Nanostructured Transition Research Articles

Principles of Design and Synthesis of Metal Derivatives from MOFs.

Materials derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have demonstrated exceptional structural variety and complexity and can be synthesized using low-cost scalable methods. Although the inherent instability and low electrical conductivity of MOFs are largely responsible for their low uptake for catalysis and energy storage, a superior alternative is MOF-derived metal-based derivatives (MDs) as these can retain the complex nanostructures of MOFs while exhibiting stability and electrical conductivities of several orders of magnitude higher. The present work comprehensively reviews MDs in terms of synthesis and their nanostructural design, including oxides, sulfides, phosphides, nitrides, carbides, transition metals, and other minor species. The focal point of the approach is the identification and rationalization of the design parameters that lead to the generation of optimal compositions, structures, nanostructures, and resultant performance parameters. The aim of this approach is to provide an inclusive platform for the strategies to design and process these materials for specific applications. This work is complemented by detailed figures that both summarize the design and processing approaches that have been reported and indicate potential trajectories for development. The work is also supported by comprehensive and up-to-date tabular coverage of the reported studies.

Fabrication of highly dispersed bimetallic Ni-Mo@CNFs by sol–gel assisted electrospinning for methanol oxidation electrocatalysis

The development of efficient electrocatalysts using low-cost nanostructured transition metals as an alternative to noble metals is receiving strong interest in the field of clean and sustainable energy technology. In this study, highly dispersed bimetallic nickel-molybdenum nanoparticles on electrospun carbon nanofibers (Ni-Mo/CNFs) were prepared using a sol-gel-assisted electrospinning technique followed by calcination. The chemical composition of the Ni-Mo/CNFs with different ratios of Mo and their morphology have been characterized by various techniques. The SEM and TEM images revealed that the Ni0.6Mo0.4/CNFs had a nanofibrous morphology, the Ni-Mo nanoparticles were highly dispersed over carbon nanofibers, and the average particle size was 9.02 nm. The Mo ratio plays a crucial role in enhancing the electrochemical performance, and Ni0.6Mo0.4/CNFs showed higher electrocatalytic activity than other samples. The maximum current density of Ni0.6Mo0.4/CNFs was 10 and 43.89 mA/cm2 for the methanol oxidation at 0.45 and 0.75 V vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively, and the onset potential was 0.31 V. The synergistic effect between Ni and Mo NPs and the morphology and structure of substrate (CNFs) were responsible for its electrochemical performance.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of ternary transition metal ferrite: Structural, morphological, optical, magnetic and electrochemical properties

Transition metal oxides are promising materials in photocatalysts, sensors, photovoltaics, and especially as supercapacitor electrodes for their rapid, reversible faradaic redox reactions. Nanosized ternary transition metal ferrite (NiMnFe 2 O 4 ) has been synthesized using an easy and inexpensive microwave-assisted combustion method. The powder XRD confirms the nanoparticles as in spinal cubic structure with space group Fd-3m. FTIR has analyzed to understand the vibration of metal ions in the prepared NiMnFe 2 O 4 . The elemental composition and surface morphology of the nanoparticles have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectra are used to examine the optical properties and to calculate the band gap energy of NiMnFe 2 O 4 , which is found to be 1.08 eV. The electrochemical properties of the prepared metal ferrite have been studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The specific capacitance of the modified electrode is found to exhibit the highest value of 476 F/g at 5 mV/s. • Nanostructured ternary transition metal ferrite has been prepared by a low-cost Microwave-assisted combustion method. • SEM analysis exhibit the irregular shape morphology. • The prepared NiMnFe 2 O 4 electrode revealed a higher energy density of 1.226 W h/Kg and superior power density of 1125 W/kg. • Cyclic stability of the NiMnFe 2 O 4 exhibits capacity retention of 83.67%.

