Nano Formulation Research Articles

Toxicity and anti-diabetic effectiveness of polymeric nanoparticles containing natural compounds

Objective: To develop the nanoparticle formulations, characterization and evaluation of safety and in vivo anti diabetic potential by using experimental animal model.
 Methods: Different nano formulations such as Cur-nanoparticles, Pip-nanoparticles as well as Cur-Pip dual drug loaded nanoparticles were developed by nano co-precipitation method. The developed formulations were subjected for FT-IR analysis to determine the drug-drug and drug-polymer interaction. The Differential Scanning Colorimetric (DSC) study was carried out to observe the glass transition. Surface topography of nano formulations were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction study was carried out to determine the crystalline properties of different formulations. Particle size of the polymeric nanoparticles was evaluated by Zeta sizer of nanoseries. Toxicity of nanoformulation was evaluated as per OECD guideline-407. For evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness, in-vivo anti-diabetic potential of nano formulations, the Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes model was considered.
 Results: The developed formulations were spherical in shape and smooth surfaced. There were no interaction between the drugs and polymers. The result of toxicity study revealed that, there were no changes in behavior, food intake; hematology as well as biochemical parameters were observed that indicates the developed formulation is completely safe. The anti-diabetic effect of different formulations was screened against Streptozotocin induced diabetes in experimental animals. All the formulations were proved as effective in restoring blood glucose level however, Cu+Pi NP (184.15) group showed highest anti diabetic activity in comparison to control group (207.93)
 Conclusions: From this study, it was observed that, Curcumin-Piperine dual drug loaded nanoparticles exhibit better anti diabetic potential in comparison to control and Curcumin-NP treated group.
 Keywords: Nanoparticles, Streptozotocin, anti-diabetes, toxicity, hematology, biochemical

Advanced pesticide nano formulations and understanding their breakdown by Bacteria

The widespread use of chemical pesticides in agriculture has undeniably caused significant environmental harm, affecting the quality of air, water, and soil. This growing concern has steered the focus towards the development and research of nano formulations, which promise effective pest control with substantially reduced pesticide concentrations. These new formulations, which allow for controlled delivery of active ingredients, are demonstrating effectiveness comparable to traditional pesticides, but with less environmental impact. However, it is important to acknowledge that these nano-pesticides still contain certain organic groups which are structurally complex and not easily degradable. These elements can persist in the environment, accumulating and becoming more concentrated through the food chain, potentially causing a range of environmental hazards over time. Encouragingly, research has identified that specific bacterial genera including , and and among others, have the unique ability to break down certain chemical groups present in these pesticides, using them as a sole source of carbon or nitrogen. This process transforms them into non-harmful end products, marking a promising step towards bioremediation. Currently, efforts are being made to develop this into a viable large-scale solution, exploring different combinations of nano-pesticides and bacteria strains under optimized conditions. Through further research in this area, we aim to identify the specific types of bacteria that are most effective in degrading these pesticide groups, ultimately paving the way for more sustainable environmental management in the future.

Plausible effect of hesperetin and nano-hesperetin against bisphenol-A induced hepatoxicity in a rat model

Bisphenol A(BPA) is a non-persistent, anthropic compound and continues to be ubiquitous in the environment. Since BPA is estrogenic in nature, its exposure induces adverse cellular responses associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Hesperetin, a major flavonoid present in lemons and sweet oranges exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects attributed to its potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant status. The current study reports the ‘green’ synthesis of nano hesperetin (NHsp) followed by characterization that included; Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). In accordance with the findings, the mean size of the synthesized nanoparticles was 139.9 nm with a PDI of 0.362. The morphotype was primarily spherical and rod shaped. This was followed by a comparative assessment of the ameliorative efficacy of bulk and nano hesperetin against BPA-induced hepatotoxicity in rat. The findings showed that post-exposure to 250 mg/kg of BPA for 21 days significantly enhanced the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α), in the serum with a concomitant upregulation in the mRNA expression of Nrf 2(Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor) factor in the liver. Treatment with both bulk hesperetin (Hst) and nano hesperetin (NHst) reduced the levels of cytokines and expression of hepatic Nrf2 factor. This was paralleled by the modulatory effects on the histology of liver and kidney which were reversed on treatment. Taken together, the nano hesperetin was more efficacious in alleviating the BPA-induced toxicity. Thus,hesperetin and its nano formulation could be potentially promising nutraceuticals in medicine and industry.

