Nanoparticle-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Research Articles

In situ exploration of oxygen electrocatalysis using core-shell nanostructure-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Advancements in fuel cells and water electrolyzers have significantly bolstered the utilization of hydrogen energy. Notably, the oxidation and reduction processes of oxygen at the electrode—termed oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)—manifest sluggish reaction kinetics, thus requiring noble metals as catalysts, which considerably impedes system efficiency and cost. The imperative for enhancing reaction rates and diminishing overpotential necessitates the development of effective catalysts, which strongly depends on the mechanistic understanding of these reactions at the molecular level. Therefore, this review summarizes our recent efforts in utilizing in situ enhanced Raman spectroscopy, especially the borrowing surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) strategy, shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS), and the SHINERS-satellite strategy, to capture oxygen intermediate species as a bridge to investigate the molecular mechanisms of OER and ORR. Combining in situ SERS with other characterization techniques and theoretical simulation, the structural evolution of active sites and intermediates, including ∗OOH, ∗OH, ∗OO, etc., during OER/ORR has been monitored under reaction conditions, and the reaction mechanisms together with structure-activity correlations have been identified at the molecular level. These findings may provide a pivotal scientific foundation towards the discovery of better materials for electrochemical hydrogen energy.

In Situ Probing the Structure Change and Interaction of Interfacial Water and Hydroxyl Intermediates on Ni(OH)2 Surface over Water Splitting.

There is growing acknowledgment that the properties of the electrochemical interfaces play an increasingly pivotal role in improving the performance of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, we present, for the first time, direct dynamic spectral evidence illustrating the impact of the interaction between interfacial water molecules and adsorbed hydroxyl species (OHad) on the HER properties of Ni(OH)2 using Au/core-Ni(OH)2/shell nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Notably, our findings highlight that the interaction between OHad and interfacial water molecules promotes the formation of weakly hydrogen-bonded water, fostering an environment conducive to improving the HER performance. Furthermore, the participation of OHad in the reaction is substantiated by the observed deprotonation step of Au@2 nm Ni(OH)2 during the HER process. This phenomenon is corroborated by the phase transition of Ni(OH)2 to NiO, as verified through Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The significant redshift in the OH-stretching frequency of water molecules during the phase transition confirms that surface OHad disrupts the hydrogen-bond network of interfacial water molecules. Through manipulation of the shell thickness of Au@Ni(OH)2, we additionally validate the interaction between OHad and interfacial water molecules. In summary, our insights emphasize the potential of electrochemical interfacial engineering as a potent approach to enhance electrocatalytic performance.

Second-Shell N Dopants Regulate Acidic O2 Reduction Pathways on Isolated Pt Sites.

Pt is a well-known benchmark catalyst in the acidic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that drives electrochemical O2-to-H2O conversion with maximum chemical energy-to-electricity efficiency. Once dispersing bulk Pt into isolated single atoms, however, the preferential ORR pathway remains a long-standing controversy due to their complex local coordination environment and diverse site density over substrates. Herein, using a set of carbon nanotube supported Pt-N-C single-atom catalysts, we demonstrate how the neighboring N dopants regulate the electronic structure of the Pt central atom and thus steer the ORR selectivity; that is, the O2-to-H2O2 conversion selectivity can be tailored from 10% to 85% at 0.3 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Moreover, via a comprehensive X-ray-radiated spectroscopy and shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis coupled with theoretical modeling, we reveal that a dominant pyridinic- and pyrrolic-N coordination within the first shell of Pt-N-C motifs favors the 4e- ORR, whereas the introduction of a second-shell graphitic-N dopant weakens *OOH binding on neighboring Pt sites and gives rise to a dominant 2e- ORR. These findings underscore the importance of the chemical environment effect for steering the electrochemical performance of single-atom catalysts.

Optimization of shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy experiments with silver core-silica shell nanoparticles

The synthesized silver nanoparticles (60–70 nm) coated with a thin (5–6 nm) shell of silicon dioxide were applied for the analysis of popular 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) self-assembled monolayer by the shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS). The detailed synthesis, purification of the nanoparticles, and optimizing washing procedure are provided. The obtained results are proved by HR-TEM, UV-Vis, and SHINERS data. The report opens up a broad possibility of using core-shell nanoparticles in SHINERS experiments, avoiding lengthy purification procedures while maintaining particle stability and Raman signal intensity.

