Nanotechnology Research Research Articles

Phyto-mediated fabrication of cerium oxide nanoparticles using Mollugo oppositifolia L aqueous leaf extract: Antibacterial, antitonicity, and molecular docking studies

The use of bio-processes for synthesizing metal oxide nanoparticles represents a forefront area of research in nanotechnology. This study introduces a rapid and eco-friendly approach for producing cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) utilizing the aqueous extract of Mollugo oppositifolia L leaves as a catalyst. The synthesized CeO2 NPs underwent comprehensive characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the CeO2 NPs was assessed in vitro against various bacterial strains, demonstrating a concentration-dependent inhibition zone when exposed to concentrations ranging from 25 to 100 μg/mL. Antitonicity activity results of the synthesized CeO2 NPs revealed significant activity. Further molecular docking studies also revealed that the synthesized CeO2 NPs have better docking ability compared to control Streptomycin in E. coli topoisomerase II DNA gyrase B (PDB ID:1KZN).

Copper nanoparticles synthesis from Andrographis paniculata leaf extract– characterization and its application

Copper nanoparticle synthesis and characterization are now being done widely due to its broad nanotechnology research interest, especially in medical applications. The current work set out to produce copper nanoparticles(CuNPs) by employing the herb Andrographis paniculata for medicinal purposes. Andrographis paniculata leaf extract was used to make CuNPs using copper sulphate (CuSO4). For monitoring the synthesis of CuNPs, the UV-vis absorption spectra were obtained and Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks at 500nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals the average size of the crystallites is 5.876 nm. This environmentally friendly approach yields homogenous, spherical particles, as demonstrated by images of Scanning and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM and SEM). The outcomes demonstrated that leaf extract is most suited for producing CuNPs. It shows a greater zone of inhibition and inhibitory action against tested bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, and it can be used for the inhibition of several harmful microbes. Because the synthesized CuNPs are non-toxic, environmentally benign, and suitable for usage in pharmaceutical and other fields, they can be applied in a variety of ways in future.

Co-precipitation Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Manganese Oxide Doped with Nickel for High-Performance Energy Storage Supercapacitor Application

The advancement in nanotechnology research has facilitated the development of eco-friendly methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles. In this work, nickel (Ni)-doped manganese oxide was synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The prepared Ni-doped manganese oxide products have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The preliminary electrochemical characteristics include charge-discharge cycling, which improves the conductivity and capacitance of the high-performance aqueous asymmetrical supercapacitor. The CV analysis of the Ni-doped manganese oxide electrode demonstrated a distinctive pseudocapacitive behavior in 1 M KOH solution. The nickel (Ni) doped electrode has a higher specific capacitance value than the pure manganese oxide electrode, with a value of 2225.07 F×g-1 at a scan rate of 5 mV×s-1. Keywords: Supercapacitor, Co-precipitation method, Nanotechnology, Synthesized, Electrochemical

Azobenzene-based liposomes with nanomechanical action for cytosolic chemotherapeutic drug delivery

The stimuli-responsive nano-carriers are at the forefront of research in nanotechnology and materials science. These advanced systems are designed to alter their physicochemical properties upon exposure to specific stimuli, enabling controllable and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Nevertheless, limited endosomal escape reduces the drug bioavailability in clinical use. We herein report azobenzene (Azo)-based liposomes, prepared by co-assembling the photoisomerizable cationic Azo lipids and helper lipids, which achieve controllable doxorubicin (Dox) release and enhanced cytosolic transport upon light irradiation. Azo lipids undergo reversible isomerization between cis-isomers and trans-isomer when received UV and visible (Vis) light irradiation, causing liposomal membrane permeability changes for controlled drug release. Moreover, the nanomechanical action created by the isomerization of Azo lipids promotes the endosomal escape of the liposomes. DSPC-Azo liposomes, with minimal Dox leakage, showed significant tumor cell killing upon irradiation. For in vivo study, we co-encapsulated the upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), which can convert the near-infrared (NIR) light into UV/Vis emissions, facilitating Azo units activation. UCNP/Dox-loaded DSPC-Azo liposomes inhibited tumor growth under NIR irradiation in a 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model.

A Comprehensive Review of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles as Effective Antibacterial Agents.

