Nanotubular TiO2 Research Articles

Structural, morphological, and optical properties of CuO nanoblade-decorated TiO2 nanotubular photoelectrodes

Titania (TiO2) nanotubular photoelectrodes are a competitive component of titania-based photoelectrochemical water splitting systems. However, TiO2 actively absorbs light in the UV region, which limits its usefulness in solar water splitting, a fast-growing clean energy alternative. In this study, the structural, morphological and optical properties of CuO/TiO2 nanostructures on conductive transparent F-doped SnO2 (FTO) coated glass substrates are engineered for potential application in solar water splitting. The efficacy of a three-step anodization synthesis process to develop free-standing high-fidelity nanotubular TiO2 thin films (∼8μm) is demonstrated. CuO nanoblades were deposited on TiO2/FTO by a successive ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR). An increase in the precursor concentration and number of immersion cycles influenced the adsorption of CuO and the resultant red shift in the absorption range. SEM and TEM analyses confirm the formation of a heterostructure, with evidence of CuO nanostructures within the TiO2 nanotubular arrays and on the top of the tubes.

Platinum nanoparticles decorated TiO2 nanotubes for VOCs and bacteria removal in simulated real condition: Effect of the deposition method on the photocatalytic degradation process efficiency

The incorporation of noble metals onto TiO2 nanostructure is considered as a promoting method to enhance the photocatalytic degradation of pollutant in air treatment process. In this study, highly organized TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) were grown by the anodization method of Titanium substrates. The TiO2-NTs were successfully decorated by platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (NPs) using two different deposition methods: (1) electrodeposition and (2) photodeposition.We explore the impact of different deposition methods on the morphology of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed onto TiO2 nanotubes and the optical characteristics of Pt-TiO2 nanocomposites, investigating their efficacy in photocatalytic degradation We investigate the effect of varying the deposition method on the morphology of Pt-NPs dispersed onto TiO2 nanotubes and the optical properties of the Pt-TiO2 nanocomposites and their efficient photocatalytic activity degradation against Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and bacteria. Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM) reveal a nanotubular TiO2 anatase structure adorned with Pt NPs, with the quantity and size of NPs contingent upon the deposition technique employed. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra demonstrate that the Pt/TiO2 heterojunction facilitates the separation of photogenerated charges, thereby diminishing carrier recombination rates. To point out the effect of Pt NPS, both pure TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 heterojunction were tested in the photodegradation of Ethyl Acetate (EA). The Pt/TiO2 heterojunction exhibits superior photocatalytic performance compared to TiO2 in EA degradation, regardless of the Pt deposition method employed. Optimal results are achieved with 120 s of Pt electrodeposition and 3 h of Pt photodeposition under visible irradiation, yielding kinetic constants of approximately 0.245 and 0.195 mg.m−3.s−1, respectively, underscoring the pivotal role of the platinum deposition method in pollutant photodegradation. Respectively simultaneous removal of EA and bacteria (Escherichia coli) was tested using Pt and non-Pt decorated TiO2 NTs. We attributed a total degradation of the bacteria after 180 min using the two efficient photocatalysts Electro 120 s and Photo 3 h compared to 60 % of degradation using pure TiO2 nanotubes.

Effect of current density on the morphology and electrochemical properties of nanotubular TiO2 for implant applications

This study focuses on investigating the influence of current density (i) (A/dm2) at values of 0.5 A dm−2, 1.0 A dm−2 1.5 A dm−2, and 2.0 A/dm2 on the surface structure of nanotubular titanium dioxide (TiO2) in an ethylene glycol solvent containing a certain amount of fluoride salt and water. The surface structure observed via FESEM images reveals that different current densities yield different nanotubular TiO2 structures, predominantly in the form of anatase TiO2 crystals. EIS and CV measurements indicate that at a current density of i = 1.5 A dm−2, the nanotubular TiO2 layer exhibits corrosion resistance performance up to 90.06% compared to the bare titanium (Ti) samples. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) demonstrates enhanced attachment of BHK cells on anodized titanium surfaces compared to unmodified controls. These findings suggest that nanotubular TiO2 presents a biocompatible material with promising potential for biomedical implant applications.

