Nanotechnology In Recent Years Research Articles

Smart Bioorthogonal Nanozymes: From Rational Design to Appropriate Bioapplications.

Bioorthogonal chemistry has provided an elaborate arsenal to manipulate native biological processes in living systems. As the great advancement of nanotechnology in recent years, bioorthogonal nanozymes are innovated to tackle the challenges that emerged in practical biomedical applications. Bioorthogonal nanozymes are uniquely positioned owing to their advantages of high customizability and tunability, as well as good adaptability to biological systems, which bring exciting opportunities for biomedical applications. More intriguingly, the great advancement in nanotechnology offers an exciting opportunity for innovating bioorthogonal catalytic materials. In this comprehensive review, the significant progresses of bioorthogonal nanozymes are discussed with both spatiotemporal controllability and high performance in living systems, and highlight their design principles and recent rapid applications. The remaining challenges and future perspectives are then outlined along this thriving field. It is expected that this review will inspire and promote the design of novel bioorthogonal nanozymes, and facilitate their clinical translation.

Nanoparticle-based targeted therapy through EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their recent advances in lung cancer therapy

The emergence and subsequent advancement of nanotechnology in recent years have greatly benefited the healthcare sector, particularly in the treatment of cancer. As per study, major fatalities are related to the lung cancer. For many years, oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptors have been used in the clinic to treat human malignancies, although they observed some very serious adverse effects in the treatment of lung cancer, especially in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite EGFR-TKIs’ exceptional qualities as small-molecule targeted medications, their applicability is nevertheless limited by their poor solubility, inconsistent oral bioavailability, high daily dose needs, high plasma albumin binding propensity, and initial/acquired drug resistance. Article’s purpose is to investigate EGFR-TKI’s effects on lung cancer and get around some of its drawbacks, nanotechnology will be an innovative strategy. An effective tool to increase the effectiveness of these pharmaceuticals is nanotechnology by methods other than oral. This article signifies that a range of nanomedicine delivery systems have been developed to effectively distribute EGFR-TKIs with improved drug release kinetics and tissue-targeting capacity. This review article intends to present information regarding lung cancer and EGFR relation, mechanism of recently approved EGFR-TKI’s targeted therapy, an updated landscape of EGFR-TKIs and their clinical status over lung cancer, advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology, and new breakthroughs in nano-delivery which mentioned as a significantly better over traditional drug chemotherapy and delivery.

Application of Multifunctional Nanozymes in Tumor Therapy.

Tumors are one of the main diseases threatening human life and health. The emergence of nanotechnology in recent years has introduced a novel therapeutic avenue for addressing tumors. Through the amalgamation of nanotechnology's inherent attributes with those of natural enzymes, nanozymes have demonstrated the ability to initiate catalytic reactions, modulate the biological microenvironment, and facilitate the adoption of multifaceted therapeutic approaches, thereby exhibiting considerable promise in the realm of cancer treatment. In this Review, the application of nanozymes in chemodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and starvation therapy are summarized. Moreover, a detailed discussion regarding the mechanism of conferring physiotherapeutic functionality upon catalytic nanosystems is provided. It is posited that this innovative catalytic treatment holds significant potential to play a crucial role within the domain of nanomedicine.

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for mitigation of chromium stress and anti-oxidative potential in Triticumaestivum

With rapid growth of population, global food demand and environmental stressors such as heavy metal contamination are threatening task for researchers. However, advent of nanotechnology in recent years has emerged as a promising solution to these challenges. The present study aimed was to investigated the effect of biosynthesized Fe2O3-NPs in the mitigation of Cr stress on Triticum aestivum. Phyto-Synthesized Fe2O3-NPs were prepared and confirmed by Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra at peak at 299 nm. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed presence of Fe–O. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a round with irregular patterns of Fe2O3-NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a crystalline rhombohedral structure. The zeta potential (ZP) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements of Fe2O3-NPs with values of −20.6 mV, suggesting appropriate physical stability. Morphological analysis of Triticum aestivum in presence of Fe2O3-NPs showed a significant decrease in shoot, root length 18% and 24% respectively and weight 18% and 26% under stress of 350 ppm concentration of Cr. On contrary, Fe2O3-NPs showed an increase in root and shoot length of 8% and 12% and weight 19% and 30% respectively. Fe2O3-NPs improved antioxidant enzyme activities like Superoxide dismutase, Peroxidase, Catalase, and Ascorbate Peroxidase by reducing the effect of Cr. Histochemical analysis also showed an improvement in the viability and permeability of cells on Fe2O3-NPs application. In conclusion, this study confirmed the potential of Fe2O3-NPs to improve the performance of T. aestivum under Cr stress by enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities.

Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges as promising carriers for active pharmaceutical ingredient.

Effective drug distribution at the intended or particular location is a critical issue that researchers are now dealing. Nanosponges have significantly increased in importance in medication delivery using nanotechnology in recent years. An important step toward solving these problems has been the development of nanosponges. Recently created and proposed for use in drug delivery, nanosponge is a unique type of hyper-crosslinked polymer-based colloidal structures made up of solid nanoparticles with colloidal carriers. Nanosponges are solid porous particles that may hold pharmaceuticals and other actives in their nanocavities. They can be made into dosage forms for oral, parenteral, topical, or inhalation use. The targeted distribution of drugs in a regulated manner is greatly aided by nanosponge. The utilization of nanosponges, their benefits, their production processes, the polymers they are made of, and their characterization have all been covered in this review article.

Toward tuning flow charecteristics in microchannel by nanotechnology and electrokinetic: Numerical simulation of heterogenous electroosmotic flow

Nanotechnology in recent years helps researcehers to design flow rate and profile in microsized channel via making surface charge heterogenous. This paper numerically simulates the electroosmotic flow inside a microchannel with non-uniform Zeta potential (ZP). The problem is a two-dimensional, incompressible, steady, and laminar channel flow between two parallel plates. The numerical results show that the flow rate changes compared to a constant ZP by ascending, descending, and parabolic modifications of the wall ZP at the mid-length of the microchannel. Results show that flow volume rate increases by microchannel width from 4 mm3/s to 6.5 mm3/s in best condition.

The Recent Applications of PLGA-Based Nanostructures for Ischemic Stroke.

With the accelerated development of nanotechnology in recent years, nanomaterials have become increasingly prevalent in the medical field. The poly (lactic acid-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA) is one of the most commonly used biodegradable polymers. It is biocompatible and can be fabricated into various nanostructures, depending on requirements. Ischemic stroke is a common, disabling, and fatal illness that burdens society. There is a need for further improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. PLGA-based nanostructures can facilitate therapeutic compounds' passage through the physicochemical barrier. They further provide both sustained and controlled release of therapeutic compounds when loaded with drugs for the treatment of ischemic stroke. The clinical significance and potential of PLGA-based nanostructures can also be seen in their applications in cell transplantation and imaging diagnostics of ischemic stroke. This paper summarizes the synthesis and properties of PLGA and reviews in detail the recent applications of PLGA-based nanostructures for drug delivery, disease therapy, cell transplantation, and the imaging diagnosis of ischemic stroke.

Viral Nanoparticles‐Mediated Delivery of Therapeutic Cargo

AbstractThe rapid advancement of nanotechnology in recent years has opened new avenues of investigation for biomedical sciences. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are formulated from plant viruses, mammalian viruses, or bacteriophages. Based on their structure, viruses, and synthetic carriers have been utilized to design bio‐inspired nanocarriers, which serve as building blocks for innovative therapeutic applications. Scientists can chemically or genetically engineer VNPs to encompass various properties, such as enhancing their functionalization with therapeutic molecules and imaging reagents, enabling targeted delivery to specific ligands. The implementation of these novel nanocarrier platforms can revolutionize treatments for cancer, infectious diseases, and chronic illnesses. The primary goal of drug delivery systems is to localize cargo to the specific target site, increasing therapeutic benefits and minimizing off‐target effects. This review critically evaluates the major virus species used as nanocarriers, their applications in therapeutics, and their advantages and disadvantages.

Immunogenic sonodynamic therapy for inducing immunogenic cell death and activating antitumor immunity.

Immunotherapy is widely regarded as a promising treatment for cancer. However, the immune effector phase suppression of tumor microenvironment (TME) and the generation of immune-related adverse events limit its application. Research indicates that sonodynamic therapy (SDT) can effectively activate antitumor immunity while killing tumor cells. SDT produces cytotoxic substances of tumors, and then cell apoptosis and immunogenic death occur by selectively activating the sonosensitizer under ultrasound. In recent years, various SDT alone as well as SDT in combination with other therapies have been developed to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and enhance immunotherapy. This paper overviews the research progress of SDT and nanotechnology in recent years, including the strategies involving SDT alone, SDT-based synergistic induction of antitumor immunity, and immunotherapy based on SDT for multimodal immunotherapy. Finally, the prospects and challenges of these SDT-based therapies in cancer immunotherapy are discussed.