A Review of Transition Metal Compounds as Functional Separators for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

AbstractLithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries have great potential for the development of next‐generation high‐energy‐density secondary batteries owing to their high theoretical energy density, active material (sulfur) environmental friendliness, and low cost. However, their application is still impeded by the inherent sluggish kinetics and solubility of intermediate products of the sulfur cathode. Interface design is an important direction to address challenges in the development of Li−S batteries. The modification of the separator has been shown to effectively suppress the shuttling effect of physical hindrance or chemical bonding without affecting the utilization of active materials. This review encompasses the application of nanostructured transition metal oxides (TMOs), transition metal sulfides (TMSs), transition metal nitrides (TMNs), transition metal phosphides (TMPs), such as incorporating functional separators beyond the approach for preparing novel cathodes, and discusses their composites in a new multifunctional barrier layer for Li−S batteries. The objective properties of various metal compounds and the effect of the shuttle effect in particular on the electrochemical performance in Li−S batteries are highlighted, and give an outlook on the promising approaches for the construction of reliable Li−S batteries.

Innovative Strategies for Overall Water Splitting Using Nanostructured Transition Metal Electrocatalysts

Innovative Strategies for Overall Water Splitting Using Nanostructured Transition Metal Electrocatalysts

(Invited) From Lithiated Transition Metal Oxide to Silicon and Lithium-Sulfur Systems: An Evolution of Electrochemically Active Materials

Energy storage is vital for driving an energy independent world economy that is currently largely dependent on exploiting natural reserves supplemented by oil and gas exports. The field of Li-ion batteries continues to witness burgeoning progress since the commercialization of the first Li-ion battery (LIB) by Sony in 1991, and is at present, clearly the flagship rechargeable battery system. Correspondingly, enormous progress is seen in cathodes, electrolytes as well as anodes [1]. New materials have continuously evolved. Lithiated transition metal oxides despite advances in various systems, are still the flagship cathodes of choice relying on ubiquitous intercalation chemistries. Newer chemistries exploiting alloying and Zintl phase formation focusing on silicon and tin as alternative anodes have also evolved in the last two decades. Similarly, there is tremendous research in the area of alternative energy storage systems beyond lithium-ion intercalation chemistry. Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSB) and Li metal anodes have putatively emerged at the forefront and are the spotlight of increased research activity in recent years. All these systems are unfortunately, plagued by intransigent inferior electronic conductivity, Li-ion conductivity, voltage-specific phase transition related kinetic limitations accompanied with ensuing chemical, physical, and electrochemical challenges. Nano-engineered approaches aided by concomitant progress in science and technology of synthetic and analytical chemistry of advanced materials appear primed for overcoming these hurdles.We initiated work introducing solution-based chemical synthesis strategies for generating nanostructured lithiated transition metal oxides, including anti-site defect-free LiNiO2[2,3]. This work then transitioned into alternative anodes[4] and presently into the Li-S systems holding much promise, albeit major challenges remain to be overcome. We have thus far, implemented dynamic theoretical and experimental strategies to develop engineered electronic and Li-ion conducting nanomaterials showing considerable promise as supporting components augmenting the performance and overcoming many of the limitations affecting these systems. Additionally, we have developed several approaches utilizing nanoscale droplets, nanoparticles, hollow silicon nanotubes (h-SiNTs), cost-effective template derived nanoscale morphologies, scribable and flexible hetero-structured Si architectures, displaying impressive capacities of ~3000 mAh/g with sustained cyclability and high-rate capability in Si anodes [4]. Electrochemical approaches were also developed creating binder-less Si-based thin film anodes with considerable promise. Similarly, engineering approaches were implemented for generating sulfur cathodes in LSBs exploiting the tailored attributes of inorganic, nanocomposite, tethered, and polymeric lithium ion conductors (LIC) coupled with chemically linked complex framework materials (CFM) based matrices for encapsulating S along with novel fine yarn-like and tethered S architectures yielding 5.5 mAh/cm2 – 12 mAh/cm2 areal capacity and ~1200 mAh/g specific capacity with S loadings as high as 20 mg/cm2 displaying ~250 cycles cycling stability [5, 6]. Single layer pouch cells exhibiting 180-200 Wh/kg were also demonstrated. Developing scalable economic approaches, however, remain a key challenge.Engineering strategies were also developed for identifying new Li metal alloy anodes preventing and eliminating dendrite formation. These systems serve as alternative safe anodes to Li metal. This presentation will thus provide an overview of the above systems. Similarly, insights into the promising future in generating tailored functional engineered systems in the rapidly evolving digitally savvy era of the 21st century will also be presented. Finally, the prospects of these systems offering a pathway to potentially achieving energy independence in the near future will also be outlined. References Wang, P.N. Kumta, et al. ACS Nano (2011).C-C. Chang, P.N. Kumta et al. J. Electrochemical Society 147 (2000).C. Chang, P.N. Kumta et al. J. Power Sources 75 (1998).Gattu, P.N. Kumta et al. Nano Research (2017).M. Shanthi, P.N. Kumta et al. Electrochimica Acta (2017).M. Shanthi, P.N. Kumta et al. Applied Energy Materials (2018).

Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia from Nitrogen and Nitric Oxide at Room Temperature over Nanostructured Transition Metal Catalysts

Transition metals have been recognized as excellent and efficient catalysts for transforming gaseous molecules into value-added chemicals. Electrochemical ammonia synthesis through the atmospheric reduction of nitrogen and nitrogen oxide is a promising method for sustainable fertilizer and carbon-free hydrogen energy carriers. However, it is a great challenge to main the activity and stability of the catalyst due to its corrosive nature and vigorous reaction conditions involved in the electrochemical transformations. We report stable core-shell electrocatalysts that utilize transition metal nanoparticles in the core and nitrogen-doped porous carbon architecture in the shell for the efficient electroreduction of N2 and NO to ammonia (NH3). The carbon shell prevents the dissolution of Ni nanoparticles. It ensures the long-term stability of the catalyst, whereas the Ni nanoparticles involve in the catalytic reduction of NO to NH3 during electrolysis. The catalyst images reveal a core-shell structure composed of dark metallic spherical particles at the core and layered carbon as a shell surrounding the nanoparticles (Fig. 1a). A broad particle size distribution of 15 nm to 50 nm was observed, and the core-shell particles were interconnected by a smooth carbon matrix. The heteroatom content and the shell thickness strongly influence the catalytic activity. A high faradaic efficiency (FE) of 72.3% at 0.16 VRHE is achieved (Fig. 1b). Moreover, the full-cell electrolyzer was constructed by coupling developed cathodes and commercial RuO2 as anode for oxygen evolution reaction, which delivered a stable performance over several cycles at 1.5 V. Further, we demonstrate the solar to fuel transformation by integrating with a PV-electrolyzer cell, it presented an appreciable FE of >50%. Fig. 1. (a) TEM image of core-shell catalyst, (b) comparison of FE and NH3 yields on various electrocatalysts for the nitric oxide reduction reaction. Figure 1

Cell-Size Space Regulates the Behavior of Confined Polymers: From Nano- and Micromaterials Science to Biology.

Polymer micromaterials in a liquid or gel phase covered with a surfactant membrane are widely used materials in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods. In particular, cell-sized micromaterials of biopolymer solutions covered with a lipid membrane have been studied as artificial cells to understand cells from a physicochemical perspective. The characteristics and phase transitions of polymers confined to a microscopic space often differ from those in bulk systems. The effect that causes this difference is referred to as the cell-size space effect (CSE), but the specific physicochemical factors remain unclear. This study introduces the analysis of CSE on molecular diffusion, nanostructure transition, and phase separation and presents their main factors, i.e., short- and long-range interactions with the membrane surface and small volume (finite element nature). This serves as a guide for determining the dominant factors of CSE. Furthermore, we also introduce other factors of CSE such as spatial closure and the relationships among space size, the characteristic length of periodicity, the structure size, and many others produced by biomolecular assemblies through the analysis of protein reaction-diffusion systems and biochemical reactions.

Nano-and micro-engineered vertical graphene/Ni for superior optical absorption

Black coatings benefit from low reflectance or high light absorption are utilized in multifarious optical applications. Due to their unique three-dimensional nanostructure and π-band optical transitions, vertical graphene (VG) has drawn great attention to the field of black coatings. However, how the morphology of VGs affects reflectance has not been comprehensively disclosed yet. In addition, the morphology of the substrate for VG growth also affects the absorption properties. Here, we report a nano-and micro-engineered VG/Ni structure based on VG and laser-modified nickel foil, which possesses omnidirectional low reflectance of ∼0.25% over the visible range. A larger spacing of graphene nanowalls is more conducive to the formation of light traps and improves the absorption property. Besides, the surface of nickel substrate by laser irradiation presents a “cauliflower-like” microstructure, which further enhances light-trapping ability.

