Nanocrystalline Structure Research Articles

Dynamic Fractal Ice Nano-Nucleators for Cancer Cryotherapy

We present cryo-responsive dynamic fractal ice nano-nucleators (DF-INNs) for cryo-cancer therapy applications. Our development of DF-INNs leverages their structural advantages, which inherently maximizes the number of active sites for heterogeneous ice nucleation. Owing to their radially attached nanocrystalline structure, DF-INNs expose an extensive array of grain boundaries. The rapid precipitation and subsequent radial attachments of nanocrystallites promote the exposure of facets with high Miller indices, intrinsically strained, five-fold twinned nanocrystals, and increasing point defects due to kinetically-limited precipitation. This unique fractal structure culminates in the elevating of freezing temperature compared to Euclidean-shaped ice nucleators. Additionally, the branched fractal structure of DF-INNs facilitates heterogenic ice formation within its nanoconfined region, leading to the production of numerous self-similar small fractal fragments. This fragmentation is primarily driven by nanoconfinement-induced delayed ice nucleation, similar to frost heaving. The shear stress can be easily relieved through grain boundary sliding within the radially stacked DF-INN, making itself prone to cryo-responsive fragmentation. Such dynamic attributes significantly enhance ice nucleating activity, presenting a powerful strategy to increase the efficacy of cryotherapy by enhancing cellular ice formation and in vivo tumor coverage.

Synergy of Nanocrystallinity, Temperature, and "the Third Element Effect" for Uncommon Oxidation Resistance of Fe-Cr-Al Alloys.

Nanocrystalline structure, oxidation temperature, and "The Third Element Effect" are among the factors that can profoundly govern the characteristics of the oxide scales that develop on oxidation-resistant alloys, thereby, their synergistic effect can considerably influence alloys' oxidation kinetics. As a result of the synergy, certain iron-chromium-aluminium (Fe-Cr-Al) alloy showed superior oxidation resistance at 800°C than at 700°C (whereas oxidation resistance commonly decreases with the increase in temperature). The superior resistance at higher temperatures is considerably enhanced when the structure of the alloy is nanocrystalline vis-à-vis the common microcrystalline structure. Nanocrystalline alloy oxidizes at a negligible rate (c.f., its microcrystalline counterpart). The characterization of the oxide scale demonstrates that the oxidation temperature governs the formation of the protective oxide scale with/without the assistance of the "Third element Effect". The findings may potentially have considerable commercial implications.

A New Proton Transfer Complex Between 3,4-Diaminopyridine Drug and 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, DFT Studies, DNA Binding Analysis, and Antitumor Activity.

The proton transfer (PT) complexation reaction between 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP), an important drug, and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrphenole (DCNP) was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The experimental results indicated a chemical reaction occurred because of a hydrogen bonding, followed by proton transfer from the DCNP to the 3,4-DAP in different polar media. The Benesi-Hildebrand equation was used to estimate the formation constant (Kf), molar absorptivity (εPT), and other physical parameters. The formed PT complex was characterized using FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectra. In addition, the nanocrystalline structure, particle sizes, and surface morphology of the complex were investigated by XRD and SEM-EDX. The structure of the 1:1 PT complex was calculated theoretically in the gas phase and the presence of solvent effects. Using TD-DFT calculations, the band observed at 406 nm (Calc. 379.5 nm) and 275 nm (Calc. 272.3 nm) could be assigned to the HOMO→LUMO transition (99%), and HOMO→L+3 transition (87%), respectively. The DNA binding ability of the PT complex was investigated, revealing an intercalative binding mechanism with a binding constant Kb of 4.6 × 104 M-1. Based on the results of the Ct-DNA binding study, the binding free energy of the PT complex with the receptor of human DNA (PDB ID:1BNA) is found to be -7.2 kcal/mol. The cytotoxic effects of the PT complex were evaluated on selected cancer cell lines, demonstrating significant antitumor activity against A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines.

Boosting Coercivity of 3D Printed Hard Magnets through Nano-Modification of the Powder Feedstock.

