Nanosilica Content Research Articles

Comparative Study of Interfacial and Conventional Techniques for Nanosilica Incorporation in Natural Rubber Latex-Based Composites with Varied TEOS Content

This study investigates the preparation of natural rubber latex (NRL) composites with varying nanosilica contents of 5, 15, 30, and 45 phr, using both interfacial and conventional mixing techniques. Analysis focused on viscosity, plasticity, morphology, and FTIR spectra to evaluate the impact of these methods on composite properties. The interfacial techniquemaintained lower viscosity values, indicating better latex stability, and achieved higher silica yields and conversion rates (94 - 99%) at elevated TEOS contents. Plasticity analysis revealed that the interfacial method produced more uniform and stable plasticity values, suggesting improved resistance to oxidation and enhanced mechanical properties. SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed superior dispersion with the interfacial technique, especially at higher silica contents. These findings highlight the efficacy of the interfacial technique in optimizing the properties of NRL composites, making it a promising approach for advanced material applications. HIGHLIGHTS Analysis of interfacial and conventional mixing techniques reveals their impact on NRL composite properties, demonstrating the interfacial method's superior stability, silica dispersion, and enhanced mechanical properties. The interfacial method maintains lower, stable viscosity, prevents latex destabilization, achieves higher silica yields, and ensures economic and sustainable production of high-quality composites. SEM and FTIR analyses confirm better silica dispersion and morphology with the interfacial method, enhancing composite performance, durability, and informing industrial applications and future research directions. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Mechanical properties and hydration mechanism of nano-silica modified alkali-activated thermally activated recycled cement

The recycling and reuse of waste concrete are crucial for reducing environmental pollution, minimizing resource waste, and lowering carbon emissions. However, current efforts to improve the performance of recycled cement (RC) using the synergistic effects of alkali activation and thermal activation have been suboptimal. Therefore, this study explores the influence of nano-silica (NS) incorporation on the mechanical properties and hydration mechanism of alkali-activated and thermally activated RC. The research focuses on cement mortar with a thermal activation temperature of 750°C, an RC replacement rate of 30%, and an alkali content of 6%. Various analytical techniques, including thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were used to evaluate the impact of different NS dosages (1%, 2%, 3%, and 5%) on the mechanical properties and hydration characteristics of nano-modified alkali-activated and thermally activated RC mortar. The study reveals the mechanism by which NS enhances the microstructure of alkali-activated and thermally activated RC. The experimental results show that as the NS content increases, the compressive and flexural strengths of RC initially increase and then decrease. The optimal strength was achieved with a 2% NS content, with a 31.5% increase in compressive strength compared to RC without NS. At this dosage, RC exhibited a higher hydration rate during the acceleration period of hydration. Additionally, the initial hydration heat release rate of RC increased with rising NS content. While NS incorporation did not alter the phase composition of RC, it activated the pozzolanic effect of RC, causing free active substances such as CaO and gypsum in the components to dissolve and react to form Aft at the start of the hydration reaction. The unsaturated bonds (≡Si-O- and ≡Si-) on the surface of NS absorbed Ca2⁺ and OH⁻ from the RC, promoting the hydration of C2S and C3S. However, excessive NS content (greater than 3%) led to a decline in RC strength and the formation of more cracks. This is primarily due to the excess NS particles not contributing to an increase in effective nucleation sites, causing agglomeration, an increase in large pores, and a reduction in transition and gel pores, which negatively affected the microstructure and thus reduced the mechanical properties of the RC. Our findings enhance the understanding of the role of nanomaterials in alkali-activated RC and provide valuable insights for further research into high-performance recycled cement materials.