Nanostructural and rheological transitions of pH-responsive supramolecular systems involving a zwitterionic amphiphile and a triamine

HypothesisSupramolecular aqueous complexes of a synthesized zwitterionic surfactant, 2-(dimethyl(octadecyl)ammonio)acetate (stearyl betaine) and diethylenetriamine, have been found to display pH-tunable rheological properties without the need for a co-surfactant. For this supramolecular system, the dynamically changing interplay among the constituents is responsible for the rich phase behavior including hollow nanotubules, bilayers, and vesicles. A further hypothesis is that hollow nanotubular structure is highly desirable for achieving chain entanglement geometries with reduced mesh size. ExperimentsThe rheological properties of the suspension were measured using a rotational rheometer. An analysis using zero-shear viscosities at various temperatures as well as differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) helped shed light on thermodynamic and phase transitions taking place. The morphology of the suspension was analyzed by using a combination of small angle x-ray scattering(SAXS) and atomic force microscopy(AFM). FindingsLarge steady-shear viscosities (up to ∼160 Pa.s) and viscoelastic behavior was observed in acidic conditions which diminished upon increasing the pH. A novel analysis consisting of measured thermodynamic quantities such as activation energy(Ea) and enthalpy of transition(ΔHT) further allude to the rich pH-sensitive nanoarchitecture of the system. Rather than commonly observed wormlike micelles, hollow nanotubules, as long as 1.6 µm were observed at pH 4 which disintegrated to bilayer sheets and vesicles upon increasing pH. Gaining a comprehensive understanding from all the results, a transition mechanism between different suspension architectures was proposed.

Solid State Nanostructured Metal Oxides as Photocatalysts and Their Application in Pollutant Degradation: A Review

Most dyes used in various industries are toxic and carcinogenic, thus posing a serious hazard to humans as well as to the marine ecosystem. Therefore, the impact of dyes released into the environment has been studied extensively in the last few years. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has proved to be an efficient tool for degrading both atmospheric and aquatic organic contaminants. It uses the sunlight in the presence of a semiconductor photocatalyst to accelerate the remediation of environmental contaminants and the destruction of highly toxic molecules. To date, photocatalysis has been considered one of the most appealing options for wastewater treatment due to its great potential and high efficiency by using sunlight to remove organic pollutants and harmful bacteria with the aid of a solid photocatalyst. Among the photocatalysts currently used, nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors have been among the most effective. This review paper presents an overview of the recent research improvements on the degradation of dyes by using nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors obtained by a solid-state method. Metal oxides obtained by this method exhibited better photocatalytic efficiency than nanostructured metal oxides obtained using other solution methods in several cases. The present review discusses examples of various nanostructured transition metal oxides—such as TiO2, Fe2O3, NiO, ReO3, IrO2, Rh2O3, Rh/RhO2, and the actinide ThO2—used as photocatalysts on methylene blue. It was found that photocatalytic efficiency depends not only on the bandgap of the metal oxide but also on its morphology. Porous nanostructured metal oxides tend to present higher photocatalytic efficiency than metal oxides with a similar band gap.

3D carbonaceous nanostructured transition metal nitride, carbonitride and carbide as polysulfide regulators for lithium-sulfur batteries

We report a general and straightforward approach to produce high surface area nanomaterials of transition metal nitride, carbonitride and carbide nanoparticles that are highly dispersed on 3D carbonaceous structure. The preparation of these novel nanomaterials involves a simple one-step heat treatment of a metal precursor and urea-derived graphitic carbon nitride mixture under argon, unlike the conventional methods of using ammonia gas to prepare nitride and high-temperature carbothermal reduction of oxide to produce carbide. With this approach, we have synthesized titanium nitride (TiN/C), vanadium carbonitride (V2CN/C) and niobium carbide-based (NbC/C) nanomaterials using alkoxide precursors. Taking advantage of their high electronic conductivity and surface properties, we have developed the nitrides and carbides as polysulfide (PS) regulators to combat the well-known problems of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries (shuttle phenomena, insulating sulfur, etc.). In particular, V2CN/C nanomaterial was found to possess higher redox activity as compared to TiN/C and NbC/C based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, polysulfide adsorption studies and various electrochemical experiments. V2CN/C also demonstrated superior performance with an initial specific capacity of 1055 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and sulfur loading of 4.5 mg cm−2, and a practical areal capacity and capacity retention of ~ 4.2 mAh cm−2 and 89%, respectively, after 300 cycles.