The demand for strong, compact permanent magnets essential for the energy transition drives innovation in magnet manufacturing. Additive manufacturing, particularly Powder Bed Fusion of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M), offers potential for near-net-shaped Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets but often falls short compared to conventional methods. A less explored strategy to enhance these magnets is feedstock modification with nanoparticles. It is demonstrated that modifying a Nd-Fe-B-based feedstock with 1wt.%Ag nanoparticles boost the coercivity of the magnets to a record value of 935±6kAm-1 without further post-processing or heat treatments. Suitable volumetric energy densities for the PBF-LB/M process are determined using finite element simulations predicting melt pool behavior and part density. Microstructural analyses reveal finer grain sizes and more equiaxed nanocrystalline structures due to the modification. Atom probe tomography identifies three phases in the Ag-modified samples, with Ag forming nanophase regions with rare-earth elements near the amorphous Zr-Ti-B-rich intergranular phase, potentially decoupling the Nd2Fe14B primary phase. The study shows that superior magnetic properties primarily result from microstructure modification rather than part density. These findings highlight inventive material design approaches via feedstock surface modification to achieve superior magnetic performance in additively manufactured Nd-Fe-B magnets.

Ultrahigh Elastic Energy Storage in Nanocrystalline Alloys with Martensite Nanodomains.

Elastic materials that store and release elastic energy play pivotal roles in both macro and micro mechanical systems. Uniting high elastic energy density and efficiency is crucial for emerging technologies such as artificial muscles, hopping robots, and unmanned aerial vehicle catapults, yet it remains a significant challenge. Here, a nanocrystalline structure embedded with elliptical martensite nanodomains in ferroelastic alloys wasutilized to enable high yield strength, large recoverable strain, and low energy dissipation simultaneously. As a result, the designed Ti-Ni-V alloys demonstrate ultrahigh energy density (>40 MJ m-3) with ultrahigh efficiency (>93%) and exceptional durability. This concept, which combines nano-sized embryos to minimize energy dissipation of psuedo-elasticity and employs a fine-grained structure to enhance yield strength, can be applied to other ferroelastic materials. Furthermore, it holds promise for the development of phase transformation-involved functionalities such as high-performance dielectric energy storage, ultralow-hysteresis magnetostrain, and high-efficiency solid-state caloriccooling.

Tunning Pr to achieve ultra-high magnetic properties of anisotropic nanocrystalline (Sm,Pr)Co5 magnets

In this study, we reported on the bulk anisotropic nanocrystalline Sm1-xPrxCo5 (x = 0.2–0.6) magnets aimed at achieving excellent energy products. Through a combination of advanced processing techniques, including melt spinning, hot pressing, and hot deformation process, bulk magnets with a fine nanocrystalline structure were successfully synthesized. The results revealed that the substitution of Pr strengthened the c-axis texture and the saturation magnetization, facilitating the enhancement of remanence (Mr) and maximum magnetic energy product [(BH)max]. However, Pr substitution decreased the coercivity (Hci) due to the reduced magnetocrystalline anisotropy field. Excellent magnetic properties are obtained for Sm0.4Pr0.6Co5 magnets with the (BH)max of 23.2 MGOe and Hci of 11.8 kOe. The prepared (Sm,Pr)Co5 magnets with different Pr contents have essentially the same microstructure with RECo5 main phase grains of about 400 nm in diameter and fine dispersed rare earth-rich nanoprecipitates. Our findings can provide reliable reference for manufacturing nanocrystalline permanent magnet materials and promote the development of rare earth permanent magnet new materials.

Microcrystalline and nanocrystalline structure of diamond films grown by MPCVD with nitrogen additions: Study of transitional synthesis conditions

This research explores the complex influence of nitrogen concentration and substrate temperature on the resultant properties of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) films grown by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In particular, we investigated the growth parameters to find the exact conditions for changing the morphology of the resulting film from microcrystalline (MCD) to nanocrystalline (NCD). A series of 2 µm-thick polycrystalline diamond films was grown on Si substrates in methane-hydrogen–nitrogen gas mixtures with varied: (i) nitrogen concentration (0–2 %) and (ii) substrate temperature (700–1050 °C). Comprehensive characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, were employed to assess the morphological, structural, and spectroscopic properties of the films. The study reveals that even minor additions of nitrogen significantly modulate secondary nucleation, impacting both film morphology and phase composition. Furthermore, substrate temperature emerges as another critical parameter, influencing the growth kinetics and crystallite size. The comparison of the characteristics of grown PCD films allowed us to find conditions for the formation of NCD films with minimal surface roughness and maximal growth rate: nitrogen concentration [N2] ≈ 0.2–0.5 % and temperature T ≈ 850–900 °C. These findings can be used to optimize the CVD synthesis parameters of PCD films for applications as protective or friction-reducing layers, as well as for superhard cutting tools and optical devices.