The increasing threat from antibiotic-resistant bacteria has necessitated the development of novel methods to counter bacterial infections. In this context, the application of metallic nanoparticles (NPs), especially gold (Au) and silver (Ag), has emerged as a promising strategy due to their remarkable antibacterial properties. This review examines research published between 2006 and 2023, focusing on leading journals in nanotechnology, materials science, and biomedical research. The primary applications explored are the efficacy of Ag and Au NPs as antibacterial agents, their synthesis methods, morphological properties, and mechanisms of action. An extensive review of the literature on NPs synthesis, morphology, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and effectiveness against various Gram(+/-) bacteria confirms the antibacterial efficacy of Au and Ag NPs. The synthesis methods and characteristics of NPs, such as size, shape, and surface charge, are crucial in determining their antibacterial activity, as these factors influence their interactions with bacterial cells. Furthermore, this review underscores the urgent necessity of standardizing synthesis techniques, MICs, and reporting protocols to enhance the comparability and reproducibility of future studies. Standardization is essential for ensuring the reliability of research findings and accelerating the clinical application of NP-based antimicrobial approaches. This review aims to propel NP-based antimicrobial strategies by elucidating the properties that enhance the antibacterial activity of Ag and Au NPs. By highlighting their inhibitory effects against various bacterial strains and relatively low cytotoxicity, this work positions Ag and Au NPs as promising materials for developing antibacterial agents, making a significant contribution to global efforts to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

Artificial Intelligence: A Catalyst for Breakthroughs in Nanotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing nanotechnology and pharmaceutical research by streamlining drug discovery, optimizing formulations, and personalizing treatments through predictive modelling and data analysis. Without AI, the pharmaceutical industry requires more time due to less effective drug discovery, inefficient clinical trials, and prolonged regulatory processes, resulting in higher costs and delayed treatments1. The integration of AI with nanotechnology and pharmaceutical science is revolutionizing medicine, opening up new possibilities for diagnosis, treatment, and personalized healthcare. It also enhances clinical treatments and identifies new uses for existing drugs, reducing development time and costs2. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, researchers can predict the properties and behaviour of nanomaterials, facilitating the development of nanoparticles that can deliver drugs more efficiently to specific cells or tissues3. AI accelerates nano product development by optimizing nanomaterial design, predicting nanoparticle toxicity, and enhancing nanomedicine formulation. For example, AI has been used to design nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery, improving their efficiency and safety4. AI-enabled nanotechnology can enhance molecular profiling and early diagnosis, refine the design of nanomedicines, and improve their efficacy. By optimizing nanomedicine properties, achieving effective drug synergy, and reducing nanotoxicity, AI facilitates better targetability and accelerates the development of personalized treatments.

Construction of Multiply Guaranteed DNA Sensors for Biological Sensing and Bioimaging Applications.

Nucleic acids exhibit exceptional functionalities for both molecular recognition and catalysis, along with the capability of predictable assembly through strand displacement reactions. The inherent programmability and addressability of DNA probes enable their precise, on-demand assembly and accurate execution of hybridization, significantly enhancing target detection capabilities. Decades of research in DNA nanotechnology have led to advances in the structural design of functional DNA probes, resulting in increasingly sensitive and robust DNA sensors. Moreover, increasing attention has been devoted to enhancing the accuracy and sensitivity of DNA-based biosensors by integrating multiple sensing procedures. In this review, we summarize various strategies aimed at enhancing the accuracy of DNA sensors. These strategies involve multiple guarantee procedures, utilizing dual signal output mechanisms, and implementing sequential regulation methods. Our goal is to provide new insights into the development of more accurate DNA sensors, ultimately facilitating their widespread application in clinical diagnostics and assessment.

Expanding Arsenal against Ocular Diseases through Nanoemulsion: Success So Far and the Road Ahead.

The eye is a most delicate organ protected by several complex biological barriers that are static and dynamic. The presence of these ocular barriers retards drug absorption from topically applied dosage forms at the conjunctival sac. The efficient topical delivery of the drug into the globe is more difficult to achieve and there is a need to develop a topical formulation that may reduce the use of injections and increase patient compliance with decreased frequency of administration. In the advancements of research in nanotechnology, nanoemulsions can be used as biocompatible carriers to deliver the drug to the ocular cavity. The lipophilic globules can increase the solubility of hydrophobic cargos which provides increased permeation ability and ocular bioavailability which can sustain drug release and corneal retention. Because of their small size, these formulations do not cause blurring of vision. Nanoemulsions (NEs) over the past decade have been used to treat several ocular diseases in the anterior eye segment. This review summarizes the economic burden, pathology of ocular diseases, formulation considerations for ocular formulations, and recent advances of these NEs as effective carriers for ocular drug delivery highlighting their performance in pre-clinical studies.

The Potential of Nanotechnology to Replace Cancer Stem Cells.

