Morphology Of Nanofibers Research Articles

Designing Cardin-Motif Peptide and Heparin-Based Multicomponent Advanced Bioactive Hydrogel Scaffolds to Control Cellular Behavior.

Recently, peptide and sugar-based multicomponent systems have gained much interest in attaining the sophisticated structure and biofunctional complexity of the extracellular matrix (ECM). To this direction, we have designed for the first time a biologically relevant minimalist Cardin-motif peptide capable of binding ECM-derived glycosaminoglycans. Herein, we explored Cardin-motif peptide and heparin-based biomolecular matrix by employing simple noncovalent interactions at the molecular level. Interestingly, this peptide was inadequate to induce hydrogelation at ambient pH due to the presence of basic amino acids. However, addition of heparin successfully triggered its gelation at physiological pH following favorable electrostatic interactions with heparin. Importantly, the newly developed scaffolds displayed tunable nanofibrous morphology and superior mechanical properties as controlled simply by the differential mixing ratio of both biomolecular entities. Additionally, these composite scaffolds could closely mimic the complexity of ECM as they demonstrated superior biocompatibility and enhanced growth and proliferation of neural cells as compared to the peptide scaffold.

Bead-like flexible ZIF-67-derived Co@Carbon composite nanofibre mat for wideband microwave absorption in C-band

The lightweight and wideband microwave attenuation performance with low-frequency compatibility, has always been desired for advanced microwave absorbing materials. However, most of the current solutions for low-frequency absorption rely on magnetic materials, which is limited by the high-density and narrow absorption bandwidth. Herein, we present a co-electrospinning synthesis strategy to fabricate lightweight and porous Co@C composite nanofibres (Co@CNFs) with bead-like (cubic Co particles embedded in carbon nanofibres) morphology. The continuous and fibrous carbon nanofibres template provides wideband microwave attenuation capacity. And the inserted MOF-derived Co additives further improve the low-frequency absorption performance by inducing magnetic losses, rich interfaces, and enhanced conductivity. The optimized Co@CNFs sample, with a filler loading of only 7.5 wt %, offers the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 3.84 GHz (4.16–8.00 GHz) within C-band at 6.63 mm. At an alternative sample thickness of 2.90 mm, the EAB reaches 6.42 GHz. In addition, the nanofibre mat also demonstrates excellent flexibility according to a 500-time 180° bending test. Furthermore, the broadband absorption matching formula based on the quarter wavelength (λ/4) cancellation theory was also optimized by containing permeability part, which could be served as the guidance for designing lightweight and broadband microwave attenuation fibrous materials that are compatible with low frequency absorption.

Assessment of the Tribological Performance of Electrospun Lignin Nanofibrous Web-Thickened Bio-Based Greases in a Nanotribometer.

The tribological performance of novel bio-based lubricating greases thickened with electrospun lignin nanostructures was investigated in a nanotribometer using a steel-steel ball-on-disc configuration. The impact of electrospun nanofibrous network morphology on friction and wear is explored in this work. Different lignin nanostructures were obtained with electrospinning using ethylcellulose or PVP as co-spinning polymers and subsequently used as thickeners in castor oil at concentrations of 10-30% wt. Friction and wear generally increased with thickener concentration. However, friction and wear decreased when using homogeneous bead-free nanofiber mats (with higher fiber diameter and lower porosity) rather than nanostructures dominated by the presence of particles or beaded fibers, which was favored by reducing the lignin:co-spinning polymer ratio.

Nanofibrous Polythiophene-SnO2 composite Films: A novel approach for Low-Temperature NO2 sensing

The SnO2-incorporated interconnected nanofibrous Polythiophene (Sn-INPTh) composite thin film was successfully synthesized using a simple chemical bath deposition method. The film was systematically studied for its NO2 gas sensing application. The chemical bonding, surface morphology, and optical properties were investigated using FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDAX, AFM, and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The effects of SnO2 incorporation on the physicochemical and NO2 sensing properties of the Sn-INPTh thin films were examined. The surface morphological study revealed the nanofibrous Polythiophene morphology, which remained intact after the incorporation of SnO2. The investigation of the chemical bonding nature clearly indicated the characteristic IR absorption bands of Polythiophene, along with the emergence of additional bands corresponding to the SnO2 nanoparticles. The Sn-INPTh thin film gas sensor demonstrated the highest selectivity for NO2 among the various oxidizing and reducing gases (NH3, SO2, H2S, NO2, CO, LPG) tested at a low working temperature of 40 ± 2˚C. All of the Sn-INPTh composite thin films exhibited enhanced NO2 sensing performance, with the highest sensitivity of 81.5% and the shortest response time of 22.66 s observed for the optimized Sn-INPTh composite thin films.

The impact of polymer mixture composition on the properties of electrospun membranes for drug delivery applications

Orally dispersible films (ODFs) prepared by an electrospinning are a novel type of pharmaceutical formulation. This dosage form has the potential to be beneficial for small children and the elderly, who can have problems with administration of classical tablets due to the increased risk of choking and difficulty with swallowing. Due to the highly porous nanofiber morphology, the ODFs examined in this study achieve rapid disintegration into drug microparticles when in contact with saliva. The suspension is then easier to swallow. In this study, we focus on the impact of film composition (polymer matrix composition) on the properties of electrospun membranes. In particular, we prepared ODFs composed of a mixture of PEG 100 000 with HPMC E5 and PVP k90 with HPMC E5. We found significant differences in the structure of electrospinned membranes, where samples containing PEG 100 000 and HPMC E5 exhibited much narrower distribution of fibers. Furthermore, nanofibers containing PVP k90 exhibit a faster disintegration rate, while dissolution of the drug was faster in the case of PEG 100 000 containing ODFs. The improvement was caused by both the structure and composition of the membranes.

Fabrication and property analysis of MnxZn1-xFe2O4 nanofibers and homogeneous-fiber-reinforced MnZn ferrite materials

MnxZn1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7) nanofibers were prepared by the solvothermal reaction and used as reinforcement phase to synthesize the corresponding three types of homogeneous-fiber-reinforced MnZn ferrite materials. The dependence of composition, morphology, size, and property of MnxZn1-xFe2O4 nanofibers on the Mn content was studied. Results demonstrated that MnxZn1-xFe2O4 nanofibers had uniform 1D fibrous structure, smooth surface, and large aspect ratio, which varied in sizes and arrangements by controlling the ratios of Mn2+ to Zn2+. The lattice parameter gradually decreased and the saturation magnetization (Ms) increased with the Mn content of MnxZn1-xFe2O4 nanofibers increasing from x = 0.3 to 0.7. Meanwhile, the effects of diverse MnxZn1-xFe2O4 nanofibers on the structures, magnetic and mechanical properties such as magnetic hysteresis loop, effective permeability, magnetic loss, and Vickers hardness of MnZn ferrite materials were also investigated systematically. Results indicated that the homogeneous-fiber-reinforced MnZn ferrite materials had denser crystal structure, higher strength, and stability, sothat they possessed excellent magnetic and mechanical properties of high Ms, high permeability, low loss, and high hardness. When the Mn content of MnxZn1-xFe2O4 nanofibers increased from x = 0.3 to 0.7, the homogeneous-fiber-reinforced MnZn ferrite materials exhibited better magnetic and mechanical properties due to the finer size and superior property of the corresponding MnxZn1-xFe2O4 nanofibers.

Reactive Cell Electrospinning of Anisotropically Aligned and Bilayer Hydrogel Nanofiber Networks.

Structured hydrogels that incorporate aligned nanofibrous morphologies have been demonstrated to better replicate the structures of native extracellular matrices and thus their function in guiding cell responses. However, current techniques for nanofiber fabrication are limited in their ability to create hydrogel scaffolds with tunable directional alignments and cell types/densities, as required to reproduce more complex native tissue structures. Herein, we leverage a reactive cell electrospinning technique based on the dynamic covalent cross-linking of poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate (POEGMA) precursor polymers to fabricate aligned hydrogel nanofibers that can be directly loaded with cells during the electrospinning process. The scaffolds were found to support high C2C12 myoblast viabilities greater than 85% over 14 days, with changes in the electrospinning collector allowing for the single-step fabrication of nonaligned, aligned, or cross-aligned nanofibrous networks. Cell aspect ratios on aligned scaffolds were found on average to be 27% higher compared to those on nonaligned scaffolds; furthermore, cell-loaded bilayer scaffolds with perpendicular fiber alignments showed evidence of enabling localized directional cell responses to individual layer fiber directions while avoiding delamination between the layers. This fabrication approach thus offers potential for better mimicking the structure and thus function of aligned and multilayered tissues (e.g., smooth muscle, neural, or tendon tissues).