Grain boundary solute segregation across the 5D space of crystallographic character

Solute segregation in materials with grain boundaries (GBs) has emerged as a popular method to thermodynamically stabilize nanocrystalline structures. However, the impact of varied GB crystallographic character on solute segregation has never been thoroughly examined. This work examines Co solute segregation in a dataset of 7272 Al bicrystal GBs that span the 5D space of GB crystallographic character. Considerable attention is paid to verification of the calculations in the diverse and large set of GBs. In addition, the results of this work are favorably validated against similar bicrystal and polycrystal simulations. As with other work, we show that Co atoms exhibit strong segregation to sites in Al GBs and that segregation correlates strongly with GB energy and GB excess volume. Segregation varies smoothly in the 5D crystallographic space but has a complex landscape without an obvious functional form.

Nanocrystallization and precipitation behavior evolution of AZ80 magnesium alloy during multi-directional compression

In response to the growing demand for high-performance magnesium alloys in the aerospace and transportation industries, researchers conducted a study on the AZ80 magnesium alloy. The primary objective was to achieve a nanocrystalline structure in the alloy through severe plastic deformation using low-strain multi-directional compression at room temperature. Subsequently, an aging treatment was performed to induce the transformation of the structure into a stable state. The study aimed to investigate the morphology and mode of the second phase precipitation in the magnesium alloy after undergoing severe plastic deformation. The research findings revealed that the application of multi-directional and multi-pass compression during room temperature deformation of the magnesium alloy effectively prevented instability and fracture. Moreover, this process facilitated the accumulation of larger true strain. As the number of compression passes increased, deformation twins became increasingly denser, particularly in the intersecting areas. Consequently, ultrafine high-angle grain structures were preferentially formed in these regions. Furthermore, the number of fine-grained areas gradually increased with each deformation pass. After ΣΔε 5.12, the grain size was refined to a range of 100–200 nm. Additionally, the aging treatment following severe plastic deformation brought about a significant change in the traditional lamellar precipitation mode of the second phase Mg17Al12 in the magnesium alloy. Instead, spherical precipitation occurred.

Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Hydroxyapatites From Horse Humerus Bones of Different Ages (1, 3, 6, and 8 Years old) Calcined at Low Temperature.

The aim of this work is to investigate the changes in the physicochemical properties of hydroxyapatite (HAp) extracted from horse humerus bones of different ages (1, 3, 6, and 8 years) subjected to low temperature calcination (600°C). Thermal analysis revealed significant mass loss due to water, collagen, organic compounds, carbonates, and age-related magnesium out-diffusion. Higher fat content in older bones contributed to increased mass loss. Phosphorus content remained constant across age groups, while calcium and sodium showed age-related fluctuations. Magnesium levels decreased with age, emphasizing its importance for early bone development. The Ca/P ratio deviated from the stoichiometric values due to additional ions from biogenic sources. Infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in carbonated HAp, with changes observed before and after calcination. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the 961 cm-1 band decreased with age, indicating improved crystalline quality. The molar absorption coefficients provided information on the changes in molecular concentration and emphasized the differences between the age groups. X-ray analysis revealed nanocrystalline HAp in all samples, with crystallite size increasing with age. Rietveld analysis showed that the lattice parameters were affected by the presence of organic material, but the lattice constants remained stable, confirming high crystallinity independent of age. TEM analysis confirmed nanocrystalline structures, with crystallite size increasing with age. SEM images showed the characteristic porosity of calcined HAp, with particle size correlating positively with age. Calcination at 600°C preserved the nanoscale properties and microcrystal formation. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the identity of HAp, with FWHM variations indicating age-related changes in crystalline quality. EHAp1 showed increased FWHM, indicating lower crystalline quality and increased trace element content.

