet fuel rich in hydroaromatics and cycloalkanes could be derived from direct coal liquefaction oil via the hydrogenation saturation process. Developing an efficient catalyst to transform naphthalene hydrocarbons to hydroaromatics and cycloalkanes with high selectivity plays a significant role in realizing the above hydrogenation saturation process. In this work, Ni2P/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared at different reduction temperatures via the thermal decomposition of hypophosphite. We investigated the influence of reduction temperature and the results showed that reduction temperature had an important impact on the properties of Ni2P/Al2O3 catalysts. When the reduction temperature was 400 °C, the Ni2P particle size of the Ni2P/Al2O3 catalyst was 3.8 nm and its specific surface area was 170 m2/g. Furthermore, the Ni2P/Al2O3 catalyst reduced at 400 °C obtained 98% naphthalene conversion and 98% decalin selectivity. The superior catalytic activity was attributed to the smaller Ni2P particle size, higher specific surface area and suitable acidity, which enhanced the adsorption of naphthalene on Ni2P/Al2O3 catalyst.

Improvement of the method of removing asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits to ensure the safety of technological processes

The article deals with the problems of removing asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits in oil wells. Improvement of the method of removing deposits with a solvent is proposed. The parameters of safe operation of oil wells due to the content of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits were calculated in the framework of the established synergistic effect of the interaction of cavitation factors and non-polar chemical compounds, characterized by the fact that their combined action significantly increases the dissolving and washing ability of the solvent. A method for obtaining a solvent from a fraction of gas condensate with a high content of naphthenic hydrocarbons has been proposed and scientifically substantiated, the use of which ensures an increase in industrial safety during the operation of oil wells. By calculation, a decrease in the value of industrial risk at an oil well after the use of an asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits solvent obtained experimentally is shown.

Углеводородный состав продуктов крекинга мальтенов нафтеновой нефти с добавкой WC/Ni–Cr

Using GCMS the composition of hydrocarbons in maltenes from heavy naphthenic crude oil (Usa oilfield) after cracking in the presence of WC/Ni–Cr additive and without it has been studied. Cracking of maltenes carried out at 450°С within 2 hours in isothermal mode. Using WC/Ni–Cr additive during cracking contributes to the deepening of the destruction reactions in hydrocarbons and resins. It is shown, the content of low-molecular alkanes С11–С19, alkylbenzenes С9–С10 increases essentially in the maltenes cracked with the additive while that of cyclohexanes and bicyclanes decreases, tri-, tetra- and pentacyclic saturated hydrocarbons destruct completely as compared with maltenes cracked without the additive. There are changes in the composition of naphthenic hydrocarbons. The reactions of condensation occur along with destruction reactions, leading to the formation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon.

Особенности химического состава и свойств тяжелой нафтено-ароматической нефти и варианты ее квалифицированной переработки

The article discusses the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of heavy naphthenic-aromatic oil and its fractions.In comparison with mixtures of West Siberian and Samara oils, heavy oil of a naphthenic-aromatic base is characterized by a higher viscosity and density, which is associated with a high content of resins and asphaltenes compounds and the absence of gasoline fractions. The diesel fraction has good low-temperature characteristics and contains a large amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, represented mainly by monocyclic structures. Oil fractions also have good low-temperature characteristics, but are characterizedby a low viscosity index, which is due to the high content of polycyclic naphthenic hydrocarbons with short alkyl chains. The residue of vacuum distillation mainly consists of resinous substances and has a high content of metals (nickel, vanadium). A scheme has been proposed for refining heavy oil in order to obtain unique high-quality products: fuels with great low-temperature properties, low-viscosity bases of drilling fluids, naphthenic oils of various viscosities, high-quality bitumen and coke, Ni, V metal concentrate.

Kinetic, thermodynamic and chemical reaction analyses of typical surgical face mask waste pyrolysis

The epidemic of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to the generation of a large number of waste surgical masks. In recent years, pyrolysis is considered to be an environmental-friendly and efficient method to dispose such solid waste. In this work, the thermal degradation behaviors, kinetic parameters, thermodynamic parameters, pyrolytic products and chemical reactions of typical surgical face mask waste were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis in inert atmosphere. It is concluded that the surgical face mask waste pyrolysis in nitrogen can be considered to be a one-step reaction. In addition, the mean E (activation energy) value and the mean A (pre-exponential factor) value are 237.19 kJ/mol and 1.36 × 1014 min−1, respectively. g(α) = (−ln(1-α))2/3 (reaction model) may be utilized to characterize the surgical face mask waste pyrolysis in nitrogen. The above kinetic parameters are capable to estimate the surgical face mask waste pyrolysis behaviors in nitrogen. Thermodynamic parameters suggest that the surgical face mask waste pyrolysis can be considered to be an endothermic and non-spontaneous reaction. Inorganic substances, alkanes, alkenes, naphthenic hydrocarbons, aldehydes and ketones are the major volatile products. The amount of the aliphatic compounds is the highest. Specific chemical reactions generating these volatile products are proposed.

NAFTALAN – MÜALİCƏVİ NEFT

Naphthalan oil is a unique therapeutic factor that has no analogues in the whole world. The healing properties of naphthalan, a special type of oil, have been known to medicine for over 600 years, and are successfully used in the treatment of various diseases. The uniqueness of naphthalan is manifested in its biological effect on the body. Today there are two naphthalan deposits in the world, on which resorts are built - Naftalan in Azerbaijan and Naftalan in Croatia, founded in 1989. The spectrum of use of this therapeutic oil is so wide that it is rightly considered a medical phenolmenon in the field of modification naftalan oil is an anti-inflammatory, folliculin-like, pain-reducing, softening, easy-to-use and low-cost drug. Naftalan oil is a unique natural medicine for its biological qualities, it is not a fuel, it is not found anywhere in the world with such characteristics. Key words: therapeutic naphthalene oil, fractions, naphthenic hydrocarbons, distillation