Nanoparticle toxicity may cause testicular dysfunction

Nanoparticle toxicity may cause testicular dysfunction

Emerging Trends in Nano-Driven Immunotherapy for Treatment of Cancer.

Despite advancements in the development of anticancer medications and therapies, cancer still has the greatest fatality rate due to a dismal prognosis. Traditional cancer therapies include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. The conventional treatments have a number of shortcomings, such as a lack of selectivity, non-specific cytotoxicity, suboptimal drug delivery to tumour locations, and multi-drug resistance, which results in a less potent/ineffective therapeutic outcome. Cancer immunotherapy is an emerging and promising strategy to elicit a pronounced immune response against cancer. Immunotherapy stimulates the immune system with cancer-specific antigens or immune checkpoint inhibitors to overcome the immune suppressive tumour microenvironment and kill the cancer cells. However, delivery of the antigen or immune checkpoint inhibitors and activation of the immune response need to circumvent the issues pertaining to short lifetimes and effect times, as well as adverse effects associated with off-targeting, suboptimal, or hyperactivation of the immune system. Additional challenges posed by the tumour suppressive microenvironment are less tumour immunogenicity and the inhibition of effector T cells. The evolution of nanotechnology in recent years has paved the way for improving treatment efficacy by facilitating site-specific and sustained delivery of the therapeutic moiety to elicit a robust immune response. The amenability of nanoparticles towards surface functionalization and tuneable physicochemical properties, size, shape, and surfaces charge have been successfully harnessed for immunotherapy, as well as combination therapy, against cancer. In this review, we have summarized the recent advancements made in choosing different nanomaterial combinations and their modifications made to enable their interaction with different molecular and cellular targets for efficient immunotherapy. This review also highlights recent trends in immunotherapy strategies to be used independently, as well as in combination, for the destruction of cancer cells, as well as prevent metastasis and recurrence.

Fe3O4 Composite Superparticles with RGD/Magnetic Dual-Targeting Capabilities for the Imaging and Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

In clinical practice, the incidence and mortality of non-small cell lung cancer are increasing year by year, which is a serious threat to the health of patients. Once the optimal surgical window is missed, the toxic side effects of chemotherapy have to be confronted. With the rapid development of nanotechnology in recent years, medical science and health have been greatly impacted. Therefore, in this manuscript, we design and prepare chemotherapeutic drug vinorelbine (VRL)-loaded polydopamine (PDA) shell-coated Fe3O4 superparticles, and further graft the targeted ligand RGD onto their surface. Because of the introduction of the PDA shell, the toxicity of the prepared Fe3O4@PDA/VRL-RGD SPs is greatly reduced. At the same time, due to the existence of Fe3O4, the Fe3O4@PDA/VRL-RGD SPs also have MRI contrast capability. Under the dual-targeting effect of RGD peptide and external magnetic field, Fe3O4@PDA/VRL-RGD SPs can accumulate into tumors effectively. The accumulated superparticles in the tumor sites can not only effectively identify and mark the location and boundary of the tumor under MRI, guideing the application of near-infrared laser, but also release the loaded VRL under the stimulation of the acidic microenvironment of the tumor to play the role of chemotherapy. On further combination with photothermal therapy under laser irradiation, A549 tumors are completely eliminated without recurrence. Our proposed RGD/magnetic field dual-targeting strategy can effectively improve the bioavailability of nanomaterials and contribute to better imaging and therapeutic effects, which has a promising application prospect in the future.

Nanotechnology as a Promising Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistant Bacteria: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives.

The wide spread of antibiotic resistance has been alarming in recent years and poses a serious global hazard to public health as it leads to millions of deaths all over the world. The wide spread of resistance and sharing resistance genes between different types of bacteria led to emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms. This problem is exacerbated when microorganisms create biofilms, which can boost bacterial resistance by up to 1000-fold and increase the emergence of MDR infections. The absence of novel and potent antimicrobial compounds is linked to the rise of multidrug resistance. This has sparked international efforts to develop new and improved antimicrobial agents as well as innovative and efficient techniques for antibiotic administration and targeting. There is an evolution in nanotechnology in recent years in treatment and prevention of the biofilm formation and MDR infection. The development of nanomaterial-based therapeutics, which could overcome current pathways linked to acquired drug resistance, is a hopeful strategy for treating difficult-to-treat bacterial infections. Additionally, nanoparticles' distinct size and physical characteristics enable them to target biofilms and treat resistant pathogens. This review highlights the current advances in nanotechnology to combat MDR and biofilm infection. In addition, it provides insight on development and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, spread of MDR and XDR infection, and development of nanoparticles and mechanisms of their antibacterial activity. Moreover, this review considers the difference between free antibiotics and nanoantibiotics, and the synergistic effect of nanoantibiotics to combat planktonic bacteria, intracellular bacteria and biofilm. Finally, we will discuss the strength and limitations of the application of nanotechnology against bacterial infection and future perspectives.

