Biosynthesis Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Sambiloto Leaf Extracts and its Characteristics

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been successfully synthesized using aqueous sambiloto (Andrographis Paniculata Ness) leaf extract as a reducing agent. This method of synthesizing nanoparticles is called biosynthesis. Characterization was carried out using various techniques including UV-Vis, FTIR, and TEM. The results showed that the optimal synthesis ratio, i.e., AuCl3 solution : sambiloto leaf extract, was 30 µl : 10 ml with a synthesis rate of 0.159 a.u./h. The characteristic of the gold nanoparticles synthesized is that the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) wavelength is 529.00 nm; it was stable after 4 hours of synthesis and stayed until 24 hours at an SPR wavelength of 527.00-531.50 nm. The functional groups formed include O-H, aliphatic C-H, C=O stretch, aromatic C=C stretch, and C-O stretch. The size of the nanoparticles is in the range of 1-20 nm.

Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Applications of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus

The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) presents an innovative and sustainable approach in nanotechnology with promising applications in fields such as medicine, food safety, and pharmacology. In this study, AgNPs were successfully synthesized using the probiotic strain Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (BCRC16000), addressing challenges related to stability, biocompatibility, and scalability that are common in conventional nanoparticle production methods. The formation of AgNPs was indicated by a color change from yellow to brown, and UV–visible spectrophotometry confirmed their presence with a characteristic absorption peak at 443 nm. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the involvement of biomolecules in reducing silver ions, which suggests their role in stabilizing the nanoparticles. In addition, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed significant morphological and structural changes. At the same time, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analyses provided valuable insights such as average size (199.7 nm), distribution, and stability, reporting a polydispersity index of 0.239 and a surface charge of −36.3 mV. Notably, the AgNPs demonstrated strong antibacterial activity and photocatalytic efficiency, underscoring their potential for environmental and biomedical applications. Therefore, this study highlights the effectiveness of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus in the biosynthesis of AgNPs, offering valuable antibacterial and photocatalytic properties with significant industrial and scientific implications.

Biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized using rose petals: Potential to inhibit multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens in disabled patients

BackgroundDrug resistant bacterial infections can be fatal for disabled people needing multiple medications and new effective antibacterial drugs such as biosynthesized nanoparticles are needed. A cost-effective and green method was studied for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using pink rose petals. Materials and methodsSilver nanoparticles (AgNP) were synthesized using the petals of pink rose flowers. The AgNPs were characterized using FITR, SEM, XRD, and EDS analyses. The antibacterial activity of the AgNPs against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were studied using the microplate method. ResultsTh AgNPs had a spherical shape and an average size of 26 nm. XRD analysis showed that the nanoparticles were Ag0. Antibacterial activity was the highest against the multidrug-resistant S. aureus the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) being 400 µg/ml AgNPs. The multidrug-resistant E. coli, multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, and colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae MICs were 800 µg/ml, 3200 µg/ml, and 1600 µg/ml, respectively. ConclusionThe green synthesized of AgNPS using pink rose petals and their antibacterial effects offer material for the treatments of common multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.

Studying the Antimicrobial Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Coated with Alginate Biosynthesized by Dulcicalothrix alborzica

Introduction: Nowadays, Cyanobacteria are one of the important candidates in the green biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Considering the detrimental effects of chemically synthesized nanoparticles, the aim of this study was the biosynthesis and antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles by aquatic cyanobacterium. Methods: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using three different approaches: wet biomass, boiling, and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). Alginate coating was employed to enhance the nanoparticles' stability. Characterization of the nanoparticles was performed using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential measurements. The antimicrobial properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated against fish pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Statistical analyzes were performed with SPSS version 16 software, and the significant difference between the means was performed with one-way analysis of variance with 95% confidence limits and Tukey's test, and the results were drawn as a graph with Excel software. Results: The UV-vis spectroscopy results confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs in all three methods. FTIR analysis revealed similar spectra for all three methods, indicating comparable purity and production of similar compounds. Electron microscope images showed the sphericity of nanoparticles prepared by boiling method, and the average diameter of uncoated and alginate coated nanoparticles was 38 and 180.04 nm, respectively. Zeta potential analysis indicated a positive surface charge on the nanoparticles. The highest zone of inhibition was observed for AgNPs synthesized by the boiling method and coated with alginate. Similar results were obtained for the antifungal activity, with Saprolegnia exhibiting higher sensitivity to the synthesized nanoparticles compared to the other species studied. Conclusion: The novel strain Dulcicalothrix alborzica demonstrated potential as a potent producer of AgNPs with unique properties and promising applications in microbial biotechnology.