Prediction of California Bearing Ratio of nano-silica and bio-char stabilized soft sub-grade soils using explainable machine learning

This study investigates the prediction of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) for nano-silica and bio-char stabilized soft sub-grade soils using explainable machine learning (ML) models. The research involves experimentally determining CBR values for soft sub-grade soils treated with varying proportions of nano-silica and bio-char. This data, along with soil properties such as grain size distribution, moisture content, and nano-silica and bio-char content, serve as inputs for training and testing various ML models. Among the 12 ML models evaluated, the Gradient Boosting Regression exhibits superior performance, achieving high accuracy (R2 = 0.92) and low error rates (MSE = 0.45). The utilization of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques provides insight into the significant input features influencing CBR predictions, thereby enhancing the interpretability and reliability of the models.. The research findings, highlight the efficacy of machine intelligence in accurately predicting the CBR values of nano-silica and bio-char stabilized soft sub-grade soils. This research has significant implications for geotechnical engineering, offering a data-driven methodology to optimize soil stabilization practices and contribute to sustainable infrastructure development.

Research on mechanical properties and microscopic mechanism of multi-based geopolymer concrete under combined action of pre-curing and nano-silica

In order to study the combined action of curing conditions and nano-silica (NS) on geopolymer concrete (GPC), the multi-based geopolymer concrete (FSSGC) was prepared with fly ash (FA), slag (SG) and steel fiber (SF), the experiments were carried out in three stages. Firstly, the mechanical properties of FSSGC was tested by monofactor analysis, with pre-curing temperature (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 °C) and pre-curing time (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h) as parameters. The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength initially increased and then decreased with the increase of parameters, and there was an optimal value for subsequent experimental research (80 °C and 18 h). Secondly, the effects of NS content (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 wt%) on the mechanical properties of FSSGC under different curing conditions were analyzed. The results indicated that the mechanical properties of the FSSGC exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing with the increase of NS content, with the optimal mechanical performance observed under the combined action of high-temperature pre-curing conditions and the incorporation of NS (1.0 wt%). Thirdly, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, image analysis, and microhardness tests had been conducted, and the results were consistent with the mechanical properties. The pre-curing temperature affected the rate of geopolymerization, while the pre-curing time influenced the degree of geopolymerization by maintaining this rate. The small particle size and high Young's modulus of the NS effectively filled pores and inhibited the propagation of microcracks. High-temperature pre-curing enhanced the nucleation effect and pozzolanic effect of NS, resulting in a combined action that formed a denser microstructure in the matrix and interfacial transition zone (ITZ).

Determination of Fracture Mechanic Parameters of Concretes Based on Cement Matrix Enhanced by Fly Ash and Nano-Silica.

This study presents test results and deep discussion regarding measurements of the fracture toughness of new concrete composites based on ternary blended cements (TCs). A composition of the most commonly used mineral additive (i.e., fly ash (FA)) in combination with nano-silica (NS) has been proposed as a partial replacement of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) binder. The novelty of this article is related to the fact that ordinary concretes with FA + NS additives are most often used in construction practice, and there is a decided lack of fracture toughness test results concerning these materials. Therefore, in order to fill this gap in the literature, an extensive evaluation of the fracture mechanic parameters of TC was carried out. Four series of concretes were created, one of which was the reference concrete (REF), and the remaining three were TCs. The effect of a constant content of 5% NS and various FA contents, such as 0, 15%, and 25% wt., as a partial replacement of cement was studied. The parameters of the linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics were analyzed in this study (i.e., the critical stress intensity factor (KIcS), critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODc), and critical unit work of failure (JIc)). In addition, the main mechanical parameters (i.e., the compressive strength (fcm) and splitting tensile strength (fctm)) were evaluated. Based on the studies, it was found that the addition of 5% NS without FA increased the strength and fracture parameters of the concrete by approximately 20%. On the other hand, supplementing the composition of the binder with 5% NS in combination with the 15% FA additive caused an increase in all mechanical parameters by approximately another 20%. However, an increase in the FA content in the concrete mix of another 10% caused a smaller increase in all analyzed factors (i.e., by approximately 10%) compared with a composite with the addition of the NS modifier only. In addition, from an ecological point of view, by utilizing fine waste FA particles combined with extremely fine particles of NS to produce ordinary concretes, the demand for OPC can be reduced, thereby lowering CO2 emissions. Hence, the findings of this research hold practical importance for the future application of such materials in the development of green concretes.