A Review Study on the Effect of Nanomaterials and Local Materials on Soil Geotechnical Properties

Considerable strides have been made in nanotechnology in recent years, with many nanotechnology-based achievements in the geotechnical-engineering. It seems certain that nanoparticles would be widely utilized to develop the geotechnical qualities for soils in modern applications. This study covers prior research on using nanomaterials in soil, their characteristics, and their influence on soil engineering. It seems certain that nanoparticles will be widely utilized to develop soil geotechnical properties in the near future. The application of current technologies to improve soil resistance requirements has resulted in the stability of many soil types with formation issues. This study analyzes the use of some nanomaterials and lime as additives or stabilization materials to improve soil resistance properties by geotechnical researchers. Researchers have demonstrated that adding local materials such as lime enhances the properties of soil. Still, a remarkable and interesting percentage of improvement was observed when adding nanoparticles to the soil by improving its engineering qualities as well as those of some other components, such as lowering stability and compressibility, raising density, and raising shear resistance.

Nanoparticle formulations for therapeutic delivery, pathogen imaging and theranostic applications in bacterial infections.

Pathogenic bacterial infections represent an ever-growing crisis, now significantly threatening life expectancy across the worldwide population and thus novel approaches to tackle this issue are urgently needed. The application of nanotechnology in recent years has opened up new horizons in the selective or specific delivery of drugs or imaging agents to infectious sites. In particular, the development of nanoparticles for both delivery of active substances and imaging of infection sites is now gathering much interest. Although still in its infancy, the field of antibacterial nanomedicines provides exciting new possibilities to combat multi-resistant bacterial infections and shows great promise for personalized medicine in antibacterial stewardship. This review examines nanoparticle-based formulations used for therapeutic delivery, pathogen tracking in diagnosis, and combined "theranostic" approaches to more effectively treating bacterial infections.

A review on silver nanoparticles focusing on applications in biomedical sector

Considering that nanosilver-based materials have shown to have a novel, demanding, and promising properties appropriate for a variety of biological applications, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have evolved into one of the most researched and examined nanostructures created from nanotechnology in recent years. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been the subject of research due to their special characteristics, and they have considerable interest in medical applications such as highly excellent antimicrobial agents even without toxic effects, and industrial applications such as inkjet inks comprising well-unified dispersions of nano-sized silver particles that are useful for creating electronic circuits. Due to the remarkable activities shown by silver nanoparticles, they have been the focus of many researchers for developing new medications with less toxic effects. In this study, we have highlighted some entitled applications of silver nanoparticles. This review will be helpful for the researchers working on silver nanoparticles.

Micro-Nanocarriers Based Drug Delivery Technology for Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing and Brain Tumor Targeting Therapy.

The greatest obstacle to using drugs to treat brain tumors is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making it difficult for conventional drug molecules to enter the brain. Therefore, how to safely and effectively penetrate the BBB to achieve targeted drug delivery to brain tumors has been a challenging research problem. With the intensive research in micro- and nanotechnology in recent years, nano drug-targeted delivery technologies have shown great potential to overcome this challenge, such as inorganic nanocarriers, organic polymer-carriers, liposomes, and biobased carriers, which can be designed in different sizes, shapes, and surface functional groups to enhance their ability to penetrate the BBB and targeted drug delivery for brain tumors. In this review, the composition and overcoming patterns of the BBB are detailed, and then the hot research topics of drug delivery carriers for brain tumors in recent years are summarized, and their mechanisms of action on the BBB and the factors affecting drug delivery are described in detail, and the effectiveness of targeted therapy for brain tumors is evaluated. Finally, the challenges and dilemmas in developing brain tumor drug delivery systems are discussed, which will be promising in the future for targeted drug delivery to brain tumors based on micro-nanocarriers technology.