Effect of quercetin-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles on lipopolysaccharide-induced memory decline, oxidative stress, amyloidogenesis, neurotransmission, and Nrf2/HO-1 expression

Neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. This study examined the neuroprotective effect of quercetin (QUR)-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (QUR NANO) against the neurotoxicity induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. A QUR NANO formulation was prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, entrapment efficiency (EE), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and in vitro drug release profile. Levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde, catalase, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42), β-secretase, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) were measured in the mouse brain tissues. The gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were also determined. The prepared QUR NANO formulation showed 92.07 ± 3.21% EE and drug loading of 4.62 ± 0.55. It exhibited clusters of nano-spherical particles with smooth surface areas, and the loading process was confirmed. In vivo, the QUR NANO preserved the spatial memory of mice and protected the hippocampus from LPS-induced histological lesions. The QUR NANO significantly reduced the levels of malondialdehyde, iNOS, Aβ42, β-secretase, and AChE in brain tissue homogenates. Conversely, QUR NANO increased the glutathione, catalase, and GABA concentrations and upregulated the expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1 genes. Remarkably, the neuroprotective effect of QUR NANO was significantly greater than that of herbal QUR. In summary, the prepared QUR NANO formulation was efficient in mitigating LPS-induced neurotoxicity by reducing memory loss, oxidative stress, and amyloidogenesis while preserving neurotransmission and upregulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 genes. This study addresses several key factors in neuroinflammatory disorders and explores the potential of QUR-loaded nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic approach to alleviate these factors.

From Traditional Knowledge to Modern Medicine: Oxalis Corniculata as a Hepatoprotective and Antibacterial Remedy

Oxalis corniculata, a widely used herb in traditional medicine. The review discusses the plant's rich phytochemical composition, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, which contribute to its extensive biological activities. The antibacterial potential of Oxalis corniculata is highlighted, with studies demonstrating its effectiveness against a broad spectrum of bacteria. The review also explores the use of nano formulations of Oxalis corniculata, which enhance its antibacterial activity through precise manipulation of materials at the nanoscale. Additionally, the hepatoprotective properties of Oxalis corniculata are discussed, including its ability to protect liver cells against oxidative stress and inflammation. The review concludes that Oxalis corniculata holds great promise in the development of novel therapeutic agents against bacterial infections and liver diseases.

Insulin Extended Release from PLA-PEG Stereocomplex Nanoparticles.

This report addresses the challenges of controlled drug delivery for peptide and protein therapeutics by introducing a novel approach of nano formulation fabricated in aqueous media applying stereo-interaction mechanism with poly(D-lactide)-polyethylene glycol (D-PLA-PEG). To overcome the inherent poor stability of peptide and protein therapeutics, stereocomplexation of the peptide, insulin, is applied, onto D-PLA-PEG in aqueous media. Nanoparticles of ≈400nm are spontaneously formed when water-soluble D configured PLA-PEG diblock copolymer and L- configured insulin interlock into a stereocomplex, owing to their concave convex fitness. In vitro release of insulin from stereocomplex in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) pH 7.4 solution shows sustained release for 14 weeks. The therapeutic efficacy of the PLA-insulin stereocomplex nanoparticles are evaluated in diabetic Akita mice. Blood glucose levels and body weight are closely monitored for a period of 17weeks, revealing a significant reduction in glucose levels of the Akita mice treated with insulin stereocomplex, as well as normal body weight gain. These findings suggest that the stereocomplex nanoparticles of insulin-D-PLA-PEG present a promising and effective sustained and extended release platform for insulin. Notably, the use of water-soluble D-PLA-PEG for stereocomplexation in water expands the applicability of this approach to fabricate controlled delivery systems for peptide and protein therapeutics.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of sodium deoxycholate tailored deformable-emulsomes of etodolac for effective management of arthritis