Effect of nano-silica on mechanical properties and shrinkage of alkali-activated slag cementitious material

Alkali-activated slag cementitious material (AASCM) is a promising green building material that can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emission. Nano-silica (NS) can effectively improve the mechanical properties of cement-based materials and reduce their shrinkage; however, the effect of AASCM is unknown. Therefore, the rheology, workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, shrinkage and microstructure of NS-AASCM are investigated in this study, and the effects of the water-binder ratio (w/b) and NS content are considered. Results show that the rheological characteristics and workability of the NS-AASCM increases with the w/b and decreases as the NS content increases. Under the w/b of 0.55, 2% NS content increases the compressive and flexural strengths by 42.1% and 36.6%, respectively. The shrinkage of the AASCM increases with the w/b and NS content. The lower the w/b, the more significant is the effect of the NS content on the NS-AASCM shrinkage growth rate. SEM results show that the appropriate NS content improves the compactness of the AASCM gel matrix.

Effect of nano-silica on the flexural behavior and mechanical properties of self-compacted high-performance concrete (SCHPC) produced by cement CEM II/A-P (experimental and numerical study)

The extensive use of cement exacerbates the greenhouse effect by increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. So, many standards recommend using Portland-composite cement in construction as one of the methods for reducing CO2 emissions, especially cement CEM II/A-P. This paper presents an extensive experimental and numerical study to investigate the effect of micro and nano-silica on the flexural behavior and mechanical properties of Self-Compacted High-Performance Concrete (SCHPC) produced by cement CEM II/A-P. The extensive experimental work consisted of eight mixtures: three with micro-silica (MS), four with nano-silica (NS), and a reference mixture without silica. For both MS and NS, different percentages of adding or replacement content were tested to study their effect on the following: (a) the workability of fresh concrete, (b) concrete compressive strength, (c) splitting tensile strength, (d) flexural behavior including flexural tensile strength, and (e) the optimum percentage of each of the MS and NS to get the maximum structural and economic benefits of using for SCHPC with CEM II/A-P. Also, through a statistical program, these experimental results were used to obtain accurate formulae that could predict both the splitting tensile strength (fsp) and modulus of rupture (fctr) for SCHPC with adding nano-silica. In addition, the numerical study verified the experimental results based on the finite element program ANSYS. The flexure behavior of SCHPC beams is verified using the Microplane model (recently added to ANSYS). The experimental results showed that adding NS is more effective than replacing or adding MS for SCHPC mixture with CEM II/A-P to increase the concrete compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural tensile strength, especially for the mixture with adding NS content of 4 %. The numerical results showed the ability of the coupled damage-plasticity microplane model to simulate the flexural behavior of the tested SCHPC beams with MS or NS well. This research confirms nano-silica's structural and economical efficiency in the behavior of SCHPC beams. It was found that the optimum percentage of adding NS is 4 % for SCHPC mixtures with CEM II/A-P.

Experimental study on freeze-thaw resistance of mortar: An attempt to modify hydrophobic materials with hydrophobic nano-silica

In this study, a novel superhydrophobic additive (MPSANS) was developed to enhance the freeze-thaw (F-T) resistance of mortar by modifying mica powder with stearic acid and hydrophobic nano-silica. Firstly, the effects of hydrophobic nano-silica content on the hydrophobic properties of MPSANS modified mortar were studied, and MPSA10NS5 exhibited the best hydrophobic property, the water absorption and water desorption of modified mortar decreased by 65.42 % and 35.84 %, respectively. On this basis, abundant tests were conducted to analyze the effects of MPSA10NS5 content on the F-T resistance of mortar. Analytical findings suggested that MPSA10NS5 noticeably reduced the loss of relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of mortar. Furthermore, the microstructure was determined by using the scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. According to the test results, MPSA10NS5 refined the pore structure inside mortar and inhibited the crack development. Meanwhile, MPSA10NS5 effectively reduced the most probable aperture of mortar, resulting in an increase of harmless pores and a decrease of harmful pores.