About the structure of water

It is shown that during 10–10–10–11s, only clusters consisting of 4 or 3 water molecules can statistically form in water. It is shown that Brownian motion in water occurs as a result of collision of ice nanocrystals with Brownian particles. Brownian motion is an experimental confirmation of the nanocrystalline structure of water. It is shown that water consists of 13 % molecules and 87 % ice nanocrystals. Such a two‑phase structure provides water with structural properties, high fluidity and elasticity of steam.

A model of thermodynamic stabilization of nanocrystalline grain boundaries in alloy systems

Nanocrystalline (NC) materials are intrinsically unstable against grain growth. Significant research efforts have been dedicated to suppressing the grain growth by solute segregation, including the pursuit of a special NC structure that minimizes the total free energy and completely eliminates the driving force for grain growth. This fully stabilized state has been predicted theoretically and by simulations but is yet to be confirmed experimentally. To better understand the nature of the full stabilization, we propose a simple two-dimensional model capturing the coupled processes of grain boundary (GB) migration and solute diffusion. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations based on this model reproduce the fully stabilized polycrystalline state and link it to the condition of zero GB free energy. The simulations demonstrate the emergence of a fully stabilized state by the divergence of capillary wave amplitudes on planar GBs and by fragmentation of a large grain into a stable ensemble of smaller grains. The role of solute diffusion in the full stabilization is examined. Possible extensions of the model are discussed.

Influence of Process Liquids on the Formation of Strengthened Nanocrystalline Structures in Surface Layers of Steel Parts during Thermo-Deformation Treatment

The results of the influence of a range of process liquids on the formation of strengthened nanocrystalline structures in the surface layers of steel samples with different carbon content during thermo-deformation treatment are presented. The liquids were mineral oil; mineral oil with active additives containing polymers; water; and an aqueous solution of mineral salts based on magnesium and calcium chlorides. The thickness and hardness of the nanocrystalline layer increased with increasing steel carbon content. The thickness and microhardness of Steel C45 are 230–240 μm and 8.6 GPa, respectively, when using mineral oil with AAP, 110–120 μm and 7.2 GPa, respectively, when using mineral oil alone, and for steel CT80 when using mineral oil, they are 180–200 μm and 9.1 GPa, respectively (C45 and CT80 refers to engineering steels). The process liquid is decomposed into its component chemical elements by the high temperatures and pressures in the contact zone of the tool with the treated surface. It also gives off active hydrogen, which diffuses into the surface layer of the metal and significantly affects its formation. It was established that the greatest thickness and hardness of the layers were obtained after processing pre-hydrogenated samples. The choice of process fluid is critical during thermo-deformation treatment.

Investigation of transverse exchange-springs in electrodeposited nano-heterostructured films through first-order reversal curve analysis

The prerequisite of efficient exchange-spring nano-heterostructures, i.e., tuning both hard and soft phases at a nanometer level, has posed significant preparation challenges to ensure effective exchange-coupling. Here, we present a novel approach to fabricate transverse exchange-spring nano-heterostructures using single starting material through an “in situ” electrodeposition technique at room temperature. Utilizing modified acidic bath chemistry and controlled hydrogen evolution, we successfully prepared stress-free, shiny, fine-grained amorphous, and nanocrystalline Co-rich cobalt phosphorus films. These nano-heterostructured films exhibit a unique non-collinear anisotropy-driven transverse exchange-spring behavior, investigated systematically under ambient conditions. The comprehensive functional analyses reveal that intricate interplay between in-plane (IP) anisotropy of amorphous phase and out-of-plane (OOP) anisotropy generating from a nanocrystalline structure compete with each other, while producing characteristic stripe domain structures to novel corrugated stripe domain shapes. The angle-dependent first-order reversal curve distributions demonstrate new insights into the magnetic reversal mechanisms, further confirming the non-exchange-spring and exchange-spring nature of the films depending on the prevalent interfacial exchange coupling. Formation of anisotropy-driven metastable-state due to competition between IP and OOP anisotropy at a particular OOP orientation has led the normal exchange-spring structures to a transverse exchange-spring structure. Micromagnetic simulations, in excellent agreement with experimental data, further elucidate the formation of characteristic stripe domain patterns and the influence of anisotropy on the magnetic properties. The innovative methodology and detailed functional analysis presented here offer significant understanding to the field of exchange-spring magnetic materials, including anisotropy-driven metastable states, demonstrating the potential for scalable and cost-effective fabrication of advanced nano-heterostructures with tailored magnetic properties.