The current piece of research intends to evaluate the potential of combining etodolac with deformable-emulsomes, a flexible vesicular system, as a promising strategy for the topical therapy of arthritis. The developed carrier system featured nanometric dimensions (102 nm), an improved zeta potential (− 5.05 mV), sustained drug release (31.33%), and enhanced drug deposition (33.13%) of DE-gel vis-à-vis conventional system (10.34% and 14.71%). The amount of permeation of the developed nano formulation across skin layers was demonstrated through CLSM and dermatokinetics studies. The safety profile of deformable-emulsomes has been investigated through in vitro HaCaT cell culture studies and skin compliance studies. The efficacy of the DE-gel formulation was sevenfold higher in case of Xylene induced ear edema model and 2.2-folds in CFA induced arthritis model than that of group treated with conventional gel (p < 0.01). The main technological rationale lies in the use of phospholipid and sodium deoxycholate-based nanoscale flexible lipoidal vesicles, which effectively encapsulate drug molecules within their interiors. This encapsulation enhances the molecular interactions and facilitates the transportation of the drug molecule effectively to the target-site. Hence, these findings offer robust scientific evidence to support additional investigation into the potential utility of flexible vesicular systems as a promising drug delivery alternative for molecules of this nature.

The efficacy of Acorus calamus L. crude extract formulated in bentonite nanoparticles against Crocidolomia pavonana (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)

The prospect of A. calamus extract to be botanical insecticides to control the insect pests is very promising. The insect control properties of the A. calamus are predominantly to have β-asarone, saponin and flavonoid. However, there are some factors limiting their efficacy. Short release rate at the point contact, the inherent volatility and vulnerability to oxidation and ultra-violet light are causing phytochemical changes during the application. Thus developing nanotechnology to increase their efficacy studied in this research. To develop the plant extract in nanoformulation, experiment on adsorption and desoption capacity were carried out with Acorus extract treated bentonite substrate analysed by GC techniques. In addition, to investigate the effectiveness of the plant extract treated bentonite were evaluated on Crocidolomia pavonana. Third instar larvae were used in the evaluation of antifeedant effect by using no choice methods. The results showed that Bentonite nanoparticles was effective in controlling the release of a bioactive element. Purifed clay bentonite for getting Na-bentonite increased the specific surface area of material therefore increased the adsorption site on the clay layer of the material. Crude extract of A.calamus can dissolve well in combination of water and organic solvents. Desorption experiments proved that Na-bentonite released more slowly than raw clay bentonite. Purification of bentonite to Na-bentonite resulted the changing of phytochemical properties bentonite which lead to an increase in the adsorption capacity of bentonite. In term of antifeedant evaluation based on damage to cabbage leaves seedling, the least damage was observed on leaves with nanoparticle plant extract formulation. The antifeedant index of A. calamus in nanoparticles formulation showed 25% higher that untreated cabbage plant seedling. The glasshouse trial was conducted to evaluate their efficacy on cabbage seedling. However, the brown leaves or phytotoxic effect has been found by the time the extracts nano formulation has been sprayed.

Inhibition mechanism of silver nanoparticle-kaempferol against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a multidrug resistant strain, is known to cause a threat to public health due to its limited therapeutic treatment. Kaempferol (K) is a natural flavonoid that shows antibacterial activities toward MRSA, but its effectiveness is limited due to its low water solubility. However, poorly aqueous soluble drugs displayed better solubility through nano formulation. Hence, kaempferols were incorporated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to enhance their solubility and antibacterial activity. Previous study showed that AgNPs incorporated with kaempferol (AgNPs-K) exhibited antibacterial activity against MRSA. However, the knowledge regarding the mechanism of action AgNPs-K against MRSA is still limited. The objective of the study is to unravel the inhibition mechanism of silver nanoparticles-kaempferol (AgNPs-K) on treated MRSA. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) result showed significant difference in morphology between treated and non-treated MRSA which suggest the effectiveness of the AgNPs-K. Non-treated MRSA has an oval shape while MRSA treated with AgNPs-K showed a disrupted cell wall with contents leakage. The transcriptomic profile analysis by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) showed that various genes and pathways related to biofilm, virulent activity and glycolysis pathway are differently expressed, with 581 genes were downregulated and 641 were upregulated. The affected genes of icab, clfa and eno which involved in biofilm, clumping factor A (virulent) and glycolysis pathway were validated by RT-PCR technique. The results were consistent with the NGS outcome. In conclusion, AgNPs-K possesses antibacterial activity against MRSA and its mechanism of action are reflected in the gene expression of biofilm pathway, virulent and glycolysis activity. Therefore, AgNPs-K can be suggested as a potential alternative to combat MRSA infection.

Chitosan-Grafted-Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)-Decorated Fe3O4@SiO2 Core-Shell Nanoformulation as an Efficient Drug Delivery System for Poorly Soluble Drugs.

Hydrocortisone, a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug, has limited aqueous solubility and several side effects. To address this challenge, as a proof-of-concept, this article demonstrates the development of a controlled-release drug delivery system (DDS) for hydrocortisone using chitosan-grafted poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (CS-g-PNVCL)-coated core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoformulations (NFs). Reported magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and modified with silica, PNVCL, and CS precursors to enhance the biocompatibility of DDS and drug-loading efficiency. The release rate of hydrocortisone from Fe3O4@SiO2@CS-g-PNVCL NFs was observed to be higher at lower pH values, and the smart polymer coating demonstrated temperature responsiveness, facilitating drug release at higher temperatures. Fe3O4@SiO2@CS-g-PNVCL NFs exhibited a cell viability of around 97.2 to 87.3% (5-100 μg/mL) after 24-48 h, while the hydrocortisone-NFs had a cell viability of around 93.2 to 82.3%. Our findings suggest that CS-g-PNVCL-coated Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs effectively enhance the solubility, loading capacity, and targeted delivery of poorly soluble drugs, thereby improving their therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability.

Silver nanoparticles induces apoptosis of cancer stem cells in head and neck cancer

BackgroundSeveral nano formulations of silver nanoparticles with bioconjugates, herbal extracts and anti-cancerous drug coating have been vividly studied to target cancer. Despite of such extensive studies, AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) have not reached the stage of clinical use. Out of all possible reasons for this failure, the unexplored effect on Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) population and mechanism of action of AgNPs, are the most plausible ones and are worked upon in this study. MethodsAgNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction method using sodium citrate and characterized by UV, FTIR, XRD and electron microscopy. CSC population was isolated from Cal33 cell line by MACS technique. MTT assay, trypan blue exclusion assay, Annexin V and PI based apoptosis assay and cell cycle assay were performed. ResultsThe results showed that synthesized AgNPs have cytotoxic activity on all cancer cell lines tested with the IC50 value of a wide range (1.5–49.21 µg/ml for cell lines and 0.0643–0.1211 µg/ml for splenocytes and thymocytes). CSCs Cal33 showed higher resistance to AgNP treatment and arrest in G1/G0 phase upon cell cycle analysis. ConclusionAgNPs as an anti-cancer agent although have great potential but is limited by its off-target effects on normal cells and less effective on cancer stem cells at lower concentrations.

Therapeutic potential of thymoquinone and its nanoformulations in neuropsychological disorders: a comprehensive review on molecular mechanisms in preclinical studies.