Effects of nano-silica on fracture properties and mechanism analysis of basalt fiber reinforced concrete

The reinforcing effect of basalt fibers (BFs) on the performance of concrete mainly relies on the bridging effect of fibers, while recently, it has been shown that nano-silica (NS) may further enhance this effect. In this paper, three-point bending fracture tests were carried out on BF reinforced concrete (BFRC) to determine the optimal BF condition (i.e. volume content and length). Based on this optimal condition, the effect of NS content on the fracture performance of BFRC was examined from macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. The results indicate that the optimal BF condition for yielding the best concrete performance was 0.2 % volume content and 6 mm fiber length. Based on this condition, NS at 1 % mass content could improve its fracture performance to the best extent. Specifically, the crack initiation toughness, unstable fracture toughness and fracture energy were 1.83 MPa·m0.5, 3.35 MPa·m0.5 and 364.42 N/m, respectively, which were improved by 5.58 %, 15.93 % and 4.97 % compared to BFRC. NS mainly affects the crack propagation mode of BFRC by enhancing the fiber bridging effect or altering the way BFs play a bridging role. NS at an appropriate mass content can delay the occurrence of cracks and improve the deformation ability of BFRC.

Effect of nanosilica on the hydrological properties of loess and the microscopic mechanism

Loess areas, such as the Loess Plateau, are characterized by a fragile ecological environment, high soil erosion, and frequent geological disasters due to the unique hydrological properties of loess (e.g., collapsibility and permeability). Therefore, the loess must be stabilized for use in engineering construction. Traditional stabilizers (lime, cement, and fly ash) cause environmental problems, such as soil salinization and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of nanosilica on the hydrological properties of loess and the microscopic mechanism. Different nanosilica contents (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1%, and 3%) were added to loess sample, and the particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, collapsibility, and soil water characteristics were analyzed. The results revealed the following. The addition of nanosilica changed the particle size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of loess. After the addition of nanosilica with different contents, the loess collapsibility coefficient curve shifted downward, the soil water retention curve shifted upward, and the unsaturated permeability coefficient curve shifted downward. The pores between particles were filled, and the number of large and medium pores and the pore connectivity were lower after the nanosilica addition. The surface of the coarse particles adsorbed more fine particles, and a large number of micro-aggregates or clay aggregates were present in the pores between particles. In conclusion, the environmentally friendly material nanosilica can be used to improve the hydrological properties of loess, which is applicable to alleviating soil erosion and preventing geological disasters on the Loess Plateau.

Effects of Micro- and Nanosilica on the Mechanical and Microstructural Characteristics of Some Special Mortars Made with Recycled Concrete Aggregates.

In this paper, we study the influence of densified microsilica and colloidal nanosilica admixtures on the mechanical strength and the microstructural characteristics of special mortars used for immobilizing radioactive concrete waste. The experimental program focused on the replacement of cement with micro- and/or nanosilica, in different proportions, in the basic composition of a mortar made with recycled aggregates. The technical criteria imposed for such cementitious systems, used for the encapsulation of low-level radioactive waste, imply high fluidity, increased mechanical strength and lack of segregation and of bleeding. We aimed to increase the structural compactness of the mortars by adding micro- and nanosilica, all the while maintaining the technical criteria imposed, to obtain a cement matrix with high durability and increased capacity for immobilizing radionuclides. The samples from all the compositions obtained were analyzed from the point of view of mechanical strength. Also, micro- and nanosilica as well as samples of the optimal mortar compositions were analyzed physically and microstructurally. Experimental data showed that the mortar samples present maximum compressive strength for a content between 6 and 7.5% wt. of microsilica, respectively, for a content of 2.25% wt. nanosilica. The obtained results suggest a synergistic effect of micro- and nanosilica when they are used simultaneously in cementitious compositions. Thus, among the analyzed compositional variants, the mortar composition with 3% wt. microsilica and 2.25% wt. nanosilica showed the best performance, with an increase in compressive strength of 23.5% compared to the control sample (without micro- and nanosilica). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images highlighted the decrease in pore diameter and the increase in structural compactness, especially for mortar samples with nanosilica content or a mixture of micro- and nanosilica. This study is useful in the field of recycling radioactive concrete resulting from the decommissioning of nuclear research or nuclear power reactors.