Stem cells, which were initially identified in the 1900s, are distinct cells with the potential to replenish themselves as well as differentiate into specialised cells with certain forms and functions. Cancer stem cells play a significant role in the growth and recurrence of the tumours and, similar to normal stem cells, are capable of proliferating and differentiating. Traditional cancer treatments are ineffective against cancer stem cells, which leads to tumour regrowth. Cancer stem cells are thought to emerge as a result of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition pathways. Brain, prostate, pancreatic, blood, ovarian, lung, liver, melanomas, AML, and breast cancer stem cells are among the most prevalent cancer forms. This review aims to comprehend the possibility of using specific forms of nanotechnology to replace cancer stem cells. In terms of nanotechnology, magnetic nanoparticles can deliver medications, especially to the target region without harming healthy cells, and they are biocompatible. In order to kill glioma cancer stem cells, the gold nanoparticles bond with DNA and function as radio sensitizers. In contrast, liposomes can circulate and traverse biological membranes and exhibit high therapeutic efficacy, precise targeting, and better drug release. Similar to carbon nanotubes, grapheme, and grapheme oxide, these substances can be delivered specifically when utilized in photothermal therapy. Recent treatments including signaling pathways and indicators targeted by nanoparticles are being researched. Future research in nanotechnology aims to develop more effective and targeted medicinal approaches. The results of the current investigation also showed that this technology's utilization will improve medical therapy and treatment.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Cannabis sativa: Properties, Synthesis, Mechanistic Aspects, and Applications

The increasing global focus on green nanotechnology research has spurred the development of environmentally and biologically safe applications for various nanomaterials. Nanotechnology involves crafting diverse nanoparticles in terms of shapes and sizes, with a particular emphasis on environmentally friendly synthesis routes. Among these, biogenic approaches, including plant-based synthesis, are favored for their safety, simplicity, and sustainability. Silver nanoparticles, in particular, have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional effectiveness, biocompatibility, and eco-friendliness. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has emerged as a promising candidate for aiding in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Leveraging the phytochemical constituents of Cannabis, researchers have successfully tailored silver nanoparticles for a wide array of applications, spanning from biomedicine to environmental remediation. This review explores the properties, synthesis mechanisms, and applications of silver nanoparticles obtained from Cannabis. Additionally, it delves into the recent advancements in green synthesis techniques and elucidates the optical properties of these nanoparticles. By shedding light on plant-based fabrication methods for silver nanoparticles and their diverse bionanotechnology applications, this review aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge in the field of green nanotechnology. Through a comprehensive examination of the synthesis processes, mechanistic aspects, and potential applications, this review underscores the importance of sustainable approaches in nanoparticle synthesis and highlights the potential of Cannabis-derived silver nanoparticles in addressing various societal and environmental challenges.

Spider Silk: Biosynthesis, Properties & Bioengineering

Abstract: Due to the remarkable and unique qualities of spider silk, it has much applicability in the coming days. The complicated diversity and structure of spider silk ensure its use in both nature and industry. Based on the uniqueness and distinctive qualities associated with spider silks, advancements in cloning and expression of these silks are a growing area of research and industrial use. The environmentally triggered spider silk assembly and further disassembly, the creation of fibers, films, and novel chimeric composite materials from genetically modified spider silks are interesting areas of research in nanotechnology. In this context, we have discussed the creation of hybrids made of spider silk that combine with organic nanoparticles, both naturally occurring and bioengineered spider silk proteins. The diversity of spider silk, its composition and architecture, the distinctions between spider silk and silkworm silk, and the biosynthesis of natural silk are also discussed. This article describes the current issues and expected outcomes using biochemical data and processes.

Computational Analysis of Magneto Bioconcvection Casson Nanofluid Flow Containing Gyrotactic Microbes: A Bio-Microsystemtechnology and Bio-Fuel Cells Application