SHINERS Study of Chloride Order-Disorder Phase Transition and Solvation of Cu(100).

Shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) and density functional theory (DFT) are used to probe Cl- adsorption and the order-disorder phase transition associated with the c(2 × 2) Cl- adlayer on Cu(100) in acid media. A two-component ν(Cu-Cl) vibrational band centered near 260 ± 1 cm-1 is used to track the potential dependence of Cl- adsorption. The potential dependence of the dominant 260 cm-1 component tracks the coverage of the fluctional c(2 × 2) Cl- phase on terraces in good agreement with the normalized intensity of the c(2 × 2) superstructure rods in prior surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) studies. As the c(2 × 2) Cl- coverage approaches saturation, a second ν(Cu-Cl) component mode emerges between 290 and 300 cm-1 that coincides with the onset and stiffening of step faceting where Cl- occupies the threefold hollow sites to stabilize the metal kink saturated Cu <100> step edge. The formation of the c(2 × 2) Cl- adlayer is accompanied by the strengthening of ν(O-H) stretching modes in the adjacent non-hydrogen-bonded water at 3600 cm-1 and an increase in hydronium concentration evident in the flanking H2O modes at 3100 cm-1. The polarization of the water molecules and enrichment of hydronium arise from the combination of Cl- anionic character and lateral templating provided by the c(2 × 2) adlayer, consistent with SXRD studies. At negative potentials, Cl- desorption occurs followed by development of a sulfate νs(S═O) band. Below -1.1 V vs Hg/HgSO4, a new 200 cm-1 mode emerges congruent with hydride formation and surface reconstruction reported in electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy studies.

Alternative nano-lithographic tools for shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates.

Chemically synthesized metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates for monitoring catalytic reactions. In some applications, however, the SERS MNPs, besides being plasmonically active, can also be catalytically active and result in Raman signals from undesired side products. The MNPs are typically insulated with a thin (∼3 nm), in principle pin-hole-free shell to prevent this. This approach, which is known as shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS), offers many advantages, such as better thermal and chemical stability of the plasmonic nanoparticle. However, having both a high enhancement factor and ensuring that the shell is pin-hole-free is challenging because there is a trade-off between the two when considering the shell thickness. So far in the literature, shell insulation has been successfully applied only to chemically synthesized MNPs. In this work, we alternatively study different combinations of chemical synthesis (bottom-up) and lithographic (top-down) routes to obtain shell-isolated plasmonic nanostructures that offer chemical sensing capabilities. The three approaches we study in this work include (1) chemically synthesized MNPs + chemical shell, (2) lithographic substrate + chemical shell, and (3) lithographic substrate + atomic layer deposition (ALD) shell. We find that ALD allows us to fabricate controllable and reproducible pin-hole-free shells. We showcase the ability to fabricate lithographic SHINER substrates which report an enhancement factor of 7.5 × 103 ± 17% for our gold nanodot substrates coated with a 2.8 nm aluminium oxide shell. Lastly, by introducing a gold etchant solution to our fabricated SHINER substrate, we verified that the shells fabricated with ALD are truly pin-hole-free.

Effect of alkali-metal cation on oxygen adsorption at Pt single-crystal electrodes in non-aqueous electrolytes.

The effect of Group 1 alkali-metal cations (Na+, K+, and Cs+) on the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-based electrolytes was investigated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) utilising different Pt-electrode surfaces (polycrystalline Pt, Pt(111) and Pt(100)) was undertaken to investigate the influence of surface structure upon the ORR and OER. For K+ and Cs+, negligible variation in the CV response (in contrast to Na+) was observed using Pt(111), Pt(100) and Pt(poly) electrodes, consistent with a weak surface-metal/superoxide complex interaction. Indeed, changes in the half-wave potentials (E1/2) and relative intensities of the redox peaks corresponding to superoxy (O2-) and peroxy (O22-) ion formation were consistent with a solution-mediated mechanism for larger cations, such as Cs+. Support for this finding was obtained via in situ shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS). During the ORR and in the presence of Cs+, O2- and weakly adsorbed caesium superoxide (CsO2) species were detected. Because DMSO was found to strongly interact with the surface at potentials associated with the ORR, CsO2 was readily displaced at more negative potentials via increased solvent adsorption at the surface. This finding highlights the important impact of the solvent during ORR/OER reactions.

Direct Capturing and Regulating Key Intermediates for High-Efficiency Oxygen Evolution Reactions.

Developing efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts can greatly advance the commercialization of proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis. However, the unclear and disputed reaction mechanism and structure-activity relationship of OER pose significant obstacles. Herein, the active site and intermediate for OER on AuIr nanoalloys are simultaneously identified and correlated with the activity, through the integration of in situ shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The AuIr nanoalloys display excellent OER performance with an overpotential of only 246mV to achieve 10mA cm-2 and long-term stability under strong acidic conditions. Direct spectroscopic evidence demonstrates that * OO adsorbed on IrOx sites is the key intermediate for OER, and it is generated through the O-O coupling of adsorbed oxygen species directly from water, providing clear support for the adsorbate evolution mechanism. Moreover, the Raman information of the * OO intermediate can serve as a universal "in situ descriptor" that can be obtained both experimentally and theoretically to accelerate the catalyst design. It unveils that weakening the interactions of * OO on the catalysts and facilitating its desorption would boost the OER performance. This work deepens the mechanistic understandings on OER and provides insightful guidance for the design of more efficient OER catalysts.

Facet-dependent adsorption of aromatic organoarsenicals on hematite: The mechanism and environmental impact

Aromatic organoarsenic feed additives have been extensively used in poultry and livestock farming; however, a risk of releasing toxic inorganic arsenic exists when they are exposed to the environment. An in-depth understanding of the adsorption -migration behavior of aromatic organoarsenicals on environmental media is limited. In this study, p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA) and roxarsone (ROX) were considered as examples to systematically study their adsorption behaviors on the surface of hematite, a representative iron oxide in soil. By comparing the adsorption abilities and adsorption kinetics of hematite exposed with different facets (hexagonal nanoplates, HNPs, mainly exposed with {001} facets and hexagonal nanocubes, HNCs, exposed with {012} facets), combined with in situ shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy characterization and density functional theory simulation, the facet-dependent adsorption performance was observed and the mechanism revealed. The results showed that p-ASA formed a bidentate binuclear complex on HNCs and HNPs, whereas ROX formed monodentate mononuclear and bidentate binuclear configurations on the {001} and {012} facets, respectively. These differences not only lead to facet-dependent adsorption capacities but also affect their stability, as verified by sequential extraction experiments, affecting the environmental behavior and fate of aromatic organoarsenicals. This study not only provides insights into the environmental behavior of aromatic organoarsenicals but also offers theoretical support for the development of functional adsorbents and remediation strategies.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles with polyols under reflux and microwave irradiation conditions

Four polyols were used as stabilisers to synthesise silver nanospheres under reflux and microwave irradiation conditions. The nanoparticles were covered with a protective up to 10 nm silicon dioxide shell. The shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) technique was used to analyse the self-assembled monolayer of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) by applying the produced silver core-silica shell nanoparticles. The article provides a detailed description of the synthesis, analysis and application of the nanoparticles based on UV/Vis, HR-TEM and SHINERS data.

Rethinking the Role of Formerly Sub-Sufficient Industrial/Synthesized SEI Additive Compounds - a New Perspective

In order to improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), novel electrolytes are of primary importance. Recently, fluorinated cyclic phosphazene derivatives in combination with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) are mentioned in the literature as a promising electrolyte additive combination, which can decompose to form a dense, uniform, and thin protective layer on the surface of the anode and cathode electrode.[1,2] Additionally, suppressing further electrolyte decomposition and electrode corrosion, thus protecting the structural destruction of the electrodes, are mentioned within this electrolyte composition.[1–3] Furthermore, galvanostatic charge and discharge experiments with different cell composition materials demonstrate that fluorinated cyclic phosphazene compounds as additional additive material tend to improve cycling stability.[1,3,4] Although the electrochemical aspects of cyclic fluorinated phosphazene compounds combined with FEC are briefly introduced, it is still not fully clear how these two compound classes interact constructively during operation mode. Thus, the positive synergistic effect of FEC/Hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene (HFPN)-derivatives on the electrochemical performance during cell operation is not enlightened. The focus of this study is to investigate the complementary effect of FEC and ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene (EtPFPN) as additive compounds in an aprotic organic electrolyte in LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O (NCM523) SiOx/C full cells. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of lithium ethyl methyl carbonate (LEMC)-EtPFPN interfacial products and the reaction mechanism of lithium alkoxide with EtPFPN are proposed and supported with DFT measurements. Additionally, a new effect of FEC regarding the SEI formation will be introduced. The EtPFPN decomposition compounds in the electrolyte after the SEI formation have been investigated via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The electrode electrolyte interface investigation of the SEI has been performed via in-situ shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Constant current cycling is conducted, and in-situ Raman measurements characterize the deposition of electrolyte components and LEMC-EtPFPN traces on the SiOx/C anode material during the SEI formation. Finally, the interplay between EC, EMC, Li-alkoxide, LEMC, FEC, and EtPFPN has been visualized schematically via a reaction mechanism postulated based on analytical data of the electrolyte.[1] A. Ghaur, C. Peschel, I. Dienwiebel, L. Haneke, L. Du, L. Profanter, A. Gomez‐Martin, M. Winter, S. Nowak, T. Placke, Adv Energy Mater 2023, 2203503.[2] J. Liu, X. Song, L. Zhou, S. Wang, W. Song, W. Liu, H. Long, L. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Feng, Z. Guo, Nano Energy 2018, 46, 404–414.[3] Q. Liu, Z. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Hong, W. Wang, J. Wang, B. Zhao, Y. Xu, J. Wang, X. Fan, L. Li, H. bin Wu, Energy Storage Mater 2021, 37, 521–529.[4] Y.-H. Liu, M. Okano, T. Mukai, K. Inoue, M. Yanagida, T. Sakai, J Power Sources 2016, 304, 9–14.

Cu Surface Chemistry in Acid Media: Vibrational Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry and ECSTM Measurements

Copper electrodeposition is a central process in the metallization of microelectronics and more recently copper has also found use as an important electrocatalyst in the conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbons. Gaining mechanistic insight into the reactivity of Cu surfaces requires in situ and better still in operando measurements. Herein the utility of the combination of vibrational spectroscopy (SEIRAS, SHINERS), electrochemical mass spectrometry (EC-MS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (ECSTM) to examine the competitive and co-adsorption interactions between potential dependent halide adsorption, molecular adsorption, underpotential metal deposition and hydride formation on low index Cu single crystals surface will be detailed. Further still, the emergent opportunity to study the impact of such interaction on metal deposition reactions will also be explored.1.Raciti and T.P. Moffat, “Quantification of Hydride Coverage on Cu(111) by Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry,” J. Phys. Chem., 126, 18734-18743 (2022).2.Raciti, A.R. Hight Walker, T. P. Moffat, “Mapping Surface Chemistry During Superfilling with Shell- Isolated Nanoparticle Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 169, 082506 (2022).3.B.M. Tackett, D. Raciti, A.R. Hight Walker, T.P. Moffat, “Surface Hydride Formation on Cu (111) and its Decomposition to Form H2 in Acid Electrolytes,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 12, 10936-10941 (2021).4. G.Liu, S. Zou, D. Josell, L.J. Richter and T.P. Moffat, “SEIRAS Study of Chloride Mediated Polyether Adsorption on Cu,” J. Phys. Chem. C., 122, 21933-21951, (2018).

Investigation into Anion Effects on the Bulk and Interfacial Solvation Structure for Multivalent Ion Batteries

Zinc ion batteries (ZIB) are attractive because of the relative abundance of Zn as a core earth element, a higher volumetric energy density compared to lithium metal and it is cost effective. Despite this promise, a general lack of fundamental understanding of the electrode-electrolyte interface in ZIB, and multivalent (MV) ion technologies more broadly, hinders their wide scale deployment. In particular, the solvation structure of aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes plays a critical role in promoting the necessary intermolecular charge transfer interactions to drive reversible plating/stripping at the metal anode. Here we examine the dynamics of the bulk and interfacial solvation structure to uncover differences in the bulk vs. the interfacial speciation as a function of anion chemistry in hopes to develop new design principles for new electrolyte development in ZIB and MV technologies. Utilizing Raman spectroscopy to probe the bulk solvation structures of Zn-based electrolytes containing one anion such as SO4 2-, bis-trifluoromethane sulfonimide (TFSI-) and trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate, OTf-), we find three solvation environments present; a main feature corresponding to the “free” anion breathing mode and, in some cases, small amounts of mono- or bidentate contact ion pairs (CIPs). In some cases, introduction of co-anions (i.e., halides, X = Cl-, Br-, I-) results in significant extra intensity on the low frequency side of the overall Raman peak envelope that does not correspond with solvation structures observed in the single anion electrolytes. First principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate the additional vibrational mode corresponds to a mixed anion CIP, suggesting anion-anion interactions can induce nominally dissociated anions to coordinate the cation in ways they otherwise would not. Raman and DFT analysis of Mg-based electrolytes indicate similar mixed anion CIP structures are formed, indicating similar solvation effects are active in other MV systems. Preliminary measurements utilizing shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERs) will also be discussed as a means of developing in situ understanding of the evolution of interfacial solvation and surface chemistry during the stripping/plating process. Overall, these results point to new possibilities in controlling the multivalent cation solvation structures present in the bulk and at the interface. This will aid in the development of highly reversible electrolytes that are stable against both divalent metal anodes and high voltage cathodes.

Vitamin B12/carbon nanotubes composites for highly efficient CO2 electroreduction with in situ shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) has attracted much attention for its ability to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals. However, it is still a challenge to achieve high Faradaic efficiency (FE) and high current density (j) in ECO2RR simultaneously. Vitamin B12 (VB12) has been considered as a novel and highly effective catalyst for electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to produce CO in aqueous electrolyte, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have excellent conductivity. Herein, VB12/CNTs composites are deposited onto carbon paper by electrophoretic deposition. The prepared catalyst exhibits a high FE of CO (FECO) as 95.98% and the corresponding j of CO (jCO) is 40.85 mA cm−2 at −0.86 V (vs. RHE) in 0.5 M KHCO3 electrolyte. Moreover, FECO is greater than 98% in the range from −2.0 V to −2.4 V (vs. Ag/Ag+), and the maximum FECO is as high as 99.29% with a jCO of 65.53 mA cm−2 at −2.2 V (vs. Ag/Ag+) in ionic liquids (ILs) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BmimPF6) electrolyte. In situ shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) demonstrates that the Co center of VB12 is the main ECO2RR active site. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further indicate that the formation of COOH* is the rate-limiting step of the ECO2RR.

Molecular-Cling-Effect of Fluoroethylene Carbonate Characterized via Ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene on SiOx/C Anode Materials - A New Perspective for Formerly Sub-Sufficient SEI Forming Additive Compounds.

Effective electrolyte compositions are of primary importance in raising the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Recently, fluorinated cyclic phosphazenes in combination with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) have been introduced as promising electrolyte additives, which can decompose to form an effective dense, uniform, and thin protective layer on the surface of electrodes. Although the basic electrochemical aspects of cyclic fluorinated phosphazenes combined with FEC were introduced, it is still unclear how these two compounds interact constructively during operation. This study investigates the complementary effect of FEC and ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene (EtPFPN) in aprotic organic electrolyte in LiNi0.5 Co0.2 Mn0.3 O ∥ SiOx /C full cells. The formation mechanism of lithium ethyl methyl carbonate (LEMC)-EtPFPN interphasial intermediate products and the reaction mechanism of lithium alkoxide with EtPFPN are proposed and supported by Density Functional Theory calculations. A novel property of FEC is also discussed here, called molecular-cling-effect (MCE). To the best knowledge, the MCE has not been reported in the literature, although FEC belongs to one of the most investigated electrolyte additives. The beneficial MCE of FEC toward the sub-sufficient solid-electrolyte interphase forming additive compound EtPFPN is investigated via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography high resolution-accurate mass spectrometry, in situ shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.

Insights into Chemical Changes Causing Transient Potential Patterns during Cobalt Electrodeposition: An Operando SHINERS Investigation.