Intense and stable room-temperature photoluminescence from nanoporous vanadium oxide formed by in-ambient degradation of VI3 crystals

Vanadium oxides have attracted research interest because their optoelectronic properties make them optically active with room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) emission, which, however, is not sufficiently intense for real applications. For this reason, many nanostructured vanadium oxides are currently fabricated through several precursors and different treatments to improve the PL efficiency and enhance the PL intensity. Herein, we propose an alternative and facile route to the fabrication of nanoporous vanadium oxide flakes through the spontaneous in-ambient degradation of layered van der Waals VI3 crystal, which is composed of a mixture of V2O5 and V3O7 phases. The as-grown VI3 crystals and the formed nanostructured vanadium oxide have been thoroughly studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy to access the structural properties, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and synchrotron-based XPS to analyze the electronic core levels and valence bands, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to access the morphology, and PL spectroscopy to grasp the optoelectronic properties. The nanoporous vanadium oxide system reveals an intense room-temperature PL emission in the red light visible range between 1.7 and 2.0 eV (620 and 730 nm), which is consistent with the V2O5 PL response. Remarkably, the PL emission reaches high intensity compared with those of different V2O5 nanostructures and is stable for months without intensity quenching and energy shifting. This discovery easies the integration of nanostructured vanadium oxides in optoelectronic nanodevices. Besides, the facile methodology proposed here promises to be applied to realize other nanostructured transition metal oxides.

Localized‐domains staging structure and evolution in lithiated graphite

AbstractIntercalation provides to the host materials a means for controlled variation of many physical/chemical properties and dominates the reactions in metal‐ion batteries. Of particular interest is the graphite intercalation compounds with intriguing staging structures, which however are still unclear, especially in their nanostructure and dynamic transition mechanism. Herein, the nature of the staging structure and evolution of the lithium (Li)‐intercalated graphite was revealed by cryogenic‐transmission electron microscopy and other methods at the nanoscale. The intercalated Li‐ions distribute unevenly, generating local stress and dislocations in the graphitic structure. Each staging compound is found macroscopically ordered but microscopically inhomogeneous, exhibiting a localized‐domains structural model. Our findings uncover the correlation between the long‐range ordered structure and short‐range domains, refresh the insights on the staging structure and transition of Li‐intercalated/deintercalated graphite, and provide effective ways to enhance the reaction kinetic in rechargeable batteries by defect engineering.

Electrochemical and Optical Behavior of ZrN-Ag Coatings Deposited by Means of DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering Technique

The formation of nanostructured transition metal nitride coatings by introducing a small amount of silver (Ag) content has been proven to be a good strategy for enhancing the physical properties of these materials. In this investigation, ZrN coatings with different Ag contents were deposited on an AISI 316L substrate using the DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The influence of the silver on the chemical composition, morphology, and microstructure was investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The functional properties, specifically the corrosion resistance and the optical reflectance of the deposited coatings, were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and UV-Visible-NIR, respectively. The results showed the formation of two nanocrystalline phases, fcc-ZrN and metallic fcc-Ag. On the surface of the deposited coatings, homogeneously distributed silver nanoparticles were observed, and they increased with the Ag atomic content. The chemical composition on the surface showed evidence of the formation of oxides, such as Zr-O and Zr-O-N, before and after the corrosion tests. The corrosion resistance of the AISI 316L substrate and the coatings was improved with the incorporation of Ag, and the optical reflectance increased with increasing the Ag content. Finally, this work investigated the effect of the incorporation of silver into a ZrN matrix for potential use as optical protective coatings.