Fatigue damage evolution of modified recycled aggregate concrete

Basalt fiber (BF) and nano-silica (NS) are used to improve the properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) and produce modified RAC (MRAC). The fatigue failure patterns of the MRAC were observed through a uniaxial compression fatigue test, and the reasons for the different patterns were explained. The effects of the stress level, replacement rate, and loading frequency on the fatigue life were investigated, and the effects of BF and NS on the fatigue strain, damage evolution, and energy dissipation evolution of MRAC were analyzed. The enhancement mechanism of BF and NS on RAC was revealed using microstructural analysis techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computed tomography (CT). The results showed that the fatigue failure modes of the MRAC could be divided into split, shear, and mixed failures. The fatigue life and fatigue strain of RAC exhibited a pattern of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing with an increase in the BF content (from 0 kg m−3 to 3 kg m−3 and then to 6 kg m−3). At stress level of 0.80, the average fatigue life of the specimens increased by 76.15 % compared to RAC when the BF doping was 3 kg m−3; however, when the BF doping was increased to 6 kg m−3, the average fatigue life of the specimens increased by only 47.68 % compared to RAC. The mixed BF and NS improved the fatigue life of RAC more than the single mixed BF or NS. Fatigue equations and unified single logarithmic fatigue equations, including fiber parameters, were established to accurately describe the relationship between the fatigue stress level, fatigue life, and failure probability. The fatigue strain gradually decreases with increasing NS content (0–2 %); with increasing loading frequency (from 1 Hz to 10 Hz and then to 15 Hz), the fatigue strain gradually decreases. The fatigue life of the MRAC decreased dramatically at low loading frequencies (1 Hz) and then steadily increased as the loading frequency increased. BF and NS have an improving effect on the porosity of microstructure, improve the fatigue life of RAC, and BF exhibits a more significant improvement than NS. A composite fatigue damage model that comprehensively considers the contribution rates of NS and BF was established, and the fatigue damage evolution of the MRAC was predicted.

Compressive strength and microscopic mechanism of nanosilica modified recycled aggregate mortar

Due to low density, large pores, and numerous cracks, recycled aggregate mortar has defects of lower fluidity and lower strength compared to natural aggregate mortar. In order to modify inherent defects of recycled aggregates, nanosilica (NS) with different dosages (0%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8%, 2.4% and 3%) was added to recycled aggregate mortar (RNC), and 40% natural sand in RNC was replaced by recycled aggregates. Then consistency test, compressive strength test and microscopic tests (SEM, EDS and XRD) were conducted to investigate working performance and microscopic mechanism. It was found that the addition of NS can improve the flowability of RNC, and the consistency value reaches the maximum (53 mm) while NS content is 2.4%, which increases by 14% comparing to the specimen without NS. The compressive strength of RNC increases and decreases with increasing NS content in the ranges of 0–1.8% and 1.8–3% respectively, and compressive strength is 3.3 and 5.9 MPa at curing ages of 7 d and 28 d respectively while NS content is 1.8%, which increase 50% and 14% comparing to the specimen without NS. Meanwhile, the consistency value of the specimen with NS content of 1.8% is 51 mm, which is close the maximum value corresponding to NS content of 2.4%. For that, 1.8% is suggested as the optimal content of NS. Moreover, the addition of NS can reduce the brittleness index and mechanical damage degree, and enhance the energy absorption effect. Microscopic analysis reveals that NS can not only fill the inherent cracks and pores of recycled aggregates, but also promote cement hydration reaction, and more hydration products (C-S-H) can efficiently reduce the cracks and pores of recycled aggregates. It is believed that the finds of this paper can provide theoretical support for the application of recycled aggregates in practical engineering.