Bifunctional TiO2−x nanofibers enhanced gel polymer electrolyte for high performance lithium metal batteries

Exploration of advanced gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) represents a viable strategy for mitigating dendritic lithium (Li) growth, which is crucial in ensuring the safe operation of high energy density Li metal batteries (LMBs). Despite this, the application of GPEs is still hindered by inadequate ionic conductivity, low Li+ transference number, and subpar physicochemical properties. Herein, TiO2−x nanofibers (NF) with oxygen vacancy defects were synthesized by a one-step process as inorganic fillers to enhance the thermal/mechanical/ionic-transportation performances of composite GPEs. Various characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal that the oxygen vacancies on the surface of TiO2−x NF accelerate the dissociation of LiPF6, promote the rapid transfer of free Li+, and influence the formation of LiF-enriched solid electrolyte interphase. Consequently, the composite GPEs demonstrate enhanced ionic conductivity (1.90 mS cm−1 at room temperature), higher lithium-ion transference number (0.70), wider electrochemical stability window (5.50 V), superior mechanical strength, excellent thermal stability (210 °C), and improved compatibility with lithium, resulting in superior cycling stability and rate performance in both Li||Li, Li||LiFePO4, and Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cells. Overall, the synergistic influence of nanofiber morphology and enriched oxygen vacancy structure of fillers on electrochemical properties of composite GPEs is comprehensively investigated, thus, it is anticipated to shed new light on designing high-performance GPEs LMBs.

Preparation of Pr, Co co-doped BaFeO3–δ-based nanofiber cathode materials by electrospinning

The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is considered promising technology that directly converts the chemical energy stored in the fuel into electrical energy. However, the undesired oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and stability of the cathode have hindered its commercialization. In this work, a series of Pr-doped PrxBa1-xFe0.8Co0.2O3-δ (x = 0∼0.3) nanofibers and powder cathode materials with excellent performance are synthesized by electrospinning and sol-gel methods, respectively. The influence of different Pr doping amounts on the nanofiber morphology, phase structure, thermal stability and electrochemical properties of BaFe0.8Co0.2O3-δ (BFCO) nanofibers cathode materials were investigated. Compared the microstructures and electrochemical performance of Pr0.1Ba0.9Fe0.8Co0.2O3-δ nanofiber and powders prepared by different methods. The partial substitution of Pr for Ba (doping of a few of Pr) can effectively eliminate the BFCO hexagonal phase and induce the transformation to the cubic phase. The content of oxygen vacancies was significantly increased as well as the cathode ORR activity was well enhanced. In addition, we demonstrated by DRT that oxygen adsorption is the rate-limiting step at the cathode. Among them, Pr0.1Ba0.9Fe0.8Co0.2O3-δ nanofiber has the best electrochemical performance and the highest oxygen surface exchange kinetics performance. The area-specific resistance (ASR) of Pr0.1Ba0.9Fe0.8Co0.2O3-δ nanofiber is 0.1416 Ω cm2 at 700 °C. When the peak power density (PPD) of the YSZ-NiO/YSZ/GDC/PBCF1–F single cell shows 0.787 W cm−2, an anode-supported fuel cell with Pr0.1Ba0.9Fe0.8Co0.2O3-δ nanofiber demonstrates excellent stability after 100 h of long-term stability test. Electrospinning technology is an effective method to prepare high-performance cathodes, and Pr0.1Ba0.9Fe0.8Co0.2O3-δ nanofiber cathodes are expected to be high-performance cathode materials for IT-SOFCs.

Three dimensional and porous network architecture based on polyaniline hollow nanofibers with high specific capacitance and outstanding cyclic stability for supercapacitor electrode materials

In order to resolve the bottleneck issue of polyaniline (PANI) electrode including low specific capacitance and poor cyclic stability, three dimensional (3D) and porous network architecture was constructed by polyaniline hollow nanofibers (PANI-HFs) prepared via facile chemical oxidative polymerization. The morphology, specific surface areas, and pore sizes, chemical structure and the crystallinity of the PANI-HFs were thoroughly analyzed by various measurements. The obtained PANI-HFs present 3D porous network structure, highly regular morphology of hollow nanofibers and large specific area, as benefits the electronic transport and ionic transfer. According to the electrochemical measurements, at the current density of 1 A g−1, the PANI-HFs achieved high specific capacitance of 290 F g‐1 and superior cyclic stability with the capacitance retention of 83% even after 1000 charge/discharge cycles. On basis of the charge storage mechanism of the electrode proposed, the advantageous electrochemical performance results from the special architecture constructed by the PANI-HFs and the structure of hollow nanofibers. More importantly, as a breakthrough, the all-solid state symmetrical supercapacitors based on PANI-HFs lighted up the light emitting diode (LED) for the first time, as means significant perspective in the application of energy storage.

Effects of tri-solvent and electrospinning condition on the morphology of cellulose acetate nanofibers

Effects of tri-solvent and electrospinning condition on the morphology of cellulose acetate nanofibers

Effects of the morphology and diameter of TiO2 nanofibers as light-scattering layers on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells

In this study, TiO2 nanofibers was synthesized using electrospinning method with varying applied voltage (10 kV–20 kV) to obtain high surface-volume ratio and porous material. As the applied voltage increased, diameter of TiO2 nanofibers decreased and the presence of beads disappeared resulting in homogeneous nanofibers. At applied voltage higher than 16 kV, TiO2 nanofibers have diameter less than 100 nm. TiO2 nanofibers are deposited on top of TiO2 nanoparticles which act as a light-scattering layer. Based on the I–V characteristic, TiO2 nanofibers produced by applied voltage of 18 kV gives the highest efficiency of 2.38% with JSC 6.37 mA cm−2, VOC of 0.74 V and fill factor of 50.54%. Adding the TiO2 nanofibers as light-scattering layer improve and extend the path of light, thereby increasing the power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells.

Effects of Reduced Graphene Oxide on Structural, Morphological, and Contact Angle Measurements of Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Nanofibers

Polymer blend nanofibers are attracting considerable attention due to their wide applications in energy storage, water purification, drug delivery, and wettability studies. To date, research on poly (vinyl alcohol)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVA/PVP) embedded with graphene-related materials like graphene oxide or reduced graphene oxide(rGO) are synthesized from solution mixing and casting into film, with limited efforts on developing polymer blend nanofibrous films. The present study focuses on developing the PVA/PVP blend nanofibrous film embedded with rGO using the electrospinning technique. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and contact angle measurements are used to investigate the structural, morphological, and wettability of the synthesized nanofibrous film. The rGO is synthesized by the improved Hummer’s method. The study provides insights into the tuning of the contact angles by modifying the morphology of nanofibers. The as-synthesized nanofibers have a diameter of about 150-250 nm and with the increase in rGO weight percentage show a drastic change in contact angle from 64° to 35.2°. These results highlight the modification of the wettability properties of blend nanofiber films by embedding rGO.

Zinc ions and ciprofloxacin-encapsulated chitosan/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) composite nanofibers promote wound healing via enhanced antibacterial and immunomodulatory

Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory nanofibrous membranes have attracted extensive attention, especially for the cutaneous wound treatment. In this study, zinc ions and ciprofloxacin-encapsulated chitosan/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (CS/PCL) electrospun core-shell nanofibers were prepared by employing zinc ions-coordinated chitosan as the shell, and ciprofloxacin-functionalized PCL as the core. The morphology and core-shell structure of the as-prepared composite nanofibers were examined by SEM and TEM, respectively. The physical structure and mechanical property of the electrospun membrane were explored by FTIR, swelling, porosity and tensile test. Tensile strength of the zinc ions-coordinated CS/PCL composite nanofibers was enhanced to ca. 16 MPa. Meanwhile, the composite nanofibers can rapidly release of ciprofloxacin during 11 days and effectively suppress above 98 % of S. aureus proliferation. Moreover, the composite nanofibers exhibited excellent guide cell alignment and cyto-activity, as well as significantly down-regulated the inflammation factors, IL-6 and TNF-α in vitro. Animal experiments in vivo showed that the zinc ions-coordinated CS/PCL membrane by means of the synergistic effect of ciprofloxacin and active zinc ions, could significantly alleviate macrophage infiltration, promote collagen deposition and accelerate the healing process of wounds.

Thermomechanical properties of coated PLA-3D-printed orthopedic plate with PCL/Akermanite nano-fibers: Experimental procedure and AI optimization

Nowadays, 3D printing has become a popular method among surgeons due to its merits in orthopedic treatments. In this method, polymeric biomaterials are deposited in a layer-by-layer manner to fabricate 3D objects that can be used as orthopedic implants and plates; however, 3D-printed implants or plates may lack properties required to bond with host tissue. Coating surface of plates with nano-fibers is an appropriate way to modify plates to overcome this challenge. In this study, first, an orthopedic plate was 3D printed with Polylactic acid (PLA) and coated with polycaprolactone (PCL)/Akermanite (AKT) nano-fibers. The composition included 8 wt% of PCL and 3 wt% of nAKT, while diameter of the PCL/AKT nano-fibers was approximately 253 nm ± 33 nm. Thermomechanical properties such as pressure, three-point bending flexural, and thermal conductivity of coated and non-coated specimens were examined and compared. In the next step, the bioactivity of the coated samples was evaluated following a 28-day immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Further, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were taken to assess morphology of nanofibers and apatite formation on samples. By adding PCL to PLA, the maximum pressure force is enhanced by 16.83%. Further by adding nAKT to PLA + PCL sample, the maximum pressure force is enhanced by 4.72%. Further, by adding PCL to PLA, the maximum bending flexural force is enhanced by 21.06%. Further by adding nAKT to PLA + PCL sample, the maximum bending flexural force is enhanced by 21.39%. The results of this study are used to improve modeling of the orthopedic plates.

Electrospun natural melanin nanoparticles on polyvinyl alcohol nanofiber hybrid meshes: Processing and crosslinking optimization

Hybrid systems consisting the combination of nanofibers and nanoparticles provide great benefits for nanotechnology and its theranostic applications. Herein, a hybrid system incorporates natural melanin nanoparticles (MNPs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based nanofibers was introduced using electrospinning method by taking account the effects of viscosity and conductivity of MNP and PVA solutions along with the potential physicochemical effects of crosslinking on the process. Monolithic and core-shell hybrid substances were designed using single and coaxial nozzles at different voltage and flow rates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were employed for the evaluation of the nanofiber morphology to acquire optimized parameters of the electrospinning process. SEM analysis indicated that the diameters of monolithic and core-shell nanoparticle-nanofiber hybrids were 304 ± 88 nm and 465 ± 56 nm, respectively, depending on the nozzle type. Additionally, nanofibers were assessed in terms of mechanical strength and compatibility between MNPs and PVA. The stability of nanofibers was enhanced with solution crosslinking by considering swelling, degradation rates and in vitro release kinetics of MNPs. The most promising monolithic nanofibers were obtained at a ratio of 7:3 (PVA:MNP) and 10–30 min of crosslinking yielded stable nanofibers after interaction with water. ATR-FTIR spectrum analysis showed that compatibility in monolithic and core-shell nanofibers was rendered by hydrogen bonds between OH in PVA and –NH2/−OH in MNPs. As a result of the crosslinking process, the nanofibers gained better swelling and less degradable properties, thus no MNP release occurred from the matrix. As another notable point, compared to monolithic and non-crosslinked nanofibers, core-shell and crosslinked nanofibers presented stronger mechanical properties. Consequently, an optimization study incorporating both crosslinking and electrospinning methods was conducted to obtain MNPs and PVA based nanofibers for applications with green, sustainable, multifunctional and photoactive substances in biomedical engineering.

Structure and morphology optimization of nanofiber membrane for the application of high-performance air filtration

This study aims to investigate the parameters affecting electrospun nanofiber morphology and modify the nanofiber's structure to produce an air filter using polyacrylonitrile (PAN), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), and polylactic acid (PLA). Fiber diameter and inverse of volume charge density exhibit power law relations with power scales of 0.535, 0.066, and 0.440 for PAN, ABS, and PLA, respectively. The relationship between fiber diameter and viscosity also produced power law with a power scale of 0.10 for PLA and 0.23 for ABS. Furthermore, the membrane structure is modified based on the filter performance evaluated by the models from literature. Although the models are generally inadequate to accurately predict the filter performance, they could provide an initial assessment of fibrous filter performance. The modified membrane outperforms its constituent nanofiber, with a pressure drop of 61.73 Pa at 5.3 cm s−1 face velocity, filtration efficiency of >95.56%, and quality factor of >0.052 Pa−1.

Effect of electrospun bilayer titanium oxide–tin oxide nanofibers on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells

The core–shell nanofibers, which contain titanium oxide (TiO2) and tin oxide (SnO2), are known as electrospun nanofibers that improve the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells by exploring the photoanode. The morphology and microstructure of the electrospun nanofibers are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X–ray diffraction (XRD). Based on the SEM micrographs, the fibers have a bilayer TiO2–SnO2 core–shell structure with a 70–120 nm diameter. The XRD analysis shows the dominant crystalline phase of the synthesized nanostructures after heat treatment. Finally, the synthesized nanofibers are used to prepare dye-sensitized solar cell photoanodes with thicknesses of 8, 11, 14, and 17 μm, which their performances are investigated. The current–voltage (I–V) curve of the solar cells under the Xenon lamp irradiation is measured and calculated. The optimal solar cell with a photoanode made electrophoretic at 30 V for 8 min shows the best performance. The optimal thickness of the TiO2–SnO2 nanocomposite for this photoanode is 14 μm. The short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and optimal cell efficiency for this sample are 19.35 mA/cm2, 650 mV, and 9.27%, respectively.

Flexible centrifugally spun PVP based SnO2@carbon nanofiber electrodes

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted significant attention because of the abundant resource and low-cost of sodium. Furthermore, flexible and wearable functional electronics have been presented as one of the most important emerging technology. Carbon nanofibers are promising candidates for flexible electrodes due to their high electronic conductivity and high surface area, while it is vital to use non-petroleum-based polymers considering environmental concerns. Developing flexible nanostructured electrodes by using environment friendly polymers with a fast and low-cost technique is critical to develop high performance flexible electronics. Electrochemical properties are influenced by the morphology and average fiber diameters of nanofibers. In this study, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) solutions with various concentrations and two different solvent systems (ethanol/water and ethanol/dimethylformamide) were successfully spun into nanofibers by the fast, safe, low-cost, and environment friendly technique of centrifugal spinning. The effect of solvent system and solution concentration was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy images, and the average fiber diameters varied from 436 nm to 3 µm. Moreover, nine different heat treatments were studied, and the effect of time and temperature during stabilization and carbonization on the morphology of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) was investigated. Furthermore, flexible carbon nanofibers were fabricated and used as binder-free anodes in sodium-ion batteries. In order to enhance the electrochemical properties of flexible CNFs, flexible SnO2@CNFs were fabricated by combining centrifugal spinning and heat treatment. The electrochemical performance of the flexible SnO2@carbon nanofiber anodes was evaluated by conducting galvanostatic charge/discharge tests and cycling voltammetry. A high rate of performance was also presented. The high reversible capacity of 400 mA h/g was delivered when flexible centrifugally spun PVP based SnO2@carbon nanofiber electrodes were used in SIBs.

Biomedical applications of electrospun polycaprolactone-based carbohydrate polymers: A review

Carbohydrate used in biomedical applications is influenced by numerous factors. One of the most appealing characteristic of carbohydrates is their ability to reproduce from natural resources which makes them ecologically friendly. Due to their abundance, biocompatibility, and no contamination by residual initiators, the desire for polysaccharides in medical uses is growing. Research on fiber-based materials, with a variety of medical applications including bio-functional scaffolds, continues to yield novel and intriguing findings. Almost all biopolymers of diverse structural compositions are electrospun to fulfill biomedical usage criteria, and the electrospinning technique is widely employed in biomedical technologies for both in-vivo and in-vitro therapies. Due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability, polycaprolactone (PCL) is employed in medical applications like tissue engineering and drug delivery. Although PCL nanofibers have established effects in vitro, more research is needed before their potential therapeutic application in the clinic. Here we tried to focus mainly on the carbohydrate incorporated PCL-based nanofibers production techniques, structures, morphology, and physicochemical properties along with their usage in biomedicine.