Molecular dynamics study of the influence of carbon impurity on austenite nanoparticles crystallization during rapid cooling

The molecular dynamics method was used to study the structure formation during austenite nanoparticles crystallization in the presence of carbon impurities. The paper describes the dependence of the melt cooling rate, particle size, concentration of carbon atoms in the particle on the resulting structure features during crystallization and temperature of the crystallization onset. Formation of the nanocrystalline structure of nanoparticles can be controlled by varying the cooling rate and introducing a carbon impurity: at a cooling rate above 1013 K/s in the model used, crystallization did not have time to occur; at a rate below 5·1012 K/s, the austenite particle crystallized to form a nanocrystalline structure. At the same time, with a decrease in the cooling rate, a decrease in the density of defects in the final structure was observed. At a rate of 5·1011 K/s or less, crystallization of carbon-free particles took place with the formation of low-energy grain boundaries (with a high density of conjugate nodes: special boundaries, twins). The crystallization temperature during cooling at a rate below 1012 K/s is inversely proportional to the particle diameter: as the particle size decreases, the proportion of free surface increases, which leads to a decrease in the probability of crystalline nuclei formation. In addition, the crystallization temperature increases with a decrease in the cooling rate. The introduction of a carbon impurity led to a decrease in the crystallization temperature of nanoparticles: in the presence of 10 at. %. As a percentage of carbon, it decreased by about 200 K for particles of different sizes. Carbon atoms often formed clusters consisting of several carbon atoms. Such clusters distorted the resulting crystal lattice of metal around them, preventing crystallization. In the presence of a carbon impurity, the final structure of the crystallized particles contained a higher density of grain boundaries and other defects. Carbon atoms, especially clusters of them, were fixed mainly at grain boundaries and triple joints.

Understanding of the irradiation response of Cr-based ATF coatings using in-situ TEM

Although CrNb coated zirconium alloy materials are considered as ATF candidates with excellent oxidation resistance and mechanical properties, the irradiation response behavior under harsh and complex service conditions is still unrevealed. Here, we report the evolution of the microstructure of pure Cr and CrNb coatings with different Nb contents under simultaneous irradiation with Cr+-He+-H2+ triple ion beams at 633 K by using an advanced in-situ transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that CrNb coatings with high Nb content have better irradiation stability. Under high-temperature irradiation conditions, irradiation-induced oxidation and grain growth or crystallization are observed for both Cr-8 Nb with a nanocrystalline structure and Cr-18 Nb coatings with an almost amorphous structure, whereas Cr-37 Nb coatings maintains relatively intact in the amorphous phase after irradiation at a dose of 10 dpa. Based on the in-situ tracking of the microstructural evolution, it is revealed that the mechanism of irradiation-accelerated oxidation and crystallization of coatings originates from displacement cascades enhancing local atomic diffusion and rearrangement.

Efficient roller-driven elastocaloric refrigerator

Elastocaloric cooling has experienced fast development over the past decade owing to its potential to reshape the refrigeration industry. While the solid-state elastocaloric refrigerant is emission-free, the efficiency of the state-of-the-art elastocaloric cooling systems is not sufficient yet to reduce carbon emissions during operation. In this study, we double the coefficient of performance, the most commonly used efficiency metric, via the synergy of material-level advances in TiNiCu and the system-level roller-driven mechanism capable of recovering kinetic energy. On the materials level, a 125% improvement in coefficient of performance is illustrated in TiNiCu compared to NiTi, empowered by the B2-B19 martensitic transformation with improved lattice compatibility and the grain boundary strengthening from the nanocrystalline structure. On the system level, owing to the properly sized angular momentum in rotating parts, 78% work recovery efficiency is reported, transcending the theoretical limit previously unattainable without kinetic energy recovery. This confluence of materials and mechanical innovations propels elastocaloric cooling systems into a new realm of efficiency and paves the way for their practical application.