Biofortification of Wheat Using Biologically Synthesized Zinc Nanoparticles

The research was carried out at the Green Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, with a specific emphasis on the biosynthesis of zinc nanoparticles using Pseudomonas and actinobacteria. The zinc nanoparticles were biosynthesized and characterized through UV-Visible spectroscopy, Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). After biosynthesis and characterization of the nanoparticles (NPs), a pot experiment was conducted under controlled condition to enrich the zinc content in wheat using biosynthesized zinc nanoparticles.In wheatseed priming @ 500 ppm and foliar spraying @ 500 ppm at panicle initiation stage with zinc nanoparticles biosynthesized through actinobacteria(T12) recorded significantly higher number of grains per spike (46.73), 1000 grain weight (42.26 g), grain yield (3.95g plant-1), straw yield (5.97g plant-1), zinc content (grain 55.87μg g-1 and straw 66.27μg g-1) and zincuptake (grain 220.69 μg plant-1, straw 395.63μg plant-1 and total zinc uptake 616.32μg plant-1), which was on par with seed priming @ 500 ppm and foliar spraying @ 500 ppm at panicle initiation stage with zinc nanoparticles biosynthesized through Pseudomonas (T5).

Biosynthesis of pH-Responsive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles from Cucumber Peels for Targeting 3D Lung Tumor Spheroids.

Lung adenocarcinoma is considered to be one of the primary causes of cancer-related deaths globally. Conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy taken together, have not significantly lowered mortality rates. Repositioning of authorized anticancer medications supported by nanotechnology has therefore emerged as an effective strategy to close such gaps. In this context, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were biosynthesized from cucumber peels and were loaded with doxorubicin, a common anticancer drug to form doxorubicin-bound mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs). The study addresses a sustainable method for turning waste materials into MSNs, which can be used to create multifunctional nanosystems. The therapeutic module (DMSNs) was designed specifically to target 2D monolayer cells and 3D tumor spheroids of lung adenocarcinoma cancer. The DMSNs demonstrated notable antiproliferative activity and effective intracellular localization in addition to being biocompatible and innately fluorescent. Subsequent investigations revealed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcal infection, which is primarily prevalent in lung cancer patients. Thus, the developed MSNs held promising potential for anticancer drug delivery systems and have antibacterial potential to treat bacterial infections in patients with lung cancer. Furthermore, the cucumber peel-mediated synthesis of MSNs could also aid in the management of food waste and promote the adoption of the waste-to-health paradigm for sustainable solutions.

In-situ biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using Allium sativum and Chondrilla juncea extract: characterization and application in dye decolorization

The synthesis of catalysts has gained specific concern due to their versatile applications in particular azo dye decolorization. In the current work, metallic nanoparticles (copper and silver) were In-situ biosynthesised using Allium sativum and Chondrilla juncea extract. The obtained Allium-copper oxide and Allium-silver oxide materials were analyzed using SEM, TEM, FT-IR, TGA-DTG, SEM, TEM, and XRD techniques. Allium peels had a rough surface, with nanoparticles equally distributed over it. The crystal structure of Allium peels was altered after the addition of CuO and AgO nanoparticles. The highest residual mass values in the prepared materials indicated that the metallic nanoparticles were, in situ, formed. The prepared materials had worse thermal stability than Allium peel powders. The azo dyes, Calmagite and Naphthol Blue Black B were tested in the catalytic power of the resulting materials. The decolorization process was affected by the dye structure, amount of H2O2, dye concentration, time of reaction, and temperature of the bath. The activation energy values for Allium-CuO were 18.44 kJ mol−1 for calmagite, and 23.28 kJ mol−1 for naphthol blue black, respectively. Nevertheless, the energy values for Allium-AgO were 50.01 kJ mol−1 for calmagite and 12.44 kJ mol−1 for Naphthol blue black. The calculated low energy values for the prepared materials suggested the high efficiency of the use of these catalysts in azo dye decolorization under the change of some main experimental conditions.

Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model

Abstract Mosquitoes are rapidly advancing as vectors of several severe diseases. The increasing resistance of mosquitoes and the environmental harm caused by insecticides pose significant challenges for eradicating mosquito vectors. In this study, 18 plant extracts were tested for larvicidal properties against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles stephensi larvae. Phyllanthus niruri (Pn) showed enhanced larvicidal activity in both laboratory and field trials. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Pn leaf methanol extract (Pn-LME) was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Among various concentrations, 3 mM AgNPs exhibited significant LC90 values of 0.83, 1.46, and 9.11 ppm compared to 9.25, 93.48, and 14.60 ppm of Pn-LME against A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus, and A. aegypti, respectively. This indicates the high mortality of mosquito vectors at low AgNP concentrations. Additionally, Pn-AgNPs showed enhanced antibacterial activity and no cytotoxicity in normal fibroblast cells (L929). Field trials demonstrated a 98.70% decrease in mosquito larval density at A. stephensi breeding sites, a 96.55% reduction at C. quinquefasciatus sites, and a 97.85% reduction at Ae. aegypti sites. This study presents an eco-friendly and cost-effective AgNP bio-pesticide synthesized from Pn leaves for controlling and preventing the transmission of filarial, dengue, and malaria vectors.

Elucidating the Dynamics of Biodegradation and Biosynthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Stem Cells.

Iron oxide nanoparticles, due to their magnetic properties, are versatile tools for biomedical applications serving both diagnostic and therapeutic roles. Their performance is intricately intertwined with their fate in the demanding biological environment. Once inside cells, these nanoparticles can be degraded, implying a loss of magnetic efficacy, but also transformed into neo-synthesized magnetic nanoparticles, potentially restoring functionality. This study aims to delineate biological features governing these processes. Magnetic nanoparticles are internalized in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), and their biotransformations are investigated from nano- to micro-scale using electron microscopy (STEM-HAADF, HRTEM, SAED), a benchtop magnetic sensor, and fine structural characterizations (synchrotron XRD, VSM). Results evidence a delicate equilibrium between the biodegradation and biosynthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, with biotransformation kinetics depending on cell density at magnetic labeling and on spatial cell configuration (monolayers vs spheroids). The biotransformed nanoparticles, composed of magnetite or maghemite, are localized within endosomal/lysosomal compartments and associated with the recruitment of ferritin proteins.

Biosynthesis and characterization of Cu-Se bimetallic nanoparticles: an effective approach as anticancer agents

Biosynthesis and characterization of Cu-Se bimetallic nanoparticles: an effective approach as anticancer agents

Biosynthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Acacia concinna pod and their application for the synthesis of tetra-hydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives

Biosynthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Acacia concinna pod and their application for the synthesis of tetra-hydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by endophytic fungus Fusarium porliferutum isolated from Allium Sativum and its antimicrobial effect against multidrug resistant bacteria

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by endophytic fungus Fusarium porliferutum isolated from Allium Sativum and its antimicrobial effect against multidrug resistant bacteria

Unlocking nature’s brilliance: using Antarctic extremophile Shewanella baltica to biosynthesize lanthanide-containing nanoparticles with optical up-conversion

Both lanthanide-containing and fluorine-containing nanomaterials present challenging targets for microbial biosynthesis because these elements are toxic to most bacteria. Here, we overcome these challenges by using an Antarctic Shewanella baltica strain that tolerates these elements and report the first biosynthesis of lanthanide-doped fluoride nanoparticles (NPs) from them. NaYF4 NPs doped with Er3+/Yb3+ are prototypical lanthanide-based upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) with upconverted luminescence at visible wavelengths under infrared excitation. However, their synthesis employs high precursor concentrations, organic solvents, and elevated temperatures. Microbial biosynthesis offers a greener alternative but has not been explored for these materials. Here, we harness an extremophile S. baltica strain to biosynthesize UCNPs at room temperature, based upon its high tolerance for fluoride and lanthanide ions and the observation that tolerance of lanthanides increased in the presence of fluoride. Our biosynthesis produces electron-dense nanostructures composed of Na, Y, F, Yb, and Er in the bacterial periplasm, adhered to the outer cell membrane, and dispersed extracellularly, which exhibited up-converted emission under 980 nm excitation. This suggests that extracellular or periplasmic mineralization of lanthanides as fluorides protects the bacteria from lanthanide toxicity. Subsequent heating both enhanced upconverted emission from UCNPs and allowed observation of their crystallinity in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This work establishes the first biosynthesis of NaYF4:Yb: Er UCNPs, advancing both nanotechnology and biotechnology.Graphical

Plant‐Based Biosynthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: An Update on Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity

AbstractNanotechnology has changed and developed all the sectors and working fields. Nanoparticles are one of the important evolutionary materials that have application in almost all the working areas such as catalysis, bioengineering, photoelectricity, antibacterial, anticancer, and medical imaging due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Traditionally used chemical and physical method of synthesis of nanoparticles have several disadvantages like using different chemicals, high cost, and most importantly they are hazardous to the environment. Counter to these disadvantages, a more eco‐friendly, easy, and cost‐effective green synthesis method is widely employed nowadays. Various parts of a plant are used as a fuel for reducing the metal ion salt. Plant extracts act as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents. Besides these advantages, photosynthesized nanoparticles are nontoxic, more stable, and more uniform in size than their counterparts prepared by the traditional method. In this present review, the synthesis of various plant extract‐mediated metal and metal oxide nanoparticles is discussed along with their different applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of key findings in green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and attempts to determine their possible synthesis mechanism. This article also focuses on factors affecting their synthesis, characterization, potential applications, and prospects.

Molecular Characterization of Endophytic Fungal Strains for Green Synthesis of ZnO and Au Nanoparticles

Abstract Introduction/Objective Introduction: Traditional methods for nanoparticle synthesis often involve hazardous compounds, posing environmental risks and limiting their biomedical applications due to instability. The exploration of green synthesis approaches using natural products and eco-friendly solvents presents a challenging yet imperative pursuit in nanoparticle research. Methods/Case Report Methods: Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy Eucalyptus sideroxylon plants collected from the Desert Research Center. Cultivation of fungi in malt extract broth was conducted at 28°C with agitation for 96 hours. Subsequently, fungal DNA was extracted, and ITS-rDNA regions were PCR-amplified for identification. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed to characterize the fungal isolates. Fungal filtrates were utilized for the biosynthesis of ZnO and Au nanoparticles (NPs) from ZnSO4 and HAuCl4 solutions, respectively. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results: Among the 13 fungal isolates, Fusarium chlamydosporum (FI-03) exhibited the most efficient synthesis of ZnO and Au NPs. Sequencing confirmed the identity of the fungal strain. The synthesized NPs displayed uniform spherical shapes, with ZnO NPs averaging 19.3 nm and Au NPs averaging 22.1 nm in size. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis further elucidated the morphology of the NPs. Conclusion Conclusion: Fusarium chlamydosporum emerged as a promising candidate for the green synthesis of ZnO and Au NPs. This environmentally friendly approach offers a cost-effective and biocompatible alternative to conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods.

Anticancer Efficacy of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide and Gold Nanoparticles

Abstract Introduction/Objective Introduction: Advancements in nanoscale materials have led to the exploration of metal oxides for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are particularly promising due to their biocompatibility and anticancer properties demonstrated across various cancer cell lines. Objectives This study aimed to isolate fungal endophytes from Eucalyptus sideroxylon leaves and utilize them for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (ZnO NPs and Au NPs) to assess their anticancer activity. Methods/Case Report Methods: Healthy Eucalyptus sideroxylon samples were collected from a desert research center, and endophytes were isolated and cultivated. The fungal biomass was processed to synthesize ZnO NPs and Au NPs. Cell lines were propagated for cytotoxicity experiments using the MTT assay in a 96-well plate format. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results: Biosynthesized ZnO and Au NPs exhibited anticancer activity against HCT-116 and CACO2 cell lines. The IC50 values for ZnO NPs were 5.06 μg/mL for HCT-116 and 6.07 μg/mL for CACO2, while Au NPs showed IC50 values of 5.9 μg/mL for HCT-116 and 1.1 μg/mL for CACO2. ZnO NPs demonstrated dose-dependent toxicity on HCT-116 cells, with increasing concentrations leading to a reduction in cell viability. Similarly, Au NPs exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity on both cell lines. Conclusion Conclusion: This study underscores the potential of endophytic fungi for biosynthesizing metal nanoparticles with significant anticancer effects. ZnO NPs displayed superior efficacy against colon cancer cells compared to Au NPs, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents. The findings highlight the importance of exploring natural sources for nanoparticle synthesis and their application in cancer therapy.