Thymoquinone (THQ) and its nanoformulation (NFs) have emerged as promising candidates for the treatment of neurological diseases due to their diverse pharmacological properties, which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we conducted an extensive search across reputable scientific websites such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar to gather relevant information. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of THQ have been observed to enhance the survival of neurons in affected areas of the brain, leading to significant improvements in behavioral and motor dysfunctions. Moreover, THQ and its NFs have demonstrated the capacity to restore antioxidant enzymes and mitigate oxidative stress. The primary mechanism underlying THQ's antioxidant effects involves the regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, THQ has been found to modulate key components of inflammatory signaling pathways, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. This comprehensive review explores the various beneficial effects of THQ and its NFs on neurological disorders and provides insights into the underlying mechanisms involved.

Phytonano particles for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review

A metabolic syndrome that poses a life-threatening risk is diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes has increased dramatically during recent decades. Although several therapeutic strategies have been tried, the danger and occurrence continue unabated. Several tiny compounds produced from plants have been suggested to combat type 2diabetes and its related vascular problems by a variety of therapeutic objectives. Additionally, these phytochemicals' enhancing biocompatibility increases the desire to use them in therapeutic negotiations. Poor pharmacokinetics, however, because the clinical relevance of these phytochemicals is mostly constrained by their biological properties as drugs for treatment. Several pharmaceutical initiatives have been made to improve adherence and treatment effectiveness. The use of nanotechnology in this context has been demonstrated to be the most effective strategy for increasing compliance and clinical effectiveness. Due to the following, hyperglycemia either insufficient or resistant insulin secretion. The number of instances of diabetes mellitus is rising quickly in India, where it already affects more than 40 million people, or about 9% of the population.20% of the world's diabetes population. The usage of oral medications helped the type2DM patients receives treatment. Agents that lower blood sugar and insulin. But none of these treatments are particularly effective, and have negative impacts been mentioned. The researchers have relocated to a different location to help them other complementary medical practices. Folk medicines, often known as "traditional medicines," include extracts from various phytoconstituents. The management and control of diabetes mellitus has been greatly assisted by the use of medicinal herbs. This article gives a careful and current outline of the utilization of phytochemical Nano formulations in the treatment of diabetes and its ramifications. The impacts of nanosizing on pharmacokinetic, biopharmaceutical and remedial profiles of plant-determined little particles, for example, curcumin, resveratrol, naringenin, quercetin, apigenin, baicalin, luteolin, rosmarinic corrosive, berberine, gymnemic corrosive, emodin, scutellarin, catechins, thymoquinone, ferulic corrosive, stevioside, and others have been talked about exhaustively in this review.

Recent Advances in Lipid Nano-Carrier Systems for the Management of Inflammatory Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Background: In the past two decades, extensive research has focused on lipid nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to treat various diseases. Among these, inflammatory conditions pose a formidable challenge in modern healthcare, encompassing a diverse spectrum from autoimmune disorders to chronic inflammation. Effective therapeutic interventions necessitate the development of targeted and efficient delivery systems to address the complexities associated with drug administration. Purpose: This review highlights different approaches of lipid-based nanocarriers to target various inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It focuses on the advancements made in Lipid Nano-Carriers (LNC) with a special emphasis on their inherent safety, lower stability costs, and enhanced encapsulation efficiency. Methods: Recent literature has been surveyed from PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, etc., like search engines, for summarising detailed ongoing developments in the field of lipid nanocarriers for inflammatory diseases, which could prove to be a novel carrier for efficient drug delivery with special emphasis on surface modifications, formulations, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy. Conclusion: This review emphasizes recent researches in the field of lipid-based nano formulations for managing inflammatory disease, as well as extensive discussion on their limitations and future prospective.

Advancements in Vaccine Adjuvants: The Journey from Alum to Nano Formulations.