Role of extracted nanosilica from rice husk on the structure, property and biodegradability of low density polyethylene/starch biodegradable film

AbstractStarch blended low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) has been extensively used to produce packaging film, but it has very low mechanical properties. This work emphasises the extraction of nanosilica from rice husk as a property‐enhancing filler for producing high‐quality packaging material. Nanosilica (200 nm) was obtained by chemical treatment followed by further size reduction through cryomill. The obtained nanomaterial was found to have a high surface area (189.64 m2/g) and pore volume (.462 cc/g) with high compatibility with the other materials in the matrix. The SEM and TEM analysis indicates the uniformity in particle size of the nanomaterial with an agglomerating tendency. The X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis reveals that the obtained material is amorphous in nature. The nanomaterial is dispersed in various proportions in LDPE/starch matrix, and it is observed that the highest tensile strength (9.62 MPa) can be obtained at 1.5% nanosilica content in the matrix. A continuous increase in Young's modulus and stiffness from 372.3 to 440.12 MPa and 20 243.2 to 28 559.42 N/m, respectively, when 1.5% of nanosilica is dispersed in the biodegradable matrix. Garden soil was a better degrading medium for the sample containing 20% of starch with weight loss of 10.32% and reduction of tensile strength and tear strength values to 5.987 MPa and 99.165 N/mm respectively, in 1 year.

Mechanical properties of nano-modified foamed cement paste

Foamed cement paste has been increasingly used as backfilling material in practice. The unique porous structure characteristic significantly influences the mechanical properties of foamed cement paste. This study conducted a series of laboratory tests to investigate the mechanical properties of nano-silica modified foamed cement paste. Foamed cement paste specimens with densities of 0.6 g/cm3 1.1 g/cm3 1.5 g/cm3 were prepared, incorporating nano-silica in varying concentrations from 1 g/L to 5 g/L. The density test and uniaxial compression test were conducted. The results show that the nano-silica improved the density inhomogeneity of the foamed cement paste and increased the peak strength. The optimal nano-silica content was 3 g/L in this study. This study offers a practical approach for enhancing the performance of foamed cement paste in engineering applications.

Effect of hydrophobic nano-silica content on the surface properties of corn-starch films

Starch-based films can be used for applications such as single-use packaging for food with a short shelf life. Hence, starch-based films could be a green alternative to some plastic packaging. This study analyzes the influence of hydrophobic silica content on mechanical properties, surface free energy, surface roughness, and morphology of corn starch-based films. For this purpose, commercially available amorphous hydrophobic nano-silica, Aerosil® R972, was used. The lowest value of surface free energy was observed for the starch films with the lowest glycerol and silica content (57 ± 1 mJ·m–2 for CG40S2.5), while the highest value was with the highest glycerol and silica content (73 ± 2 mJ·m–2 for CG80S5.0). The influence of silica content on the tensile strength decreases and elongation at break was investigated. The results showed that the surface roughness increases when the silica content increases. The SEM and EDS observation confirmed the homogeneity of the developed materials. This study shows that the commercially available Areosil® type of silica can be successfully used to change the performance of starch films.

An assessment of the role of nanosilica in thermal/thermo‐oxidative degradation mechanism of poly(lactic acid)/polybutylene adipate terephthalate blend nanocomposites

AbstractAs a packaging materials candidate, based on a polylactic acid/ polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PLA/PBAT) blends (90/10 and 75/25 wt/wt) containing 1, 3, and 5 phr hydrophilic (HPL) and hydrophobic (HPB) nanosilica (NS) particles in the presence of a multifunctional epoxide compatibilizer were prepared by melt mixing, in a twin‐screw extruder. Scanning electron microscopic studies confirmed a matrix‐droplet morphology with finer dispersed domains at higher NS content. Energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping also indicated uniform dispersion of NS in blends, with some agglomerates at higher content of nanoparticles. Moreover, transmission electron microscope was applied to study the impact of nanofillers' localization on the systems' morphology. It was observed that NS particles localized at the PLA‐PBAT interface. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate thermal stability and thermal degradation kinetics. Data indicates that hydrophobic NS improved thermal stability. The activation energy of degradation was calculated using several techniques of data modeling, including Friedman, Flynn‐Ozawa‐Wall, and Kissinger‐Akahira‐Sunose models. Among blend nanocomposites, 75/25 blend containing 5 phr HPB NS had the maximum degradation activation energy, suggesting that this sample had the most resistance to heat degradation. The intensity of the TGA/FTIR peaks of the evolved products was found to be correlated with the activation energy. The Criado's technique was also used to investigate the changes in the thermal degradation mechanism.