Controllable growth of large-area 1T′, 2H ultrathin MoTe2 films, and 1T′–2H in-plane homojunction

Atomically thin molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) has been intensively studied as an emerging material for electronics and optoelectronics due to its unique properties. While the small free energy difference between the 2H and 1T′ phases of MoTe2 always results in mixed-phase growth, precisely controlled phase transition of MoTe2 nanostructures is still a considerable challenge. Here, the centimeter-scale 1T′, 2H ultrathin MoTe2 films, and in-plane 1T′–2H homojunction have been synthesized by ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition based on the precursor design and space-confined strategies. The controllable growth of pure 1T′, 2H MoTe2, and 1T′–2H mixed-phase MoTe2 with phase separation and homogeneous mixture, respectively, has been achieved by adjusting growth temperature and growth time. The thickness of synthesized 1T′ and 2H ultrathin MoTe2 films can be effectively controlled by tuning the space-confined height. The corresponding growth mechanism was further illuminated based on systematically experimental characterizations and computational fluid dynamics simulations. The electrical transport properties of 1T′ and 2H MoTe2 films were investigated by conductive atomic force microscope and MoTe2-based thin-film field-effect transistors. Our experimental results provide a new route to realize the phase transition of two-dimensional materials, which makes these materials easily accessible as functional building blocks for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Effects of the particle size of BaMnO3 powders on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor electrodes

The high-crystalline perovskite oxide BaMnO3 particles were synthesized by a simple solid-state reaction, followed by high-energy ball milling to study the particle size dependence for supercapacitor electrodes. The specific capacitance of nano-sized BaMnO3 is approximately seven times higher than that of micro-sized BaMnO3. The micro-sized BaMnO3 have a rice-like nanostructure transition that enhances its specific capacitance up to 1300% and tends to increase after 3000 cycles. This suggests a cost-effective and simple technique for high performance perovskite-based supercapacitor electrodes by achieving the desired performance.

Transformation of Amorphous Nanobowls to Crystalline Ellipsoids Induced by Trans‐Cis Isomerization of Azobenzene

AbstractThe stimuli‐responsive transition of nanostructures from amorphous to crystalline state is of high interest in polymer science, but is still challenging. Herein, the transformation of amorphous nanobowls to crystalline ellipsoids triggered by UV induced trans‐cis isomerization is demonstrated, using an azobenzene‐containing amphiphilic homopolymer (PAzoAA) as a building block. The amide bond and azobenzene pendants are introduced to the side chain of PAzoAA to afford hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions, which promote the formation of nanobowls rather than spherical nanostructures. Upon exposure to UV irradiation, trans‐cis isomerization of azobenzene pendants occurs, leading to the increase of hydrophilicity and destruction of π–π interaction, further resulting in the disassembly of the nanobowls. Then the PAzoAA re‐assembles to form crystalline ellipsoids instead of amorphous nanostructures when recovered at 70 °C without UV light. Further, it is confirmed that the high incubation temperature after UV irradiation is critical for the cis‐trans transformation and the high mobility of the polymer chains to facilitate the regular rearrangement of azobenzene pendants. Overall, a facile method to achieve the transformation of amorphous nanobowls to crystalline ellipsoids is proposed, which may bring new insight into preparation of crystalline nanoparticles using amorphous precursors.

Chiroptical Transitions of Enantiomeric Ligand-Activated Nickel Oxides.

Ligand-induced chirality in transition-metal oxide (TMO) nanostructures have great potential for designing materials with tunable chiroptical effects. Herein, a facile strategy is reported to prepare chiroptical active nickel-oxide hybrids combined with pH adjustment, and the redox treatment results in ligand transformation, which is attributable to multiple optical transitions in the TMO nanostructures. The theoretical calculation also explains the chiral origins based on their complex models based on empirical analysis. It is also shown that enantiomeric TMO nanoparticles can be used as chiral inducers for chiroptical sensitive polymerization. These results demonstrate that TMO nanostructures can provide rational control over photochemical synthesis and chiral transfer of inorganics nanoarchitecture chirality.

3d Carbonaceous Nanostructured Transition Metal Nitride, Carbonitride and Carbide as Polysulfide Regulators for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

3d Carbonaceous Nanostructured Transition Metal Nitride, Carbonitride and Carbide as Polysulfide Regulators for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries