Nanoparticle-enhanced Phase Change Materials Research Articles

Multi-objective prediction and optimization of performance of three-layer latent heat storage unit based on intermittent charging and discharging strategies

An intermittent heat charging and discharging strategy is proposed for on-demand thermal utilization in a three-layer latent heat storage unit filled with nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials. To optimize the utilization ratio of phase change materials, and the stored and released thermal exergy amounts, a multi-objective prediction and optimization methodology combining orthogonal experimental design, range and variance analyses, multi-nonlinear regression models, and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II is introduced while considering the variables of nanoparticle concentration, heat transfer fluid velocity, and intermittent time interval. Results show that the time interval presents the most significant influence. Multi-nonlinear regression models for the above three variables are established with determination factors of 0.9871, 0.9625, and 0.9253, respectively. The ultimate optimal results are 0.8, 57094.03 J, and 43066.73 J, achieved at the three variables of 44.37 min, 0.38 m s−1 and 8.99%, respectively. The maximum verification error of 5.11% indicates the reliability of this methodology. The methodology aims to enhance the overall performance of the three-layer latent heat storage system by mitigating the constraints associated with single-performance optimization.

Experimental investigation of thermal energy storage in shell-and-multi-tube unit with nano-enhanced phase change material

This paper deals with thermal energy storage with use of nanoparticle enhanced phase change material in shell-and-multitube unit. The experiments are conducted under atmospheric pressure. Paraffin wax and two different fatty acids are used as base phase change material. Graphite and multi-walled carbon nanotubes serve as nanoparticles. Graphite nanoparticles are tested at the concentrations of 0.1 %, 1 % and 5 % by weight, while multi-walled carbon nanotubes only at 0.1 %wt. Ultrasonic vibration and homogenizer are used in order to stabilize the dispersion of the nanoparticles. Polyvinylpyrrolidone surfactant is used to stabilize the suspension and the tested nano-enhanced phase change material exhibit satisfactory stability. Experimental measurements are performed for a bundle of 7 tubes with outside diameter of 6 mm in a staggered arrangement and a pitch ratio of 4.5. It is found that, regardless of the tested base phase change material, the addition of graphite nanoparticles with mass concentration of 0.1 % does not significantly affect the charging and discharging times compared to base phase change material. The differences in charging and discharging times did not exceed 11 %. For a graphite nanoparticles mass concentration of 5 %, an increase in the charging time by up to 21 % and a reduction in the discharging time by 24 % was observed, depending on the type of base phase change material. An addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with mass concentration of 0.1 % shows an increase in charging time regardless of the type base phase change material up to 144 % with negligible influence on the discharging time. It was also observed that adding a surfactant to the produced nano-enhanced phase change material results in a reduction in charging time by up to 83 % depending on the type of base phase change material.

Nanoparticle-Enhanced Phase Change Materials (NePCM) in Passive Cooling Systems to Improve Solar Panel Efficiency

Nanoparticle-Enhanced Phase Change Materials (NePCM) in Passive Cooling Systems to Improve Solar Panel Efficiency

Investigation of MHD oxytactic microorganisms with NEPCMs in rectotrapezoidal enclosure with FEM: Applications to energy storage technologies

Nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCMs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique ability to enhance the thermal properties and overall performance of phase change materials (PCMs). The present work investigates the bioconvection flow of nano-encapsulated phase change material within a rectotrapezoidal cavity. The left wall of the is fixed at the constant high temperature whereas the right vertical wall is kept at cold temperature. The higher order Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) has been employed to simulate the proposed problem. The discrete systems of nonlinear equations are linearized by implementing the adaptive Newtons method. Influence of various pertinent parameters such as inclined magnetic field, oxytactic bacteria, radiation and Lewis number has been analyzed. It is observed that the average Sherwood and Nusselt number exhibit a positive correlation with the Hartmann and radiation parameter. Moreover, the average heat transfer exhibits a decreasing trend as the Hartmann, bioconvection Rayleigh and Peclet increase.

Effect of novel fin distribution on the melting process of thermal storage units

Thermal storage units play a crucial role in storing excess energy and utilizing it when required. Enhancing the thermal performance of these units is of utmost importance for better thermal energy management. Therefore, this paper suggests introducing new fin distributions to decrease the thermal resistance of the storage unit and, thus, enhance the melting process. An octagonal tube and shell unit with nanoparticle-enhanced phase change material are suggested. Three considered fin distributions to improve the heat transfer inside the unit are straight dual-radial fins, tree-like fins, and roots-like fins. Also, since copper has high thermal conductivity, its nanoparticles are incorporated with the phase change material with different concentrations, i.e., 0, 4, and 8 vol%. The Galerkin finite element technique is employed to model the storage unit. The results show that using roots-like fins has a significant effect in reducing the phase change material melting time by 56% and 91% lower than dual-radial fins and tree-like fins, respectively. The higher nanoparticle concentration (8 vol%) can also improve the thermal storage unit performance by 28.9% compared to the pristine phase change materials. Thus, this study recommends using roots-like fins with nanoparticles in the thermal storage units to enhance thermal performance.

Incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics solutions of double diffusion of nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials in vertical mounted circular cylinders

The scheme of incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) method is developed to solve the time-conformable systems that control the double diffusion of nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCM) inside two circular cylinders saturated by a porous medium. The use of the time-conformable operator in the ISPH approach for addressing the double diffusion of NEPCM in a new domain is what distinguishes this work. This investigation revealed a comprehensive rate of change that impacts the quickening and slowdown of the monotonicity for the nonlinear systems. The physical parameters are time-conformable operator α , time parameter τ , nanoparticles parameter ϕ , Hartmann number Ha , thermal radiation parameter Rd , Darcy parameter Da , Rayleigh number Ra , and fusion temperature θ f . The principal outcomes of the numerical simulations revealed that the nanofluid flow is slowing down by an augmentation in ϕ , Ha , and Rd . The Rayleigh number is working well in enhancing the nanofluid flow and thermosolutal convection within the two circular cylinders. As a result, variable values of Ra are affecting the phase change material. The fusion temperature parameter controls the position/intensity of the phase change material within the two circular cylinders. Besides, the numerical results indicate the significance of α on the transition process of reaching the steady state. The thermosolutal convection and nanofluid speed are varied with the changes on the time-conformable derivative.

Enhanced performance and stability of a solar pond using an external heat exchanger filled with nano-phase change material

Salinity gradient solar ponds are a promising technology for harnessing/storing solar thermal energy. The energy storage capacity of solar ponds can be enhanced by incorporating phase change materials (PCMs). However, the low thermal conductivity of PCMs can negatively affect energy charging/discharging rates. In this study, an external energy storage system filled with CuO nanoparticle-enhanced PCM was employed to improve the performance and stability of a solar pond. The results were compared with water and pure PCM (paraffin) as control materials. Energy and exergy analysis was used to assess the effects of nanoparticles and their concentration on the overall solar pond performance. According to the results, the upper convective zone temperature remained consistent across all experiments and varied within the same range throughout the day. A slight temperature variation at specific times indicated the stability of the developed solar pond system. The system's exergy (energy) efficiency was increased from 10.72% (51.83%) for water to 14.71% (70.1%), 22.77% (82.13%), and 25.93% (87.58%) for PCM, PCM with 1 wt% nanoparticles, and PCM with 2 wt% nanoparticles, respectively. Incorporating nanoparticle-enhanced PCMs in external heat exchangers can effectively improve the stability and performance of solar pond systems.

Simulation of heat transfer in a nanoparticle enhanced phase change material to design battery thermal management systems: A lattice Boltzmann method study

BackgroundIn the present paper, the natural convection of phase change material (PCM) in a T-shaped cavity is investigated by the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). In recent years, LBM has become a powerful method for computational modeling of a broad variety of complex fluid flow concerns, including the simulation of the melting process in PCMs. MethodsThe enclosure contains CuO nanoparticles and two constant temperature heat sources on the sidewalls of the cavity. The obtained results are presented in different Rayleigh numbers (Ra=103–105), cavity angles (θ = 0 − 90), the volume fraction of nanoparticles (ϕ = 0 − 0.03), and aspect ratios. Results show that the PCM melting speed is lower for low Rayleigh numbers compared to when the number is equal to 105 by 50%. To alter melting time in a specific Ra number, adding nanoparticles, changing cavity slope, and aspect ratio are investigated. Results show that the melting rate is little affected by the addition of nanoparticles but, generally adding nanoparticles delays PCM melting. Significant findingsRaising the distance between the battery and the top of the cavity is known to delay melting by 70% when the distance ratio increase from H1/H = 0.25 to 075, whereas increasing or lowering the distance between the batteries does not affect the melting time. Such a study can be used to design battery thermal management systems (BTMS).

Enhancing the performance of water-based PVT collectors with nano-PCM and twisted absorber tubes

The study investigated the thermal performance of a photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector with a twisted absorber tube and nanoparticle-enhanced phase change material (nano-PCM). The PVT collector consisted of twisted absorber tubes, a container filled with nano-PCM, and a photovoltaic (PV) panel. To assess its efficiency, five different configurations were tested using an indoor solar simulator. The configurations analyzed were as follows: (a) an unenhanced PV panel, (b) PVT with circular absorber tubes (C-PVT), (c) PVT with twisted absorber tubes (T-PVT), (d) C-PVT with nano-PCM (C-PVT-PCM), and (e) T-PVT with nano-PCM (T-PVT-PCM). The thermal, photovoltaic, and combined photovoltaic-thermal efficiencies were evaluated at varying mass flow rates (0.008-0.04kg/s) and a constant solar irradiance of 800W/m2. Among the configurations tested, the T-PVT-PCM configuration demonstrated the highest performance. Specifically, at a mass flow rate of 0.04kg/s, solar irradiance of 800W/m2, and an ambient temperature of 27°C, it achieved photovoltaic, thermal, and combined photovoltaic-thermal efficiencies of 9.46%, 79.40%, and 88.86%, respectively. The utilization of twisted absorber tubes in the design notably improved thermal efficiency by enhancing heat transmission between the liquid and the tube surface. Furthermore, the implementation of T-PVT-PCM led to a significant reduction in surface temperature. Compared to the unenhanced PV panel, it lowered the surface temperature by approximately 30°C, and when compared to C-PVT-PCM, it reduced it by around 10°C. Notably, T-PVT-PCM outperformed the unenhanced PV panel by exhibiting a 34.5% higher photovoltaic efficiency. Overall, the study highlights the performance of the PVT collector with twisted absorber tubes and nanoparticle-enhanced phase change material. The innovative design achieved remarkable thermal efficiency, reduced surface temperatures, and significantly enhanced photovoltaic efficiency compared to traditional configurations. These findings contribute to the development of more efficient and versatile solar energy systems with the potential for broader applications in renewable energy technology.

Numerical study of encapsulated nanoparticles enhanced phase change material in thermal energy cool storage packed bed system

A numerical study is performed to investigate the dynamic behavior of a packed bed containing spherical capsules filled with Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in pure water as an enhanced phase change material (NEPCM) that can be utilized in ice storage of air conditioning systems. The heat transfer fluid (coolant) employed in the current work is an aqueous solution of 30 vol% ethylene glycol. For energy conservation of the coolant and the NEPCM, coupled partial differential equations are used to create a two-dimensional axisymmetric time-dependent model. While the energy equation for the NEPCM is solved using a completely explicit scheme, the energy equation for the coolant is discretized using a finite difference method and solved using the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) technique. The Al2O3 nanoparticles are dispersed in PCM with a volume concentration range of 0–5 %. The coolant inlet temperature with a range of -5 °C to -15 °C and mass flow rate of range of 0.2 to 0.8 kg/s for a storage volume of 0.5 m3 are the parameters used in the current study. The effect of the nanoparticles volume concentration, coolant mass flow rate, and coolant inlet temperature are investigated. The timewise variation of the solidified volume fraction of the bed, the cool energy stored in the bed, the bed centerline temperature, and the coolant exit temperature are predicted for both charging and recovery modes under different operating conditions.

Spectrally selective nanoparticle-enhanced phase change materials: A study on data-driven optical/thermal properties and application of energy-saving glazing under different climatic conditions

The optical and thermal performances of energy-saving glazing require improvement to reduce peak thermal load and increase solar energy conversion and management efficiency. Herein, it is indispensable to develop novel composite materials that designate the ability to achieve multifunction by thermal load migration as well as radiation transmittance modulation. This study developed a nanoparticle-enhanced phase change material (NEPCM) with spectrally selective and phase change functions. A data-driven algorithm is first developed to evaluate the solar-weighted absorption fraction, integrated irradiance, and spectral irradiance for the considered nanoparticles. The base fluids, nanoparticle diameter, concentrations, and proportions are taken into account in the program, and adjustments to the properties of NEPCM can be easily made. The NEPCM properties exhibit a high blocking performance of near-infrared solar radiation by 30.9%, while keeping visible transmittance at 51.8% using ATO-Al2O3 NEPCM. Furthermore, the photothermal conversion performance of a NEPCM-filled energy-saving prototype window is explored, which yields a heat absorption rate of up to 0.27 °C/min when the solar irradiance is 800 W/m2. In addition, the energy consumption of transparent envelopes with NEPCM filler in a full-scale building is investigated. The results show that NEPCM regulated glazing potentially provides annual heating energy-saving from 5.1 to 41.7 kWh·m−2·year−1 in three representative climatic conditions in different global locations. Outcomes on the spectrally selective capabilities of the energy-saving window provide ideas for advancing the development of low-carbon transparent building envelopes.

Battery thermal management of a novel helical channeled cylindrical Li-ion battery with nanofluid and hybrid nanoparticle-enhanced phase change material

Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a viable alternative to Internal Combustion (IC) engine-powered vehicles, and efforts have been directed toward developing EVs that are more reliable and safer to operate. The safe working of EVs necessitates the use of an efficient battery cooling system. In this paper, cooling of cylindrical type Li-ion battery embedded with helical coolant channels is proposed. The effects of nanoparticles on removing heat from the battery cooling system have been investigated for four different nanoparticle concentrations: 0, 2, 5, and 10% of Al2O3 in the base fluid. Two cases of base fluids are considered: phase change material kept in a concentric container surrounding battery volume and coolant water circulated through liquid channels attached to the outer walls of the PCM (phase change material) cylindrical container. This study presented the three configurations (i) base case PCM-WLC: battery cooling system with a cylindrical enclosure filled with RT-42 phase change material. (ii) base case nePCM-WLC: battery cooling system filled with nano-enhanced phase change material. (iii) nePCM-LC: battery cooling system with helical liquid channels and filled with nano-enhanced PCM. The nanofluid was circulated through the liquid passages connected to the PCM container. Results showed using the helical channels, the nePCM-LC arrangement efficiently removes accumulated heat from the phase change material and provides better battery cooling than straight rectangular channel-based BTMS (battery thermal management system).

Nanofluid-based photovoltaic thermal solar collector with nanoparticle-enhanced phase change material (Nano-PCM) and twisted absorber tubes

Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors convert solar energy into thermal and photovoltaic energy. The thermal performance of a PVT collector with a twisted absorber tube and nanoparticle-enhanced phase change material (Nano-PCM) was evaluated. The experiments were aimed to evaluate the photovoltaic, thermal and combination photovoltaic thermal efficiencies using an indoor solar simulator. Circular and twisted absorber tubes with Nano-PCM were evaluated in two designs. The working fluid was water with 0%, 0.3%, and 0.6% volume fractions of SiC nanofluids. The highest photovoltaic, thermal, and combined photovoltaic thermal efficiencies for the PVT-PCM with twisted tube and 0.6% nanofluids were 9.57, 84.74, and 94.31, respectively. The use of twisted absorber tubes with Nano-PCM increased the efficiency of the PVT collector.

Fractional melting process in inclined containers using (NePCM) and hybrid nanoparticles

Using substances of high latent heat such as phase change materials is a perfect technique in the energy storage units. Additionally, examining the heat transport and melting process for these materials is beneficial for a wide variety of solar-related applications. Therefore, this study aims to examine the time-dependent fractional melting process within inclined containers filled with Nanoparticles-enhanced Phase-Change Materials (NePCM) via the model of the enthalpy-porosity. The used NePCM is octadecane and the fractional derivatives are considered for all the time-dependent variables, namely, velocities, temperature and liquid fraction. The Caputo definition is applied to estimate the non-integer derivatives and the fractional order takes the values between 0.75 and 0.95. The solution methodology is depending on the Finite Volume technique with SIMPLE approach. The range of the Fourier number is between 0.05 and 0.4 and the resulting data is presented in terms of melting interface, liquid fraction, streamlines, isotherms and heat transfer rate. The main findings revealed that the influences of order of the fractional derivatives more significant at the higher values of the Fourier number and the melting interface points move towards the heated wall as order of the fractional derivatives is reduced. Also, at higher values of the fractional derivative's order (0.9), the maximizing of inclination angle causes a diminishing in the rate of the heat transfer.

Passive thermal management strategy for cooling multiple portable electronic components: Hybrid nanoparticles enhanced phase change materials as an innovative solution

Modern electronics technologies have given great interest to phase change materials (PCMs). The present work is in line with this philosophy and deals with the effectiveness of a PCM-based heat sink and nanoparticles in insertion for thermal management of several electronic components. Present numerical study explores the solid-liquid phase change process of n-eicosane in an enclosure considered for cooling of electronics in the presence of one, two, and three protruding electronic components. To improve thermal management capability, four types of nanoparticles, namely, silver (Ag), magnesium oxide (MgO), multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and silicon dioxide (SiO2), are inserted into the n-eicosane by single and hybrid ways at volume fractions ranging from 0 % to 4%, and by introducing a lateral fin playing the role of a motherboard. It should be noted that this study is interested in analysing the combined effects of the volume fraction of inserted nanoparticles ranging from 0 % to 4%, the type of inserted nanoparticles, and the number of electronic components installed at the heat sink on the overall heat transfer and flow structure of the fluid PCM. For this purpose, a mathematical model has been developed for the formulation of the governing equations of the conjugate natural convection. The enthalpy-porosity technique is applied for modelling the phase change process. Results reveal a significant relationship between the melting time and the operating temperature of the electronic component. A long phase change process is characterized by a high utilization of latent heat and subsequently the heat rejection becomes efficient. Hence, the longer melting times result in reduced operating temperatures. By insertion of SiO2-MWCNT hybrid nanoparticles, the melting time is increased by approximately 92 % compared to pure PCM, and the plateau temperature is mitigated by 11 °C by using one component in the enclosure. Furthermore, by increasing the number of electronic components, the flow structure, thermal field and melting front become more uniform. Thus, it can be recommended to use three electronic components with a lower heat generation rate instead of using one electronic component with three times higher heat dissipation in a PCM-based cooling system.

Numerical study of heat transfer and melting process in a NEPCM filled 3D cuboid cavity: Application non-uniform temperature

In this numerical study, a cubic box filled with a Nanoparticle Enhanced Phase Change Material (NEPCM) (mixture “N-Octadecane/alumina (Al2O3)"), is considered. Using Comsol-Multiphysics program, the configuration is treated as a 3D symmetric numerical simulation problem under fixed boundary conditions. Besides, heat transfer fluid (HTF) generates a non-uniform temperature that varies linearly along an internal tube installed in the lowest area of the enclosure to ensure the melting of the NEPCM. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to highlight the effect of the nanoparticles volume fraction (varying from 0 to 6%) on thermal distribution and melting performances. The obtained findings figure out that the PCM melts irregularly and is affected by the non-uniform temperature of the HTF tube. Hence, the third dimension should be considered, particularly in PCM ring tank simulations, in order to obtain reliable predictions compared to practical and experimental studies. Additionally, the Al2O3 nanoparticles have a valuable effect on improving the thermal conductivity of NEPCM, where thermal resistance and melting time are reduced with the increase of the nanoparticles volume fraction. Compared to the case of pure PCM, the heat transfer enhancement yields to an augmentation in the melting rate by about 11% and 9.5% for the volume fractions of 6% and 3%, respectively. Moreover, there is a significant increase in the amount of stored thermal energy when nanoparticles are dispersed in the PCM.

A critical assessment of nanoparticles enhanced phase change materials (NePCMs) for latent heat energy storage applications

Phase change material (PCM) laden with nanoparticles has been testified as a notable contender to increase the effectiveness of latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) units during charging and discharging modes. In this study, a numerical model is developed and implemented based on the coupling between an advanced two-phase model for the nanoparticles-enhanced PCM (NePCM) and the enthalpy-porosity formulation for the transient behavior of the phase change. Therefore, a porosity source term is added to the nanoparticles transport equation to account for the particles' frozen state in regions occupied by solid PCM. This two-phase model includes three main nanoparticles’ slip mechanisms: Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis diffusion, and sedimentation. A two-dimensional model of a triplex tube heat exchanger is considered and different charging and discharging configurations are analyzed. Compared to pure PCM, results show a substantial heat transfer enhancement during the charging and discharging cycle in which a homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles is considered as the initial condition. For this case, the two-phase model predictions are superior to the ones obtained with the classical single-phase model. In the case of multi-cycle charging and discharging, a significant deterioration of the heat transfer rate is observed using the two-phase model while such assessment is senseless using the single-phase mixture model due to the physical assumptions upon which this model is formulated. The two-phase model results reveal that, for a NePCM with high nanoparticles concentration (> 1%), the melting performance during the second charging cycle is reduced by 50% compared to the first one. This performance degradation is attributed to a noteworthy non-homogeneous distribution of the nanoparticles at the beginning of the second charging cycle. The dominant nanoparticles migration mechanism, in this scenario, is the one resulting from sedimentation effects.

Numerical investigation and group method of data handling -based prediction on new flat plate solar collector integrated with nanoparticles enhanced phase change materials and tube rotation mechanism

One of the weaknesses of the flat plate solar collector (FPSC) is that due to the poor thermal characteristics of the functioning fluid, a large part of the absorbed heat is wasted. A new design based on the phase change material (PCM), Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and tube rotation in the current research is suggested to compensate for this weakness. The finite volume method is utilized for mathematical solutions. The effect of PCM position, nanoparticle and its volume fraction, tube rotation, and working fluid flow rate on the warm exhibition of the FPSC was investigated, and the results were analyzed. The results show that the efficiency of the system increases with the enhancement in the flow rate and the rotation of the pipe. Using PCM improves thermal efficiency and energy saving. The system has the best thermal performance when water and PCM are in the outer and inner tubes, respectively. As the flow rate increases, the amount of energy stored by PCM decreases. When nanoparticle/water or nanoparticles-PCM is used, the proficiency of the framework enhances. In the water- Fe3O4nanoparticles (3 %)/PCM mode, flow rate of 0.424 Lit/min, and rotation speed of 0.05 rad/s, the efficiency is the highest and is around 67.94 %. Using the available data, the group method of data handling modeling neural network method has been able to predict thermal efficiency well with R2 = 0.97951.

Effect of nanoparticle size during discharging of NePCM in TTHE: A numerical investigation

The addition of nanoparticles is an effective strategy to upgrade the thermo-physical properties of phase change material. This paper concerns the effect of nanoparticle size on the discharging (solidification) of nanoparticles enhanced phase change material in triple-tube heat exchanger. The commercial tool Ansys Fluent is used to create the two-dimensional numerical model. For solidification, enthalpy-porosity has been adopted, while the change in properties of the material due to addition of nanoparticles is defined by the user defined function. The size of nanoparticles is varied as 20 nm, 30 nm and 40 nm during the analysis. The model has been validated against the reported result in the literature. The results from the transient numerical analysis shows that the total discharging time being shortened by around 25% and 40% for the phase change material with 30 nm and 40 nm size nanoparticles respectively compared to the phase change material with 20 nm size nanoparticles. It is observed that the drop of average temperature during the discharging process increases while increasing the size of nanoparticles in phase change material.

Optimization of a phase change material enhanced low-concentration photovoltaic/thermal module

This paper presents a simulation and optimization study of a nanoparticle-enhanced phase change material (PCM) assisted low-concentration photovoltaic/thermal (LCPV/T) module. An optical, electrical, and thermal model coupling finite element simulation is developed, with the thickness of the PCM, the mass fraction of nanoparticles in the heat transfer fluid and PCM, and the velocity of the heat transfer fluid as optimization parameters. To improve the efficiency of the optimization process, a response surface methodology is used to investigate the polynomial relationship between the parameters and module performance. The significance level and average error of each polynomial are found to be lower than 0.05 and 2.5%, respectively, indicating their statistical significance and accurate prediction of module performance. The fitting polynomials are used to optimize and analyze the module, and the results show maximum values of output thermal energy, output thermal exergy, output electrical energy/exergy, total output energy, and total output exergy of 573.11 W, 13.05 W, 110.40 W, 869.93 W, and 121.08 W, respectively. Comparison with the previously designed module revealed that the newly designed module demonstrated better electrical output performance, providing valuable guidance for the energy supply of zero-carbon buildings.