Effect of Nanosilica and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Mechanical and Impact Performance of Unidirectional Kevlar/Epoxy Based Composites

The introduction of numerous nanoparticles into nanotechnology in recent years has opened the door for the incorporation of nanoparticles into polymeric-based composite materials for mechanical improvement. Composite materials are becoming a promising substitute material in the fabrication of numerous components due to their high weight-to-strength ratio and mechanical characteristics such as tensile Strength, flexural Strength, interlaminar shear strength, and impact strength. This research aims to determine the effect of a combined mixture of silica and multiwalled carbon nanotube particles (MWCNT) on the mechanical and impact properties of unidirectional Kevlar (UD)/epoxy composites for use in defence and aerospace applications. The addition of these Nanofillers results in high-performance reinforcement and the formation of hybrid composites with improved properties due to their use. The addition of specific nanomaterials can further enhance these characteristics, dependent on the concentration at which they are introduced into the solution. The most challenging aspects of incorporating nanomaterials into matrix materials are ensuring uniform mixing of the nanomaterials with the matrix material and increasing the viscosity of the matrix material when the nanomaterials are introduced into the matrix. Using different weight percentages, it is possible to determine the optimal ratio of nanofiller for predicting the enhanced mechanical properties of nano-composites. Preparation of the composite with different weight percentages (1 percent and 3 percent) of Nano SiO2 particles mixed with 0.25 percent MWCNT and 6 layers of the UD Kevlar fibre was accomplished using an ultrasonic vibration-assisted hand layup process. Tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, and interlaminar shear strength tests evaluated the material's mechanical properties. Experimental results revealed that tensile strength and impact strength increased by up to 80 percent and 50 percent, respectively, compared to the neat specimens. The ILSS test demonstrates a 271 percent improvement in shear strength at 3 percent and 0.25 MWCNT. The overall results determined that the combination of 3 percent SiO2 and 0.25 percent MWCNT provided the most enhanced mechanical properties while also being the most optimized. This study's findings indicate that applying a nano-silica and MWCNT mixture of Nanofillers to Kevlar fabrics is a promising method for improving a Kevlar-based hybrid composite's mechanical and impact energy absorption laminate.

An Operational DNA Strand Displacement Encryption Approach.

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA) encryption is a new encryption method that appeared along with the research of DNA nanotechnology in recent years. Due to the complexity of biology in DNA nanotechnology, DNA encryption brings in an additional difficulty in deciphering and, thus, can enhance information security. As a new approach in DNA nanotechnology, DNA strand displacement has particular advantages such as being enzyme free and self-assembly. However, the existing research on DNA-strand-displacement-based encryption has mostly stayed at a theoretical or simulation stage. To this end, this paper proposes a new DNA-strand-displacement-based encryption framework. This encryption framework involves three main strategies. The first strategy was a tri-phase conversion from plaintext to DNA sequences according to a Huffman-coding-based transformation rule, which enhances the concealment of the information. The second strategy was the development of DNA strand displacement molecular modules, which produce the initial key for information encryption. The third strategy was a cyclic-shift-based operation to extend the initial key long enough, and thus increase the deciphering difficulty. The results of simulation and biological experiments demonstrated the feasibility of our scheme for encryption. The approach was further validated in terms of the key sensitivity, key space, and statistic characteristic. Our encryption framework provides a potential way to realize DNA-strand-displacement-based encryption via biological experiments and promotes the research on DNA-strand-displacement-based encryption.

Thrombus-Targeting Polymeric Nanocarriers and Their Biomedical Applications in Thrombolytic Therapy.

Due to the high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases, there is an urgent need for research on antithrombotic strategies. In view of the short half-life, insufficient drug penetration, poor targeting capabilities, and hemorrhagic side-effects of traditional thrombus treatment methods, the combination of thrombolytic therapy and nanocarriers brought by the development of nanotechnology in recent years may provide effective solutions for these undesirable side-effects caused by insufficient targeting. Polymeric nanocarriers, based on macromolecules and various functional groups, can connect specific targeting molecules together through chemical modification to achieve the protection and targeted delivery of thrombolytic drugs. However, simple chemical molecular modifications may be easily affected by the physiological environment encountered in the circulatory system. Therefore, the modification of nanocarriers with cell membranes can provide camouflage to these platforms and help to extend their circulation time while also imparting them with the biological functions of cell membranes, thus providing them with precise targeting capabilities, among which the most important is the biological modification of platelet membranes. In addition, some nanoparticles with their own therapeutic functions have also been developed, such as polypyrrole, which can exhibit a photothermal effect to induce thrombolysis. Herein, combined with the mechanism of thrombosis and thrombolysis, we outline the recent advances achieved with thrombus-targeting nanocarriers with regard to thrombosis treatment. On this basis, the design considerations, advantages, and challenges of these thrombolytic therapies in clinical transformation are discussed.