Morphology and Structure of TiO2 Nanotube/Carbon Nanostructure Coatings on Titanium Surfaces for Potential Biomedical Application.

Titanium is the most used material for implant production. To increase its biocompatibility, continuous research on new coatings has been performed by the scientific community. The aim of the present paper is to prepare new coatings on the surfaces of the pure Ti Grade 2 and the Ti6Al4V alloy. Three types of coatings were achieved by applying anodization and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods: TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) were formed by anodization, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were obtained through a metal-catalyst-free CVD process, and a bilayer coating (TiO2 nanotubes/carbon nanostructures) was prepared via successive anodization and CVD processes. The morphology and structure of the newly developed coatings were characterized using SEM, EDX, AFM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that after anodization, the morphology of the TiO2 layer on pure Ti consisted of a "sponge-like" structure, nanotubes, and nano-rods, while the TNTs layer on the Ti alloy comprised mainly nanotubes. The bilayer coatings on both materials demonstrated different morphologies: the pure Ti metal was covered by a layer of nanotubular and nano-rod TiO2 structures, followed by a dense carbon layer decorated with carbon nanoflakes, and on the Ti alloy, first, a TNTs layer was formed, and then carbon nano-rods were deposited using the CVD method.

Nanotubular TiO2 films sensitized with CdTe quantum dots: Stability and adsorption distribution

Quantum dots (QDs) are zero-dimensional nanostructured semiconductors that are widely studied for their size and shape dependent optical behavior, making them attractive for numerous applications, including photovoltaics. Within this group of nanomaterials, CdTe QDs represent an interesting material as a sensitizer for TiO2 (Nt-TiO2) nanotubular matrices due to their bulk band gap of 1.45 eV and their high extinction coefficient. However, its functionality may be limited, being unstable in the presence of some redox probes due to photocorrosion processes. In this work, the composition and internal distribution of CdTe QDs adsorbed on Nt-TiO2 from toluene and toluene/acetone (70:30) and (50:50) mixtures were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), before and after photocurrent measurements.XPS was used to characterize the coverage and distribution of QDs along the Nt-TiO2. It is shown that the increased polarity of the solvent causes a higher coverage and an extended distribution of QDs toward the interior of Nt-TiO2, which causes the photogenerated electrons to travel shorter distances to reach the underneath electrical contact, thus achieving a higher photocurrent. Additionally, the photoanode shows a progressive decrease in the Te signals inside the nanotubes after the photocurrent recording, presumably due to a photocorrosion process in the presence of Na2S and illumination.

Inactivation of influenza virus as representative of enveloped RNA viruses on photocatalytically active nanoparticle and nanotubular TiO2 surfaces

The recent pandemic showed us that there is a strong demand for standardized methods to evaluate the antiviral activity of different materials using enveloped RNA viruses (e.g. SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus). Virucidal activity can be achieved as a result of photoexcitation of a TiO2 photocatalyst under UV illumination. All standardized methods evaluating the virucidal activity of photocatalytic surfaces use bacteriophage Q-beta, a representative of small non-enveloped viruses. This work was thus devoted to the evaluation of the virucidal efficiency of photocatalytically active nanostructured TiO2 surfaces (nanotubular and nanoparticle) to inactivate the influenza virus with particular interest paid to the methodology of virucidal testing and the influence of the surface nanostructure (porosity). Two different TiO2 nanostructures were used in this study, namely nanoparticle and nanotubular structures. A significant decrease in the amount of viral RNA and titre was obtained after rinsing, because the virus was retained on the surface of the nanostructured TiO2 during exposure in the dark. The decrease can be understood as an additional effect of the surface porosity on the TiO2 virucidal activity after UV illumination. However, this fact was taken into account in the calculation of virucidal activity due to UV light. Both nanostructured TiO2 coatings have comparable porosity and thickness, but the photocatalytic activity (to oxidatively degrade aqueous pollutants) is higher for the nanoparticle than for the nanotubular surface. On the other hand, the virucidal activity is much higher for the nanotubular surface. This can be explained by the uniform and open structure of nanotubes resulting in a lower amount of virus being retained on the surface under dark conditions and the high surface area of the nanotubes.

Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Nanotubular TiO2 Electrodes Thermally Treated in Air and Hydrogen

Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Nanotubular TiO2 Electrodes Thermally Treated in Air and Hydrogen

Optimisation of a Ce–Mn co-doped SnO2–Sb anode based on a nanotubular TiO2 array for electrochemical decolourisation of wastewater

ABSTRACT In this study, Ce and Mn co-doped SnO2–Sb electrode was prepared onto a Ti/TiO2 nanotubes surface. The nanostructure of the novel electrode was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and specific techniques were used to study the electrochemical characteristics of the electrode. SEM analysis results showed that TiO2 nanotubes could reduce the crack morphology and provide a larger surface area for loading the electrochemically active material. EDS analysis showed that Ce and Mn were doped into the electrode successfully. Under optimised conditions, the electrode prepared with Sn:Sb:Ce:Mn mole ratio of 100:10:3:3 has the best electrocatalytic performance. Ethylene glycol was used as the solvent in cerium-manganese co-doped Ti/TiO2–NTs/TiO2–SnO2–Sb electrode. Ce–Mn co-doped TiO2NTs/SnO2–Sb electrode has a high oxygen evolution potential of 1.79 V (vs. SCE) and a lower charge transfer resistance. The decolourisation extent of 30 mg L−1 methylene blue wastewater reaches 98.5% within 30 min. Finally, the main intermediates were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), and possible pathways for dye degradation were proposed. This study opens a door to the rapid electrochemical decoloursation treatment of wastewater by using an easily obtainable multi-metal co-doped electrode.

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Si-doped TiO2 Nanotube/SnS Hybrids for Environmental Decontamination

Background: Heterostructures with nanoscale sizes have great superiorities in photocatalytic environment decontaminant because of their efficient interface charge transfer and great surface area. Objective: This work reports the facile fabrication of nano-tubular TiO2 and Si-doped TiO2 (NTs) hybridizing SnS nanocrystallites and their high-efficient photocatalytic activity. Methods: The modified hydrothermal processes were used to synthesize the nanotubes. A chemical bath deposition process was used to hybridize SnS nanocrystallines with the nanotubes. Results: The fabricated nanostructures show wide light absorption in the UV-visible region. The SBET, light absorption, hydrophilicity, and photo-induced super hydrophilicity were enhanced by Si-doping and SnS modification. Moreover, high-efficient interface charge transfer was produced after the SnS modification and further enhanced by the Si doping because of band structure modulation. Conclusion: Thus, the Si-doped TiO2 nanotubes/SnS heterostructures showed remarkably enhanced photocatalytic and Fenton-like photocatalytic activity in dye wastewater treatment than the TiO2 NTs. This work suggests potential materials and their facile fabrication process for the photocatalytic application of environmental decontamination.

Non-flammable free-standing TiO2 nanotubular hybrid membrane prepared by a two-step anodization

In this study, we introduce a novel method for synthesizing a free-standing, high-aspect-ratio TiO2 nanotubular (TNT) hybrid membrane. The TNT membrane was fabricated using a two-step electrochemical anodization process, incorporating lactic acid as an additive to enhance mechanical properties and growth rate. The membrane was then hybridized with a rubber polymer binder. The high aspect ratio and structural integrity of the TiO2 nanotubular hybrid membrane make it an ideal candidate for improving non-flammable properties when employed as a ceramic separator. Flame retardation tests revealed that the TNT hybrid membrane kept its structural integrity even after prolonged exposure to flame. These findings suggest that this hybrid membrane could be a valuable addition to the field of secondary batteries, offering potential applications in enhancing battery safety and performance.

Nanotubular TiO x N y -Supported Ir Single Atoms and Clusters as Thin-Film Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution in Acid Media.

A versatile approach to the production of cluster- and single atom-based thin-film electrode composites is presented. The developed TiO x N y -Ir catalyst was prepared from sputtered Ti-Ir alloy constituted of 0.8 ± 0.2 at % Ir in α-Ti solid solution. The Ti-Ir solid solution on the Ti metal foil substrate was anodically oxidized to form amorphous TiO2-Ir and later subjected to heat treatment in air and in ammonia to prepare the final catalyst. Detailed morphological, structural, compositional, and electrochemical characterization revealed a nanoporous film with Ir single atoms and clusters that are present throughout the entire film thickness and concentrated at the Ti/TiO x N y -Ir interface as a result of the anodic oxidation mechanism. The developed TiO x N y -Ir catalyst exhibits very high oxygen evolution reaction activity in 0.1 M HClO4, reaching 1460 A g-1 Ir at 1.6 V vs reference hydrogen electrode. The new preparation concept of single atom- and cluster-based thin-film catalysts has wide potential applications in electrocatalysis and beyond. In the present paper, a detailed description of the new and unique method and a high-performance thin film catalyst are provided along with directions for the future development of high-performance cluster and single-atom catalysts prepared from solid solutions.

Nanotubular Pt-loaded TiO2 catalysts with vanadium-doping to enhance water–gas shift reaction activity

By utilizing shape control and metal-doping techniques, the dispersion of loaded metal and the H2O dissociation ability were significantly improved, resulting in a more sustainable and efficient hydrogen production via the water–gas shift reaction.

Porous vs. Nanotubular Anodic TiO2: Does the Morphology Really Matters for the Photodegradation of Caffeine?

Herein, the preparation of nanotubular and porous TiO2 structures (TNS) is presented for photocatalytic applications. Different TNS were prepared in three different types of glycerol- and ethylene glycol-based electrolytes on a large area (approx. 20 cm2) via anodization using different conditions (applied potential, fluoride concentration). Morphology, structure, and optical properties of TNS were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD), and Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), respectively. All TNS possess optical band-gap energy (EBG) in the range from 3.1 eV to 3.2 eV. Photocatalytic degradation of caffeine was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of TNS. Overall, nanotubular TiO2 possessed enhanced degradation efficiencies (up to 50% degradation) compared to those of porous TiO2 (up to 30% degradation). This is due to the unique properties of nanotubular TiO2, e.g., improved incident light utilization. As the anodization of large areas is, nowadays, becoming a trend, we show that both nanotubular and porous TiO2 are promising for their use in photocatalysis and could be potentially applicable in photoreactors for wastewater treatment. We believe this present work can be the foundation for future development of efficient TiO2 nanostructures for industrial applications.

Use of nanotubular TiO2 films for the photo-degradation of emerging contaminants (drugs) in water


 Provide in a single paragraph of 300 words maximum an overview of the work, including background, methodology, main results, and conclusions. One of the biggest problems of the 21st century is perhaps the need to provide water for the growing world population. Faced with this global problem around water, pollution is a factor of great importance, since the pollutants generated by industrial and domestic activity can be accumulated and transported by both surface and underground waters, deteriorating their quality. Therefore, it is necessary to study the behavior of these pollutants in water and propose treatment techniques that can eliminate them.
 
 
 Regarding water treatment techniques, it has been shown that heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO2 is a clearly effective and environmentally an advantageous alternative for the removal of organic substances in aqueous media. In photocatalysis degradation processes, the analysis of the influence of the surface phenomena on the degradation reactions is of special interest.
 
 
 In the present work, the preparation of TiO2 self-ordered nanotubular films was carried out by means of the electrochemical anodization technique using the electrolyte: 50% Vol. Glycerol + 50% Vol. H2O + NH4F [0.27M), to be utilized in a Photocatalytic Reactor (FR) for the photodegradation of Metoprolol in order to evaluate the efficiency of the heterogeneous photocatalytic as an Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) through the photodegradation of the emerging pollutant under study and determine the efficiency of the photodegradation through the technique of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Photocatalytic and mechanical properties of immobilized nanotubular TiO2 photocatalysts obtained by anodic oxidation: a novel combined analysis.

The photocatalytic and mechanical performance of TiO2 nanotubular coatings obtained by anodic oxidation of commercial titanium, using an NH4F and 3.5% v/v water in ethylene glycol solution as electrolyte was investigated.After the anodization, the coatings were thermally treated at 450°C for 2h. The effects of the anodizing voltage (40-80V) and NH4F concentration (0.06, 0.15, 0.27M) on the formation of the nanotube arrays were evaluated. Nanotube diameters (57 to 114nm), wall thicknesses (4 to 13nm), and lengths (5 to 17µm) increased with the anodizing voltage and the NH4F concentration. The photocatalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, glancing incidence X-ray diffraction, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The mechanical properties of the photocatalysts were determined: adhesion using the tape test (ASTM D3359) and erosion resistance through a 3h accelerated test. The photocatalytic activity of the nanotubes under UV irradiation was evaluated using hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), using a 1.25 EDTA/Cr(VI) molar ratio solution at pH 2. A complete Cr(VI) transformation after 3h of irradiation was obtained for all samples, with a better performance than that of an immobilized P25 sample. The photocatalyst obtained with 0.27M NH4F at 40V presented a good behavior in adherence and erosion resistance, together with a very good photocatalytic activity. This novel analysis, combining photocatalytic and mechanical tests, proved that the new TiO2 nanotubular coatings could be successfully used as immobilized photocatalysts in photoreactors for water treatment.

Space-controllable TiO2@IrO2 core-shell nanotube array as a bio-interface electrode

This study develops a wet chemical approach to fabricate space-controllable TiO2@IrO2 core@shell nanotube arrays. The process begins with the space-controlling anodization of the TiO2 nanotube array, followed by a chemical bath deposition of IrO2. IrO2 uniformly covers the nanotubular TiO2 with a thickness range of 8– 15 nm. Charge storage capacity (CSC) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are performed to evaluate the TiO2@IrO2 core-shell nanotube array as an electrode for neural activity application. Electron microscopy images confirm the formation of uniform IrO2 films on both inner and outer nanotube surfaces. An X-ray diffraction pattern shows a good crystallinity of the TiO2@IrO2 core-shell nanotube array. The TiO2@IrO2 core-shell nanotube array presents a large charge storage capacity of 42.84 mC/cm2 attributed to the high-aspect-ratio tubular nanostructure with a conformal IrO2 deposition. Additionally, the TiO2@IrO2 core-shell nanotube array exhibits stability, durability, and good biocompatibility.

A novel nanotubular TiO2-based Plug-Flow reactor for gas phase photocatalytic degradation of toluene

In this study, a novel annular plug flow reactor (PFR) with built-in nanotubular TiO2 obtained via anodizing was tested for the photocatalytic degradation of toluene. The oxide was grown directly on a titanium substrate by anodizing, as this method implies no risk of nanoparticles release in the environment during or after the photocatalytic process. Experiments were carried out in presence of an UV-A light source by modulating relative humidity, gas concentration and flow rate, to evaluate possible applications in indoor and industrial environments.The photocatalytic system demonstrated high photodegradation efficiency up to 90% for an inlet toluene concentration of 10 ppm, thus showing potential applications in mildly polluted environments, such as homes, offices and up to more severely polluted ones like offset printing plants, automobile manufacturing industries or even professional kitchens, where the exposure to cooking oil fumes is significant. In case of high toluene concentration, the initial degradation percentage falls in a range between 60 and 70%; subsequently, the instant degradation shows a gradual decrease ascribed to photocatalyst deactivation, which occurred due to the accumulation of recalcitrant by-products on the adsorption sites, thus highlighting some limitations for industrial applications when selected VOCs are present; nonetheless, the photocatalyst regained its initial activity through a simple photocatalyst reactivation process, leading to a maximum instant degradation percentage up to 90% for an inlet toluene concentration of 20 ppm.

C-doped TiO2 nanotubes with pulsed laser deposited Bi2O3 films for photovoltaic application

Anodization was used to obtain a nanotubular TiO 2 photoanode on F–SnO 2 glass. Subsequent annealing in the CH 4 atmosphere promoted the C-doping and improved the crystallinity of the TiO 2 nanotubes. The pulsed laser deposition was applied to cover the nanotubes with Bi 2 O 3 , serving as a hole transport material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses of the doped samples reveal a shift in the valence band's maximum position towards lower binding energy as compared to those observed for the undoped samples (annealed in the air). The doping positively affects the absorption by shifting the absorption edge to 567 nm. I – V measurements under illumination show that the C-doping of TiO 2 increases the current density following the absorbance results. The highest open circuit voltage was reached for the samples with the 300 °C-deposited Bi 2 O 3 layer, pointing to better quality of the p-n junction, hence of the contact between Bi 2 O 3 and TiO 2 . This in situ annealing provided the formation of close contact between Bi 2 O 3 and TiO 2 , which enabled a faster charge transport as compared to the contact obtained with no annealing or even with post annealing. • C-doping of anodized TiO 2 NTs supported on FTO by annealing in CH 4 . • PLD to cover TiO 2 NTs with Bi 2 O 3 film, serving as a hole transport material. • XPS: Shift of VBM to lower BE for the doped vs. the undoped NTs (annealed in air). • DRS: Absorption red shift from 430 nm (undoped NTs) to 567 nm (doped NTs). • Best PV performances: C-doped TiO 2 with Bi 2 O 3 deposited at 300 °C in situ .

A Ru/RuO2-Doped TiO2 Nanotubes as pH Sensors for Biomedical Applications: The Effect of the Amount and Oxidation of Deposited Ru on the Electrochemical Response.

In the field of orthopedic or dental implants, titanium and its alloys are most commonly used because of their excellent mechanical and corrosion properties and good biocompatibility. After implantation into the patient’s body, there is a high risk of developing bacterial inflammation, which negatively affects the surrounding tissues and the implant itself. Early detection of inflammation could be done with a pH sensor. In this work, pH-sensitive systems based on TiO2-Ru and TiO2-RuO2 combinations were fabricated and investigated. As a base material, Ti-6Al-4V alloy nanostructured by anodic oxidation was used. Ruthenium was successfully deposited on nanotubular TiO2 using cyclic polarization, galvanostatic and potentiostatic mode. Potentiostatic mode proved to be the most suitable. The selected samples were oxidized by cyclic polarization to form a TiO2-RuO2 system. The success of the oxidation was confirmed by XPS analysis. The electrochemical response of the systems to pH change was measured in saline solution using different techniques. The measurement of open circuit potential showed that unoxidized samples (TiO2-Ru) exhibited sub-Nernstian behavior (39.2 and 35.8 mV/pH). The oxidized sample (TiO2-RuO2) containing the highest amount of Ru exhibited super-Nernstian behavior (67.3 mV/pH). The Mott–Schottky analysis proved to be the best method. The use of the electrochemical impedance method can also be considered, provided that greater stability of the samples is achieved.

One-step anodization-electrophoretic deposition of titanium nanotubes-graphene nanoribbon framework for water oxidation

• New strategy for graphene nanoribbon framework deposition over TNT. • Straightforward one-step anodization-electrophoretic deposition method. • Enhanced performance as photoanode relative to pristine TNT electrode. • Higher charge carrier separation and slightly valence band maximum shift. Self-supported titanium nanotubes (TNT) is one of the most interesting materials for environmental applications. However, its major hurdle is the low absorption throughout the visible range; therefore, high rate of exciton separation is hardly archived. We introduce a new strategy to incorporate a graphene nanoribbon framework (GNF-1), a subclass of porous organic polymer, onto TNT by means of a one-step anodization-electrophoretic deposition assisted by the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. This approach leads to the formation of an effective interface between the TNT and GNF-1 based on the simultaneous anodic growth of nanotubular TiO 2 and the electrophoretic-driven motion of the negatively charged GNF-1-surfactant colloids. The use of an anionic surfactant is mandatory to attract the charge neutral GNF-1 to the anode and can be easily expanded to other porous organic polymers. The TNT-GNF-1 electrode exhibits enhanced performance as a photoanode, with an increase in photocurrent density up to 45% relative to pristine TNT electrode. This result is related to the higher charge separation and the slightly valence band maximum shift, which is beneficial for transfer of charge carriers for water oxidation. The faradaic efficiency of both the pristine TNT and TNT-GNF-1 photoanodes to generate O 2 is 70% according to a collector-generator dual electrode system, demonstrating that the increase in photocurrent response of TNT-GNF-1 photoanodes is not due to oxidation of GNF-1, but from the synergic effect between the materials.