Scientists and researchers have been captivated by the field of nanotechnology research, drawn to its diverse applications such as cancer treatment, pharmaceuticals, aircraft manufacturing, nano-robot technology, bionano advancements, heat exchange instruments, engine coolant use, microelectronics, water distillation, pharmaceutical procedures, and rubber materials. Incorporating gyrotactic microbes into nanoparticles is crucial for enhancing the thermal efficiency of various systems, including microbial fuel cells, bacteria-powered micro-mixers, micro-volumes such as microfluidic devices, enzyme biosensors, and chip-shaped microdevices like bio-microsystems.This study focuses on investigating the bioconvectional flow of Casson nanofluid, incorporating nano-particles, gyrotactic micro-organisms, and thermal radiation, passing through a needle. The bioconvection fluid is formed through the combined effects of Lorentz forces, a magnetic field, and the interaction of motile micro-organisms with nanoparticles. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using resemblance transformations, and the solution is obtained through the BVP4C solver shooting technique. The numerical results are presented using MATLAB, depicted in figures and tabular formats. The findings, interpreted from a physical standpoint, reveal that fluid flow decreases with an increase in bioconvection Rayleigh number and buoyancy ratio parameter. Thermal flow, on the other hand, increases with a rise in Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis effect parameter. Concentration profiles decrease with an increase in thermophoresis parameter and Lewis number, while motile microorganism profiles decline with an augmentation in Peclet number and bioconvection Lewis number.

Strength Indicators of Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Carbon Nanomaterials

Concrete composites with low defects, dense and homogeneous, with a high degree of adhesion between the cement matrix and aggregates, as well as a high ratio between static tensile and compressive strengths and plasticity have the best crack resistance characteristics. This ratio increases in the case of the use of fiber-reinforced concrete. Modern research in nanotechnology focuses on the management of matter at the nanoscale level, which makes it possible to create materials with new properties. Due to the high aspect ratio, flexibility, high strength and rigidity, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit reinforcing properties. Due to their nanoscale features, CNTs interact with a complex network of calcium-silicate-hydrate binder (C – S – H), contribute to a decrease in porosity and compaction of the cement stone structure, increase the shear forces of matrix adhesion in the contact zone. Thus, there are all prerequisites to assert that fiber concrete with a cement matrix modified with carbon nanotubes will have the required high strength characteristics and crack resistance due to multilevel dispersed reinforcement and the efficient operation of fiber in a nanomodified concrete matrix. This article presents the results of testing samples made of cement stone, concrete and fiber concrete with carbon nanotubes. The presence of carbon nanotubes in cement stone contributes to an increase in compressive strength by 11 %, tensile strength during bending by 20 %. The test results of samples made of reinforced fiber concrete modified with nanocarbon materials have shown an increase in tensile strength during bending up to 109 %, tensile strength during splitting up to 82 %, axial tensile strength up to 78 %.

Transpiration effect on magneto-flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid above an exponentially elongating sheet

Nanotechnological research advancements have introduced ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs), new technological fluids with augmented thermal properties that give better results than regular nanofluids. This work addresses THNF flow and thermal transmission features induced by an exponentially extending surface with an uneven heat source and viscid dissipation effects. The prime aim of this research is to examine the augmented energy transfer mechanism of Cu + Ag + F e 3 O 4 THNF with suction and injection situations. The transformed ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and edge limitations are exercised by employing bvp5c MATLAB package. The computational outcomes of the flow and energy fields were illustrated thru graphical and numerical trends. The energy transfer ability is developed in the suction case as equated with the injection case. The uneven heat rise factor tends to augment the rate of heat transfer and thermal fields of the THNF.

The DaNa projects: public communication of (nano)material safety data-from conspiracy theories to study quality.

In this perspective, the authors give their view on the developments and experiences on communicating on (nano)materials safety. We would like to share our experiences with the scientific community in order to make them useful for future communication activities. We present the long-term work of the science communication projects DaNa, DaNa2.0 and DaNa4.0, running from 2009 to 2023. Starting in the early 2000s with the beginnings of nanotechnology research, communication on the safety of nanomaterials with the public was still very new and faced the projects with many challenges. Today, science communication is indispensable for the dissemination of scientific findings and a fact-based approach like the DaNa "Knowledge Base Materials" creates a trustworthy dialogue with the public. This long-term project series has made a significant contribution to communication on the safety of nanomaterials, perhaps even the largest among publicly funded project series worldwide.

Five journeys from nanotechnology research to successful products in the water industry

Five journeys from nanotechnology research to successful products in the water industry

Significance of quadratic density variation on the heat transport phenomena in Careau dusty fluid subject to Lorentz force via stretching surface