Transient potential oscillations in a self-organized system involve a sequence of mass-transfer-limited chemical reactions. Often, these oscillations determine the microstructure of the electrodeposited metallic films. In this study, two distinct potential oscillations have been observed during galvanostatic deposition of cobalt in the presence of butynediol. Understanding the underlying chemical reactions in these potential oscillations is essential for designing efficient electrodeposition systems. Operando shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is deployed to record these chemical changes, and we present direct spectroscopic evidence of adsorbed hydrogen scavenging by butynediol, Co(OH)2 formation, and removal limited by mass transfer of butynediol and protons. The potential oscillatory patterns have four distinguishable segments associated with mass-transfer limitation of either proton or butynediol. These observations improve our understanding of the oscillatory behavior in metal electrodeposition.

Core-shell nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy in situ probing the composition and evolution of interfacial species on PtCo surfaces

Core-shell nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy in situ probing the composition and evolution of interfacial species on PtCo surfaces

Study of a High-Voltage NMC Interphase in the Presence of a Thiophene Additive Realized by Operando SHINERS

Improving the electrochemical properties and cycle life of high-voltage cathodes in lithium-ion batteries requires a deep understanding of the structural properties and failure mechanisms at the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). We present a study implementing an advanced Raman spectroscopy technique to specifically address the compositional features of interphase during cell operation. Our operando technique, shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS), provides a reliable platform to investigate the dynamics of the interphase structure and elucidate the compositional changes near the cathode surface. To improve the CEI properties, thiophene was introduced and investigated as an effective, high-voltage film-forming additive by largely diminishing the capacity fading triggered at high potentials in LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathodes. While the cells without thiophene show severe capacity fading, cells with an optimized concentration of thiophene exhibit a significant performance improvement. Operando SHINERS detects the presence of a stable CEI. The results suggest that the composition of the CEI is dominated by polythiophene and copolymerization products of ethylene carbonate with thiophene, which protects the electrolyte components from further decomposition. The formation mechanism of the polymeric film was modeled using quantum chemistry calculations, which shows good agreement with the experimental data.

In situ Raman monitoring of electroreductive dehalogenation of aryl halides at an Ag/aqueous solution interface.

Electroreductive dehalogenation as an efficient and green approach has attracted much attention in pollution remediation. Herein, we have employed a shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) technique to in situ probe the electroreductive dehalogenation process of aryl halides with thiol groups at Ag/aqueous solution interfaces. It is found that 4-bromothiophenol (BTP) and 4-chlorothiophenol (CTP) can turn into mixed products of 4,4'-biphenyldithiol (BPDT) and thiophenol (TP) as the electrode potential decreases. The conversion ratios estimated from the Raman intensity variations of C-Cl and C-Br vibrations are 44% and 58% for CTP and BTP in neutral solution, respectively. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of benzene ring vibrations reveals a C-C cross coupling between the benzene free radical intermediate and adjacent TP product, which results in increased selectivity for biphenyl products at negative potentials.

Ampere-level current density ammonia electrochemical synthesis using CuCo nanosheets simulating nitrite reductase bifunctional nature

The development of electrocatalysts capable of efficient reduction of nitrate (NO3−) to ammonia (NH3) is drawing increasing interest for the sake of low carbon emission and environmental protection. Herein, we present a CuCo bimetallic catalyst able to imitate the bifunctional nature of copper-type nitrite reductase, which could easily remove NO2− via the collaboration of two active centers. Indeed, Co acts as an electron/proton donating center, while Cu facilitates NOx− adsorption/association. The bio-inspired CuCo nanosheet electrocatalyst delivers a 100 ± 1% Faradaic efficiency at an ampere-level current density of 1035 mA cm−2 at −0.2 V vs. Reversible Hydrogen Electrode. The NH3 production rate reaches a high activity of 4.8 mmol cm−2 h−1 (960 mmol gcat−1 h−1). A mechanistic study, using electrochemical in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy, reveals a strong synergy between Cu and Co, with Co sites promoting the hydrogenation of NO3− to NH3 via adsorbed *H species. The well-modulated coverage of adsorbed *H and *NO3 led simultaneously to high NH3 selectivity and yield.