Biosynthesis of CuO nanoparticle using leaf extracts of Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth and Withana somnifera (L) Dunal for antibacterial activity

Nanotechnology is becoming a promise for scientific advancement nowadays in areas like medicine, consumer products, energy, materials, and manufacturing. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth and Withana somnifera (L) Dunal leaf extract via green synthetic pathway. The leaf of O. lamiifolium and W. somnifera were known to have strong antibiotic and antioxidant properties arising due to the presence of various secondary metabolites, including, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and phenolic compounds which serve as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents for the CuO-Nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized. The biosynthesized CuO NPs were characterized based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. O. lamiifolium and W. somnifera leaf extract mediated synthesis could produce CuO NPs with average crystallite size of 15 nm and 19 nm, respectively. The biosynthesized CuO-NPs were further examined for antibacterial activity with Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). The GZDK-CuO NPs synthesized using W. somnifera leaf extract inhibited the growth of E. coli. and P. aeruginosa largely in comparison to S. aureus. Whereas the DMAZ-CuO NPs synthesized with the help of O. lamiifolium leaf extract showed higher bacterial inhibition on E. coli compared to S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of both types of NPs are also assessed on all three pathogens. The newly biosynthesized nanoparticles, thus, were found to be optional materials for inhibiting the growth of drug- resistant bacterial pathogens.

Influence of Green Synthesized Silver and Zinc Nanoparticle on Seed Quality Attributes in Red Sander (Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.)

Red Sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus), or Rakta chandana, is an endangered tree native to the Southern Indian Peninsula, valued for its medicinal and dye properties. However, its germination is hindered by a hard seed coat, phenolic compounds and hormonal imbalances. Nanotechnology in forestry enhances product innovation, paper processes and sustainability through plant-based nanoparticle biosynthesis. The experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications and evaluated seven presowing treatments: T1 (AgNPs at 1000 ppm for 24 hours), T2 (ZnNPs at 2000 ppm for 24 hours), T3 (Conc. H2SO4 for 12 minutes), T4 (NaDC 500 ppm), T5 (Dewinging), T6 (soaking in hot water at 100°C for 5 minutes) and T7 (control). The results indicated that seeds treated with ZnNPs at 2000 ppm (T2) exhibited highest germination rate (56%), germination speed (1.04), root length (17.05 cm), shoot length (16.33cm) and highest dry weight (6.22 g) and highest seedling vigour Index-I (1869). In comparison H2SO4 treatment (T3) delivered 51.67 per cent germination and a speed of germination (0.95), with root length (15.28 cm), shoot length (16.22 cm), dry weight (5.24 g) and seedling vigour Index (1628) slightly lower but still significant. The control (T7) had the lowest performance with 31 per cent germination, a speed of 0.36, root length (15.28 cm), shoot length (16.22 cm), lower dry weight (1.63 g) and the lowest Seedling Vigour Index (649). Overall, ZnNPs at 2000 ppm (T2) were the most effective in enhancing germination, seedling growth and overall vigour in Red sanders.

Biosynthesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles by employing Mulberry (Morus nigra) leaf extract as an efficient source for Rhodamine B remediation

Green processes for synthesizing nanocomposites are a hot area of research today as traditional processes are expensive, inefficient, harmful for synthesizing organic and inorganic molecules, and unsuitable for large-scale operations. The present study investigates the capacity of green synthesized Calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) for efficiently removing Rhodamine B. Chemical reduction was replaced with Mulberry (Morus nigera) leaf extract as an environmentally friendly reaction mechanism. CaO NPs are characterized by various analytical techniques including EDX, BET, SEM, FTIR, TGA, Zeta Potential, Point of Zero Charge (PZC), and XRD. Maximum adsorption of Rhodamine B by CaO NPs is revealed at an initial concentration of Rhodamine B of 80 ppm, a temperature of 343 K, and contact time of 60 min, 0.4 g of adsorbent at a pH value of 7. Maximum removal of Rhodamine B by CaO NPs was found to be 98.2% which is promising with this small amount of adsorbent (0.4 g). Diverse Kinetic and adsorption isotherms are employed in this study to determine the requirement and significance of the adsorption process. Various adsorption isotherms such as Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), and Langmuir models have been employed. Among the kinetic adsorption isotherms Elovich, Intraparticle kinetic model, pseudo 1st order, and pseudo 2nd order models were applied. The current study investigates the thorough understanding of the Rhodamine B adsorption process including the mechanism of adsorption using condition optimization, characterization, and model applications. The proposed adsorbent can be employed for the green removal of Rhodamine B from wastewater of industry with maximum efficiency and favorable regeneration properties.

Biosynthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial Activities, and Photocatalysis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Allium Ambelloprasum (leeks) Leaves Extract

Biosynthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial Activities, and Photocatalysis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Allium Ambelloprasum (leeks) Leaves Extract