Development of Green Engineered Cementitious Composite using Fly Ash and Nanosilica for 3D Printing

The effects of adding Nanosilica (NS) to Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) for 3D Printing (3DP) applications were investigated in this study. The mechanical characteristics of 3DP ECC mortar with different NS contents were investigated. The basic components of the composite included fly ash, M-sand, polypropylene fibers, Ordinary Portland Cement, nanosilica and an accelerator. There were four different mix proportions of NS involving 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.2%. After 3, 7, 14, and 28 days of curing, the following strengths, viz., pull-out strength, direct tensile strength, compressive strength, and flexural strength were assessed. Addition of NS improved the mechanical properties of ECC up to an ideal level of 0.15%, after which decreasing returns and adverse effects, including agglomeration, were observed. Insights into the ideal NS content for obtaining maximum performance of ECC obtained from the study provide knowledge for formulations in high-performance 3DP technologies.

On the Flow of a Cement Suspension: The Effects of Nano-Silica and Fly Ash Particles.

Additives such as nano-silica and fly ash are widely used in cement and concrete materials to improve the rheology of fresh cement and concrete and the performance of hardened materials and increase the sustainability of the cement and concrete industry by reducing the usage of Portland cement. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of these additives on the rheological behavior of fresh cement. In this paper, we study the pulsating Poiseuille flow of fresh cement in a horizontal pipe by considering two different additives and when they are combined (nano-silica, fly ash, combined nano-silica, and fly ash). To model the fresh cement suspension, we used a modified form of the power-law model to demonstrate the dependency of the cement viscosity on the shear rate and volume fraction of cement and the additive particles. The convection-diffusion equation was used to solve for the volume fraction. After solving the equations in the dimensionless forms, we conducted a parametric study to analyze the effects of nano-silica, fly ash, and combined nano-silica and fly ash additives on the velocity and volume fraction profiles of the cement suspension. According to the parametric study presented here, larger nano-silica content results in lower centerline velocity of the cement suspension and larger non-uniformity of the volume fraction. Compared to nano-silica, fly ash exhibits an opposite effect on the velocity. Larger fly ash content results in higher centerline velocity, while the effect of the fly ash on the volume fraction is not obvious. For cement suspension containing combined nano-silica and fly ash additives, nano-silica plays a dominant role in the flow behavior of the suspension. The findings of the study can help the design and operation of the pulsating flow of fresh cement mortars and concrete in the 3D printing industry.

Antibacterial and dynamical behaviour of silicon nanoparticles influenced sustainable waste flax fibre-reinforced epoxy composite for biomedical application

Abstract This article explores the impact of nano-silica on the properties of woven flax fibre/epoxy composites. Using compression moulding, epoxy/flax/silica hybrid nanocomposites were produced. The nano-silica was dispersed in the epoxy matrix via ultrasonication at various weight ratios. A series of tests, including crack durability, dynamic mechanical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, were conducted to evaluate the modified materials. Notably, a 3% nano-silica filler load resulted in a 54% and 57% improvement in initiation and transmission interfacial fracture toughness, respectively. Scanning electron microscope imaging confirmed that fibres pull out at the crack tip during initial debonding, accounting for the increased toughness. Dynamic mechanical analysis further revealed enhancements in mechanical properties. Moreover, the 3% nano-silica content led to less fibre pull-out, suggesting higher heat resistance than standard flax/epoxy composites. The material also demonstrated promising antimicrobial efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, offering a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics.