Nanoemulsion Formula Research Articles

Turmeric-black pepper-honey nanoemulsion formulation and antiulcerogenic effect evaluation against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats.

Gastric ulcer is a common disorder of the digestive system. The combination of turmeric and honey is known to treat stomach ulcers. However, curcumin, an active component in turmeric, has limitations, i.e., poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. Therefore, turmeric and honey were formulated into a nanoemulsion with black pepper to enhance curcumin bioavailability. The study followed a systematic approach to optimize the nanoemulsion formula, determine stability, and evaluate ulcer healing activity in rats with ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Nanoemulsion was prepared using a low-energy emulsification method called emulsion phase inversion (EPI). Two stability evaluations were carried out, i.e., storage and freeze-thaw stability tests. The organoleptic, droplet size, polydispersity index, pH, viscosity, and curcumin content of the nanoemulsion were evaluated. Male Wistar albino rats were induced with 96% ethanol for six days. The rats were divided into six groups, i.e., healthy control, ulcerated control, omeprazole, two different doses of turmeric, honey, and black pepper nanoemulsion (NTBH1 and NTBH2), and turmeric and honey nanoemulsion (NTH). The antiulcer activity was determined by measuring the ulcer area, ulcer index, curative index, ulcer severity score, and histology. The best formula with the smallest droplet size, i.e., 144.6±3.8 nm, was obtained from the nanoemulsion using Tween 80 as surfactant, glycerin as cosolvent, and sodium alginate as viscosity enhancer. The result showed that the nanoemulsion was stable after being stored at 25 and 40°C for four weeks and after six cycles of freeze-thaw test. The ulcer index of the ulcerated rats from the lowest to the highest, i.e., NTBH2, omeprazole, NTH, and NTBH1. In conclusion, the nanoemulsion developed in this study containing turmeric, honey, and black pepper holds promising potential in treating gastric ulcers, offering a hopeful outlook for future treatments.

Application of the Simplex Lattice Design Methode to Determine the Optimal Formula Nanoemulsion with Virgin Coconut Oil and Palm Oil

Background: The success of nanoemulsion preparation is characterized by characteristics such as small droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and % transmittance, which are close to 100%. One of these factors is the type of oil component used. The Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method can be used to determine the ratio of oil combinations to obtain an optimal nanoemulsion formula. Objective: The application of the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method can help researchers speed up the acquisition of optimal formulas without trial and error so that nanoemulsion formulas that meet specifications can be obtained. Methods: This research uses the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method with Design of Expert Version 13 software, with an upper limit value for oil (VCO and Palm Oil) of 2.66% and a lower limit value for oil (VCO and Palm Oil) of 0, which then The results of several formulas come out and characterization testing is carried out to get the best formula from the recommendations produced by the software. Results: The results of the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) showed that oil affected the droplet size and PDI (p <0.05). Six optimal formulas were obtained, and after testing in the laboratory, there was no significant difference between the results of the SLD program and those of the laboratory (Sig. <0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method is very effective.

Exploring the Potential of Pangasius Catfish Oil as a Base Oil for Nanoemulsion Products: Optimization and Characterization

Pangasius catfish, also known as striped catfish, is a high-fat fish compared to other freshwater fish like snakehead fish and carp. The oil extracted from this fish contains unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids that are beneficial for health. The quality of the oil is affected by the extraction method, especially the preliminary heating temperature for the extraction. Pangasius catfish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) that have the potential to inhibit inflammation, hyperpigmentation, accelerate skin healing for topical applications, and act as a skin permeation enhancer and oil base for nanoemulsion due to its high oleic acid content. In this research, an experimental design was conducted on pangasius catfish oil extraction using the pressing method to optimize predetermined parameters using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The factors considered for optimization included the quantity of water and extraction temperatures, with water content ranging from 50% to 150% (w/v) and extraction temperatures ranging from 25°C to 55°C. These ranges were intended to yield results and characterization values of oxidation parameters are tested according to the International Fish Oil Standard (IFOS) through tests including Acid Value (AV), Peroxide Value (PV), Anisidine Value (p-AnV), and Total Oxidation (TOTOX). Subsequently, the optimal conditions were confirmed to obtain the best fish oil results, which were achieved at 1.5 times the amount of pre-treatment water and a pre-treatment temperature of 55°C. The pangasius catfish oil obtained from the confirmation of optimal conditions is used as a raw material for producing nanoemulsions. The D-Optimal Mixture Design of Design Expert approach is utilized to formulate the nanoemulsion. The nanoemulsion formula containing 0.5% pangasius catfish oil was determined as the optimal formula according to the range of physical characteristics of the referenced nanoemulsion preparations with a desirability value of 0.974. This study has demonstrated the potential utility of pangasius catfish oil as a prominent base oil in nanoemulsion products.