Vaccination is a groundbreaking approach in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. However, the effectiveness of vaccines can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of adjuvants, which are substances that potentiate and modulate the immune response. This review is based on extensive searches in reputable databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The goal of this review is to provide a thorough analysis of the advances in the field of adjuvant research, to trace the evolution, and to understand the effects of the various adjuvants. Historically, alum was the pioneer in the field of adjuvants because it was the first to be approved for use in humans. It served as the foundation for subsequent research and innovation in the field. As science progressed, research shifted to identifying and exploiting the potential of newer adjuvants. One important area of interest is nano formulations. These advanced adjuvants have special properties that can be tailored to enhance the immune response to vaccines. The transition from traditional alum-based adjuvants to nano formulations is indicative of the dynamism and potential of vaccine research. Innovations in adjuvant research, particularly the development of nano formulations, are a promising step toward improving vaccine efficacy and safety. These advances have the potential to redefine the boundaries of vaccination and potentially expand the range of diseases that can be addressed with this approach. There is an optimistic view of the future in which improved vaccine formulations will contribute significantly to improving global health outcomes.

Synthesized green silver nano particles of Herpetospermum darjeelingense shows enhanced In vitro Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective activity

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP’s) are 1 - 100nm sized constituents providing additional surface area in formation of plentiful coordinate bonds with various ligands. Green mode of AgNP’s synthesis has aided in development of advanced formulations towards treating complex human ailments. Herpetospermum darjeelingense (C.B.Clarke) H. Schaef. and S.S. Renner is an under investigated endemic ethnomedicinally significant cucurbit climber with no work based on synthesis and exploration of biogenic AgNP’s being conducted previously employing its solvent extracts. This paper aims to provide insights on the green synthesized AgNP’s besides studying its antimicrobial, antioxidant and hepatoprotective efficacy. Methanolic extracts of H. darjeelingense were utilized to synthesize AgNP’s via reduction of silver nitrate following UV-Visible spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopic characterization depicting surface plasmon resonance bands at around 430nm wavelength with spherical to cubical shaped AgNP’s ranging between 40–80nm. The methanol based sample extracts did not portray any inhibition zone in antimicrobial assay with the AgNP’s showing considerable zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus indicating anti-microbial effectiveness of silver nano formulations. The highest free radical scavenging potential was shown by 50mg/ml (91.99%) silver nano formulation with minimal being recorded in 12.5mg/ml (50.11%) nanoparticle concentrate including a noted gradual increase in anti-lipid peroxidation ability from 12.5mg/ml (7.157±0.08273mg/ml Tocopherol equivalent) to 50mg/ml (18.128±0.03152mg/ml Tocopherol equivalent) nanoparticle formulation clearly portraying statistically significant elevated results in comparison to plain sample extracts depicting its anticipated usage in pharmaceutical applications concerning antibacterial, antioxidative and hepatoprotective features.

Pro-Apoptotic Activity of Epi-Obtusane against Cervical Cancer: Nano Formulation, In Silico Molecular Docking, and Pharmacological Network Analysis.

Cancer is a major disease that threatens human health all over the world. Intervention and prevention in premalignant processes are successful ways to prevent cancer from striking. On the other hand, the marine ecosystem is a treasure storehouse of promising bioactive metabolites. The use of such marine products can be optimized by selecting a suitable nanocarrier. Therefore, epi-obtusane, previously isolated from Aplysia oculifera, was investigated for its potential anticancer effects toward cervical cancer through a series of in vitro assays in HeLa cells using the MTT assay method. Additionally, the sesquiterpene was encapsulated within a liposomal formulation (size = 130.8 ± 50.3, PDI = 0.462, zeta potential -12.3 ± 2.3), and the antiproliferative potential of epi-obtusane was investigated against the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa before and after encapsulation with liposomes. Epi-obtusane exhibited a potent effect against the HeLa cell line, while the formulated molecule with liposomes increased the in vitro antiproliferative activity. Additionally, cell cycle arrest analysis, as well as the apoptosis assay, performed via FITC-Annexin-V/propidium iodide double staining (flow cytofluorimetry), were carried out. The pharmacological network enabled us to deliver further insights into the mechanism of epi-obtusane, suggesting that STAT3 might be targeted by the compound. Moreover, molecular docking showed a comparable binding score of the isolated compound towards the STAT3 SH2 domain. The targets possess an anticancer effect through the endometrial cancer pathway, regulation of DNA templated transcription, and nitric oxide synthase, as mentioned by the KEGG and ShinyGo 7.1 databases.

Development and Substantiation of Nano Formulation with Antiviral Phtyomolecules Derived from Wild Papaya Genotypes for Extenuation of Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV)

Development and Substantiation of Nano Formulation with Antiviral Phtyomolecules Derived from Wild Papaya Genotypes for Extenuation of Papaya Ring Spot Virus (PRSV)

Polyherbal nano formulation: A potent antibiotic resistance breaker in bovine mastitis causing MDR pathogens

Bovine mastitis (BM) is one of the leading causes of economic loss faced by the cattle rearing and dairy industry throughout the world. This is an inflammatory disease, which mostly affects dairy cows and is caused when mastitis bacteria spread to the udder and associated glands during the milking process. Bovine mastitis results in significant losses for dairy farmers by affecting the quality, yield, and composition of the milk. The veterinary treatment and replacement costs, in addition, to the increased zoonotic transfer potential of the mastitis bacteria to humans, further add to the economic and health burden, associated with this disease. Nanotechnology-based formulations can be effective in combating the complications associated with bovine mastitis as well as to protect dairy cattle from bovine mastitis infection, caused by drug-resistant pathogens. Green nanotechnology is a field of modern research that deals with the manipulation of size and structure at the nanoscale by using green sources. In this study, multidrug-resistant bacterial (MDR) species from bovine mastitis milk were isolated, identified, and sequenced. The developed polyherbal nano formulation (PHNF) was evaluated against the MDR strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas stutzeri by employing different antibacterial, antibiofilm assays and also explored its effect on the CTX-M-15 gene. PHNF was found to be very effective against the tested strains by observing decreased growth rate with potent bactericidal and anti-biofilm activity. PHNF treatment effectively suppressed the antibiotic-resistant gene CTX-M-15 present in K. pneumoniae and P. stutzeri. In the future, these PHNF can be formulated as a topical agent to control the bovine mastitis-causing bacteria and therefore, help reduce the cost of treatment of bovine mastitis and also prevent the spread of deadly zoonotic infections to consumers.

New perspective of the ternary complex of nano-curcumin with β-lactoglobulin in the presence of α-lactalbumin: Spectroscopic and molecular dynamic investigations

Understanding the interaction between nano-curcumin (Nano Cur) and proteins is essential for elucidating the potential therapeutic applications of curcumin in nano formulations. In this study, we investigated the interactions of Nano Cur and two important milk proteins, β-lactoglobulin and α lactalbumin as binary and ternary systems, in molecular-level through the employment of various biophysical methods including various different spectroscopies, and molecular dynamic simulations. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed distinct changes in the fluorescence emission of both proteins upon binding to Nano Cur as an indication of protein-Nano Cur complexes formation. The non-linear Stern-Volmer plots of β-lactoglobulin-Nano Cur complex formation in the absence and presence of α-lactalbumin displayed two set of binding sites that referred to the dominance of two different interaction behaviors with two set of binding sites. Also, the comparison between Ksv and Kb values of β-lactoglobulin-Nano Cur in the absence and presence of α-lactalbumin with the temperatures revealed the influence of combined dynamic and static quenching. Circular dichroism measurements further provided insights into the potential enhancement of the secondary structure of proteins upon interaction with Nano Cur through the induced alterations. In order to access a deeper view on the dynamic behavior of protein-Nano Cur complexes, time-resolved fluorescence measurements were performed to reveal the kinetics of interaction process. Additionally, molecular dynamic simulations were employed to simulate the atomic-level interactions and explore the stability and conformational changes of protein-Nano Cur complexes over time. The results of these comprehensive biophysical investigations shed light on the binding characteristics, structural alterations, and dynamic behavior of Nano Cur upon interaction with β-lactoglobulin in the absence and presence of α-lactalbumin as the binary and ternary systems. This study reveals the Nano-Cur role in the protein–protein interaction behavior and provides valuable insights into the potential applications of α-lactalbumin in the design of functional food formulations and drug delivery systems.