The two-dimensional boundary layer of steady mixed convective magnetohydrodynamic Carreau dusty fluid flow across a stretched sheet was investigated in this study. The primary focus of this study is to examine the impact of Carreau nanofluid on dusty flow dynamics in the presence of the Lorentz force. The partial differential equations governing the fluid flow, temperature, and concentration fields for both the fluid and dust phases are transformed into ordinary differential equations using an appropriate set of similarity transformations. Numerical outcomes are acquired employing the Runge–Kutta technique combined with the shooting method, implemented on the MATLAB platform. The numerical outcomes are compared to previous research and confirmed to be in very good accord. Finally, the impacts of relevant factors of physical and technical importance on flow and thermal transport characteristics are visually and tabulated. The results for the linear density and the quadratic density profile, it is noted that the linear density decreases compared to the quadratic density for velocity, but the opposite behavior is observed for temperature profile. The advancement of dusty nanofluids has resulted in significant enhancements in the heat transfer mechanism, which finds application in manufacturing, industry, and nanotechnology research. Research on dusty flows benefits on is beneficial in air pollution studies, dust entrainment in a cloud formed during a nuclear, vehicle emissions of smoke and other pollutants, crude oil purification, petroleum production, combustion, industrial effluent emissions, capillary blood flow, paint sparing, and, more.

Preface

In the creation of this volume, we find the culmination of the International Conference on Materials Engineering, Materials Chemistry, and Materials Physics (MECAP-2023), a meticulously orchestrated event by the Nanotechnology Research Centre at Sagi Rama Krishnam Raju Engineering College, Bhimavaram, India, spanning from September 25 to 26, 2023. The primary objective of the conference was to forge a vibrant platform for the convergence of experts, scholars, and students, fostering the exchange of research ideas and technological advancements. With a distinct emphasis on the cutting-edge trends and future horizons in Material Engineering and Materials Science, the conference aimed to stimulate intellectual discourse and collaboration. A pivotal role in this intellectual tapestry was played by the keynote speeches, where luminaries from esteemed institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), San Sebastian University in Chile, Northwestern Polytechnical University in China, and New York University in Abu Dhabi, showcased their profound contributions. Their presentations not only illuminated significant advancements in Material Engineering and Materials Science but also ignited fervent discussions that reverberated through both conference sessions and breaks, creating an atmosphere of dynamic exchange and exploration of key topics within the field. The meticulously curated proceedings of MECAP-2023 encompass a collection of accepted papers that domains such as Materials Engineering, Materials Chemistry, and Materials Physics. Subjected to a rigorous peer review process, these papers now grace the pages of this volume, adhering to the professional standards upheld by the Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Our heartfelt appreciation extends to the committed members of the Conference Advisory Committee, whose unwavering support and insightful suggestions have played an instrumental role in ensuring the resounding success of the conference. Gratitude is also extended to the keynote speakers, whose invaluable contributions and profound ideas have significantly enriched the conference’s success. Finally, we extend our acknowledgment to the Journal of Physics: Conference Series team for their meticulous efforts, guiding us through every stage of the publication process. List of Advisory Committee, Organizing Committee are available in the Pdf.

Dynamics of Casson/Carreau hybrid nanofluid flow over a wedge with thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects

ABSTRACT In recent years, nanotechnological research has introduced hybrid nanofluids, which are advanced fluids with augmented thermal properties that give better results than regular nanofluids. The thermal transfer characteristics of the Falkner-Skan flow of MgO-MoS2/Engine oil hybrid nanofluid induced by a wedge surface with thermophoresis and Brownian motion are numerically investigated. The main objective of this research is to examine the augmented thermal transport behavior of Casson and Carreau hybrid nanofluids. The equations that arise are solved by adopting the bvp5c scheme in MATLAB software. Plots and numerical values illustrate the stimulus of various pertinent parameters on the flow-determining factors such as velocity, thermal and concentration fields, wall friction, energy, and mass transports. The rate of energy transport in the Carreau hybrid nanofluid is significantly larger than that of the Casson hybrid nanofluid. The implication of 5% volume of MgO-MoS2 nanoparticles enhances the rate of thermal transport by 53% in the Carreau fluid and 47% in the Casson fluid, respectively. This research holds potential for applications in geothermal energy systems.

A review of applications and future prospects of nanotechnology

At the beginning of the 21st century, human beings entered the era of nanotechnology, and more scientists began to pay attention to and engage in the research of nanotechnology in different fields. This article introduces the origin and development history of nanotechnology and reviews its applications in energy equipment, environmental protection, and medical treatment, which reflect the importance of nanotechnology for human production and life based on existing literature and data. It can be seen that nanotechnology is a very promising technology that has made great achievements in the fields of energy equipment, medicine, environmental protection, and so on. At the same time, in the application and development of nanotechnology, there are not only safety risks in the use process but also opportunities to create new technologies and new materials. So, nanotechnology, as a relatively young technology, still has gaps or little research in some research fields, such as the emerging green nanotechnology, the precise control of nanostructures by self-assembly technology, and the way to industrial production, which will also become a hot trend in nanotechnology research in the future.