Optimization of Nanoemulsion Formula Containing Erythromycin with VCO and Varying Concentrations of Tween-80 and PEG-400

Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic is classified into Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II which has low solubility in water. The low solubility corresponds to the bioavailability in the blood. One strategy to increase the solubility of Erythromycin is the formulation of erythromycin in nanoemulsion. This research aims to form nanoemulsion using the PIT (Phase Transition Temperature) method for obtaining the optimum formula of erythromycin nanoemulsion using virgin coconut oil (VCO) can be found with varying concentrations of Tween 80 surfactant and PEG 400 cosurfactant. The selection of the optimum formula was assisted by Design Expert software with the Factorial design method 22. The basis for determining the optimum formula is based on the results of organoleptic characterization tests, adsorption efficiency (%EE), percent transmittance, viscosity test, pH test, and stability test. The optimum formula was nanoemulsion which had a concentration of Tween 80 25% and PEG 400 25% as a desirability value of <1. The results of the optimum formula showed that the particle size was 170.6±12.8594 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) 0.403±0.04406, and zeta potential -8.8667±0.25697 mV and had an appropriate stability without phase separation during stability test.

Inhibition of some multidrug-resistant bacteria using prepared essential oil Nanoemulsion formulas and their mode of action

Inhibition of some multidrug-resistant bacteria using prepared essential oil Nanoemulsion formulas and their mode of action

Formulation and Evaluation of Idebenone Microemulsion as a Potential Approach for the Transmucosal Drug Delivery Systems

Idebenone, a synthetic analogue of ubiquinone (Co-Q10), is used for the treatment of Leiber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Although it is almost completely absorbed from GIT, its extensive rate of metabolism makes its oral bioavailability less than 1%. This study aims to formulate the poorly water-soluble drug as nanoemulsion (NE) to increase drug solubility as well as transmucosal permeation and circumventing hepatic biodegradation by using transmucosal routes of administration such as intranasal rout to enhance drug bioavailability. Nanoemulsion components were selected through screening of the preferential solubility of IDB in several oils and emulsifying agents and subsequent formulation optimization through screening for their best miscibility through phase study. Lemongrass oil showed superior characteristics to represent the oil phase in which the drug was dissolved while Cremophor EL® and Transcutol-P® represented the surfactant system. The method of spontaneous-emulsification was used to prepare twelve NE formulas (F1-F12) which were subjected to several characterization tests. Out of four successful formulas, F-11 showed the best globule size (45.6nm), PDI (0.19) zeta-potential (-2.8 mV), low viscosity and suitable pH (5.9). Using sheep nasal mucosa as model, (F-11) was subjected to ex-vivo transmucosal permeation study against plain drug oil dispersion with pronounced enhanced permeation due to formulation as NEs. Permeation kinetic parameters were obtained such as permeation rate 40.9 µg/h/cm2, lag time 15min, permeability coefficient 40.9x10-4 cm/h and enhancement ratio 39. The outcome of this study indicates the possibility of incorporation of this formula into a suitable carrier for finalizing its formulation as non-enteral dosage form with enhanced IDB bioavailability.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS CITRONELLA OIL NANOGEL FORMULATIONS AS A REPELLENT OF AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITO

Objective: The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the repellency of various citronella oil nanogel formulations against Aedes aegypti mosquito bites applied to guinea pigs. Methods: The Citronella oil nanogel was prepared by emulsification technique combined with gelling formation. The nanoemulsion formula consists of 6% Citronella oil, 10% propylene glycol, 6% combination of Tween 80 and Span 80 in variation to 4 formula, and deionized water until 100%. Nanoemulsions were then added to the gel base which is composed of Carbopol 940 and TEA. The nanogel formed was characterized physically and its effectiveness against Aedes aegypti mosquito using guinea pigs as an animal model. The repellent activity was determined by the amount of mosquito bites on the guinea pigs’s skin. Results: The organoleptic test displayed that all formulas comply with the requirements, except formula 1. The formula 2, 3, and 4 have particle size below 100 nm and the polydispersity index (PDI) less than 0.5. According to the repellent assay showed that all formulas have the effectiveness much higher than without the intervention. Formula 3 has the highest effectiveness of repellent activity against Aedes aedgypti in guinea pigs’ skin. The repellent activity of Formula 3 showed a significant difference (p-value of 0.005) as compared to nanogel without Citronella oil. Conclusion: The protective power of Citronella oil nanogel Formula 3 is the most effective as compared to the other formula.

Development of nanoemulgel containing nanobentonite-purified catfish oil for candidate of a wound healing dosage form

Catfish oil contains docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which is a bioactive substance as a burn wound healer. This study aims to improve the organoleptic property of catfish oil using nanobentonite as an adsorbent, then formulated in topical nanoemulgel. Purified catfish oil was prepared into nanoemulsion by self-nanoemulsification method. The nanoemulsion formula consisted of catfish oil, cremophor RH40, and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 with various ratios. The optimized nanoemulsion formula was incorporated into hydrogels which were developed using various polymers. Nanobentonite particle size of 508.47 ± 10.47 nm at 10% had the potential to improve catfish oil organoleptic without significantly reducing DHA level. The good physical appearance of nanoemulsion was produced by a 1:8:1 ratio and showed droplet size of 21.03 ± 0.23 nm, Polydispersity index (PDI) 0.269 ± 0.04, pH 6.83 ± 0.02, and zeta potential of −15 ± 2.57 mV. The most stable nanoemulgel was formed by 2% CMC-Na. This nanoemulgel containing catfish oil nanoemulsion has a particle size of 114.4 ± 2.40 nm, PDI 0.399 ± 0.02, pH 6.89 ± 0.01, viscosity of 5,700 ± 50 cps, spreadability of 5.69 ± 0.08 cm, and shows physicochemically stable at 25°C storage conditions. Thus, nanoemulgel containing catfish oil nanoemulsion is a promising wound healer. Nanobentonite is also a potential adsorbent to improve the acceptability of catfish oil for topical use.

Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulation and molecular docking of mahogany seed extract (Swietenia mahagoni) as anti-hyperglycemic

Hyperglycemia is one of the causes of diabetes mellitus. One example of a plant used as an anti-hyperglycemic and anti-diabetic herbal medicine is the mahogany plant (Swietenia mahagoni). Drugs in nanoemulsion dosages must be developed to increase oral bioavailability and drug solubility from herbal plant extracts. So, research was carried out to determine the formulation and optimization of nanoemulsion from mahogany seed extract (Swietenia mahagoni) and its effect on reducing blood glucose levels in mice (Mus musculus L.). Based on research that has been carried out, the nanoemulsion formula for mahogany seed extract is characterized by a transmittance percentage of 84.7 % and a particle size of 12.21 nm. Administration of mahogany seed extract and nanoemulsion formulation of mahogany seed extract (Swietenia mahagoni) can reduce blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic mice (Mus musculus L.). Further, a computational analysis using the molecular docking approach was carried out to analyze the molecular interaction between the main components of mahogany seed (glycidyl oleate and glycidyl palmitoleate) and alpha-glucosidase. The outcome suggested that these substances are bonded to the alpha-glucosidase catalytic sites by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions and are stable during MD simulation, suggesting that the primary components of mahogany seed may become potential alpha-glucosidase inhibitors to treat diabetes.

Optimization of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Leaf Extract in Nanoemulgel and Antiacnes Activity Test Against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria

Soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.) has antibacterial activity with active components of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins. This research aims to optimize the use of VCO, Tween 80, and PEG 400 in the nanoemulsion system, which will be added Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent to form a nanoemulgel and to determine antibacterial activity. By utilizing the simplex lattice design method in Design Expert 13.0, the nanoemulsion formula has been successfully optimized involving a mixture of VCO, Tween 80, and PEG 400. A total of 14 different nanoemulsion formulas were produced through this process. The process of making nanoemulsion is carried out by mixing extracts, oils, surfactants and cosurfactants, homogenized using a vortex, then sonicated. Evaluation of % transmittance, emulsification time, and pH were carried out to determine nanoemulsion physical properties. The nanoemulsion optimal formula was evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential and made into nanoemulgel with the addition of Carbopol 940. The optimal formula has a composition of 10.86% VCO, 67.33% Tween 80, 21.81% PEG 400 form homogeneous and clear nanoemulsion with % transmittance of 91.97±1.11%, emulsification time of 56.42±0.72 seconds, and pH of 5.67±0.24. Particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the optimal formula were 229.47±38.79 nm, 0.41±0.10, and -39.13±0.19 mV, respectively. Evaluation of nanoemulgel physical properties showed homogeneous, pH value of 5.83±0.24, spreadability of 5.57±0.25 cm, adhesive force of 3.80±0.25 seconds, viscosity of 11479.33±167.49 cP, antibacterial activity against P. acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis with inhibition zone diameters of 9.67±0.47 mm, 7.33±0.47 mm, and 5.67±0.47 mm. respectively. Nanoemulgel soursop leaf extract has suitable physical properties, and antibacterial activity is in the medium category.

Formulation and in vitro characterization of nanoemulsions containing remdesivir or licorice extract: A potential subcutaneous injection for coronavirus treatment

The management of coronavirus necessitates that medicines are available, reasonably priced, and easy to administer. The work aimed at formulating and characterizing remdesivir and licorice extract nanoemulsions and comparing their efficacy against coronavirus for further subcutaneous injection. First, the solubility of remdesivir was determined in different oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants to choose the optimal nanoemulsion components. Nanoemulsions were optimized concerning surfactant: co-surfactant ratio (5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1) and oil to surfactant: co-surfactant ratio (1:9, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, and 1:1). The formulations were evaluated concerning % transmittance, emulsification time, pH, viscosity, droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug content, transmission electron microscopy, in-vitro drug release, stability (of the optimal formulas), and antiviral effect against coronavirus. The optimal nanoemulsion formula was F7, exhibiting an acceptable pH level, a rapid emulsification rate, a viscosity of 20 cP, and 100% drug content. The formulation droplet size was 16 and 17 nm, the polydispersity index was 0.18 and 0.26, and the zeta potential was − 6.29 and − 10.34 mV for licorice extract and remdesivir nanoemulsions, respectively. However, licorice extract nanoemulsion exhibited better release and physical stability. Licorice extract nanoemulsion may be a potential subcutaneous injection for combating mild to moderate coronavirus.

In Silico Test and in Vitro Test of Asiatycoside Nanoemulsion Formula as Antibakteri Propionibacterium Acnes

In Silico Test and in Vitro Test of Asiatycoside Nanoemulsion Formula as Antibakteri Propionibacterium Acnes

Nano-emulsion of three essential oils as the potential eco-friendly control to Phytophthora capsici

Phytophthora capsici is a plant pathogenic oomycete that causes significant damage to many crops, including black peppers, chili, cucurbits, and tomatoes. This pathogen is widespread and can survive in soil and plant debris for several years, making it difficult to control. The aim of the research was to observe the effectiveness of three essential oils as nano-emulsion formulas (NS, NC, NE and NA) against the growth of P. capsici in vitro and in vivo. In vitro testing was carried out using 2 methods, namely the poison food and volatile disc assay. Testing of active ingredients using the GCMS method and measuring active ingredient particles using the DLS method. In vivo testing was carried out on chili seeds to determine their growth and germination. The result indicated that all nano-emulsions at 0.50% inhibited the growth of P. capsici which varied between 33,25% to 88,50%. The NC, NS, and NA formula caused complete mycelial growth inhibition at a concentration of 1.0%. Total inhibition of growth also occurred with volatile compounds produced by NS and NA formula. The NC, NS, NE and NA formulas are not phytotoxicity to chili seeds and their germination. Therefore, three essential oils (NC, NS, NE) and the mixture of them (NA) are potential to be used in managing P. capsici as eco-friendly control and possibly as an alternative to synthetic fungicides.

The effect of essential oils nanoemulsion on the plant growth and suppression of basal stem rot disease in chili pepper

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of essential oils nanoemulsion on the growth and suppression of basal stem rot disease in chili pepper. The research was conducted in a controlled greenhouse environment using a completely randomized design consisting of eight treatments and three replications. The treatments involved varying concentrations of essential oils nanoemulsion formula and mancozeb, as well as a control group. The growth potential of chili seeds was assessed by soaking them in the treatment solutions and observing their growth after planting. Disease efficacy was determined by applying the formula around the planting media of 45-day-old plants and subsequently inoculating them with P. capsici zoospores. Disease observations were made starting from three days after inoculation until the control plants exhibited a score of 5. The results demonstrated that the formula effectively enhanced plant growth, with the best treatment showed by Na 0.5%. Furthermore, the nanoemulsion at all tested concentrations demonstrated significant suppression of the disease, with the most effective treatments were presented by Na 1.5%, Na 3.0%, and Na 2.0% in that order. These findings suggest that the formula is promosing to control the disease of basal stem rot in chili plants in field conditions.

Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) Herbs with Composition of Smix (Tween 80 and Glycerin) and Pine Oil

Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) herb is a typical South Kalimantan plant containing bioactive substances that can serve as antioxidants. It can be formulated into nanoemulsions to increase bioavailability in the skin. This study aimed to determine the ratio of pine oil and Smix (tween 80 and glycerin) as the optimal base for nanoemulsion based on the highest percent transmittance and to determine the physical characteristics of the S. palustris herb extract nanoemulsion with variations in the amount of extract. Bases of nanoemulsion formula were optimized using a ternary phase diagram and D-Optimal Mixture Design. Nanoemulsion contained three extract concentrations: 0.1; 0.25; and 0.5%, respectively, and nanoemulsion was tested for physical characteristics. The results of this study were a light yellow to light brown, clear, and transparent, with a characteristic weak-strong odor, forming an O/W nanoemulsion. Increasing the concentration of the extract significantly increased the viscosity and decreased the pH and percent transmittance. This study concluded that variations in extract concentration affected the percent transmittance, organoleptic, pH, viscosity, and the optimal ratio of nanoemulsion components was 1% pine oil, 9% Smix, and 90% water.

Nanoemulsion Formulation of Kepok Banana Peel Extract and Yellow Watermelon Peel as a Kidney Stone Removal

The kepok banana peel and yellow watermelon peel are still rarely appropriately used as medicine. The kepok banana peel and yellow watermelon peel contain flavonoids and potassium that function as kidney stone removers. This study aims to make a nanoemulsion formulation of kepok banana peel extract and yellow watermelon peel as a kidney stone remover. The preparation starts with extraction, testing the flavonoid content of the extract, testing the potassium content of the extract, making nanoemulsion using the homogenization method at a speed of 15,200 rpm, and analyzing the nanoemulsion formula that has been made. This study showed that the nanoemulsion extract contained flavonoids and potassium with a pH value of 7 and a viscosity value of 2.70 cP. The nanoemulsion of kepok banana peel and yellow watermelon peel extracts also has a size of 246.9 nm and a PDI of 0.618 with an oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion type. The extracts of kepok banana peel and yellow watermelon peel in nanoemulsion preparation can be used as a medicine to remove kidney stones.

Activity of nanoemulsion botanical insecticides from Myristica fragrans and Jatropha curcas essential oil against Sitophilus zeamais

Abstract. Nuryanti NSP, Budiarti L, Dulbari, Sutrisno H, Sudrajat D, Yuriansyah, Priyadi, Rahmadi R, Rochman F, Sari EY, Maharani JS. 2023. Activity of nanoemulsion botanical insecticides from Myristica fragrans and Jatropha curcas essential oil against Sitophilus zeamais. Biodiversitas 24: 5610-5617. Maize weevils also known as Sitophilus zeamais, are primary pests that decrease in the quality and quantity of grain products. This study aimed to examine the impact of nanoemulsion formulas of Myristica fragrans and Jatropha curcas essential oils on S. zeamais adults. The investigation focused on the toxicity, ability to inhibit population growth, intensity of damage caused, and effect on seed weight loss. The essential oils were extracted using the distillation method, and the toxicity was tested through contact, fumigant, and seed dressing. A probit program was used to analyze the toxicity level (LC50 and LC95). The results showed that M. fragrans essential oil had the highest toxicity in contact treatment and the lowest when applied via fumigation. Furthermore, this method shows an LC50 value for the contact method of 0.53% and fumigation of 1.01%, while the LC95 value is 4.38% and 10.60% respectively. Based on the LC95 botanical insecticide from J. curcas, all three methods were toxic to S. zeamais adults, with contact being the highest, followed by seed dressing, and fumigant, at 5.23, 6.44, and 19.94%, respectively. The botanical insecticides derived from M. fragrans essential oil through contact provided the best inhibitory activity on population development, intensity of damage, and seed weight loss, with values of 18.00, 16.81, and 13.96%. Plant-based pesticides not only cause pest mortality but also maintain seed quality by reducing weight loss, intensity of pest attacks, and inhibiting the development of pest populations in storage.

TOPICAL NANOEMULSION-BASED GEL OF ISOCONAZOLE NITRATE

This study aimed to make an o/wnanoemulsion of isoconazole the drugnitrate (ISN) for topical use. Low aqueous solubility is a characteristicfeature of the imidazole antifungal ISN. Therefore, ISN nanoemulsion would increase dispersibility and decreases skin resistance by enhancing the drug penetration to the first layers of skin (stratum corneum). The work included constructing the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams by using the aqueous titration method. The prepared o/w nanoemulsions were composed of oil, Smix (a mixture of surfactant and co-surfactant) and deionized water (DW). ISN nanoemulsions were subjected to characterization studies to choose the best formula. According to the characterization studies, the optimal formula, designated NE14 contains 1% ISN, 66% Smix ((1:3) tween60: propylene glycol:ethanol), 7% oleic acid, and 27% deionized water was reached. FormulaNE14 is characterized by having a polydispersity index of (0.146), pH (5.76), droplet size (84.6 nm), percent transmittance (98.8%), viscosity (80m Pa.s) and a high release of isoconazole propably due low viscosity. The droplet size of NE14 (84.6nm) was alsoconfirmed by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) research. The improved formula (ISN NE14) was found to be a promising nanoemulsion formula for enhancing the topical bioavailability of ISN and thus could increase its efficacy for the treatment of topical fungal infections.

Type of Cosurfactant Effects on Particle Size in Nanoemulsion Drug Delivery Systems

Nanoemulsions are thermodynamically or kinetically stable compared to conventional emulsions, and the particle size of nanoemulsions is around 5-200 nm. Until now, there has been no research comparing propylene glycol and PEG 400 cosurfactants for nanoemulsions, so it needs to be investigated. Laboratory experimental research with cosurfactant propylene glycol and PEG 400 Formula 1 and Formula 2 were repeated three times (n = 3) for each nanoemulsion formula. Parameters of physical properties (organoleptic, viscosity, particle size, index polydispersity) and chemical properties (pH). Evaluated and analyzed, <0.05 is considered significant. The results of formula 1 and formula 2 obtained the same clear organoleptic properties. The average particle size with cosurfactant propylene glycol was 10.41 ± 0.14 nm and PEG 400 was 12.32 ± 0.38 nm (p <0.05). The average viscosity, polydispersity index, and pH of propylene glycol were 8.72 ± 1.12; 0.03±0.02; 4.20 ± 0.04; and PEG 11.26 ± 1.80; 0.39 ± 0.58; 4.03±0.03. This shows that the type of cosurfactant has an effect on the size of the nanoemulsion particles.

Optimization of the Stability of Nano-emulsion Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) using α-Cyclodextrin

This study aims to determine the stability of nano-emulsion synthesized from virgin coconut oil (VCO) using α-cyclodextrin, and lecithin or tween 80 as surfactants. The study procedures included the production of nanoemulsions, examining emulsion type, density, particle size, pH, and zeta potential. The effect of the independent variables on the pH of the product was also examined using the response surface method (RSM). The results obtained 10 nano-emulsion formulas, belonging to the o/w type. The samples typically had a density range of 1.178–1.254 g/mL, with a pH of 5.0–5.5, which was considered safe for the skin. The smallest particle size of 5.495 µm was obtained from formula 6 (60 mL, 16 mL, 18 g, 6 g of water, VCO, cyclodextrin, and tween 80 as surfactant) with a zeta potential of -45.500 to -89.567 mV. Based on these results, formula 6 had the best characteristics, with an optimum pH of 5.5, small particle size, and good stability, as indicated by the zeta potential value.