Eco-friendly Strategy for Producing Bio-based Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Employing Sepioteuthis lessoniana ink, in Addition to Biological and Degradation of Dye Applications.

The squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, is a remarkable fishery product which is exported by many nations for use in industrial production or human consumption. This study focused on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from squid ink (SI) and its wide range of applications. The formation of the nanoparticles was confirmed through UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM with EDX, DLS, and zeta potential analysis. The results showed a strong absorbance peak at 407nm, the presence of various functional groups, a nanocrystalline structure with a crystalline size of 17.56nm, spherical-shaped particles with an average size of 76nm, and the presence of the highest % mass of Ag and uniformly dispersed particles, respectively. The bioactivity of the synthesized squid ink silver nanoparticles was analyzed through antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and toxicity studies. The dye degradation assay was also analyzed as a means of wastewater treatment for different industrial dyes. The antibacterial activity showed the highest zone of inhibition of 24mm at a concentration of 100μg/ml against Escherichia coli, followed by other tested strains. The nitric oxide radical scavenging assay showed the highest antioxidant activity (92%) at a concentration of 100μg/ml. The cytotoxic ability of SI-AgNPs against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line revealed an IC50 value of 4.52μg/ml. The toxicity study revealed a dose and time-dependent activity with the LC50 value of 5.090 and 3.303mg/ml for 24 and 48h, respectively. The successful degradation of dyes by SI-AgNPs is attributed to the cooperative action of the electron relay system with Ag as a catalyst and SI as a catalytic support. These findings indicate that SI-AgNPs are a novel potential product that should be further studied to improve its pharmacological, biomedical, and environmental applications.

Pulsed electric current annealing of (Ni,Cu)-rich Ti49Ni41Cu10 shape memory wire for superior superelasticity and stable elastocaloric cooling effect

This study designed a (Ni,Cu)-rich Ti49Ni41Cu10 shape memory wire annealed by pulsed electric treatment of 60 A/mm2 for 0.3 sec. Granular and strip-type Ti(Ni,Cu)2 precipitates, formed before application of the electric current treatment, facilitated the plastic deformation during the wire drawing process. The wire demonstrated stability in superelasticity and elastocaloric cooling capability. The accumulated residual strain was only 0.15 % after 50 superelastic cycles with an applied strain of 3.5 % at 338 K. The elastocaloric temperature drop of the wire remained at about 9.4 K for 50 cycles. Moreover, under 3 % applied strain, the wire exhibited elastocaloric temperature drops of 5.3 K to 8.1 K within the application window of 323 K to 373 K. TEM observations confirmed that the grain size of the wire was about 20–30 nm, which led to the homogeneous superelasticity performance. Furthermore, the superior compatibility between the B2 and B19 phases reduced plastic deformation at the interfaces during martensitic transformation. The stable functionality and elastocaloric cooling capacity of the wire originated from the combination of nanocrystalline structure and superior compatibility between the B2 and B19 phases. These results demonstrated that the Ti49Ni41Cu10 SMA wire could be fabricated due to the presence of ductile Ti(Ni,Cu)2 precipitates, and the subsequent pulsed electric current treatment caused rapid annealing to achieve a stable functional performance.

Direct Growth of Bi2SeO5 Thin Films for High-k Dielectrics via Atomic Layer Deposition.

This study describes a modified atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for fabricating BiOxSey thin films, targeting their application as high-k dielectrics in semiconductor devices, especially for two-dimensional semiconductors. Using an intermediate-enhanced ALD technique for Bi2Se3 and a plasma-enhanced ALD process for Bi2O3, a method for the sequential deposition of Bi2SeO5 ternary films has been established. The thin film has been deposited on SiO2 and TiN substrates, exhibiting growth rates of 0.17 to 0.16 nm·cycle-1 without an incubation period, thanks to facile nucleation characteristics. The resulting film exhibited high flatness and reached 96% of its theoretical density, forming a uniform nanocrystalline structure. Electrical evaluations using metal-insulator-metal capacitors indicated the dielectric constant (∼17.6) and electrical breakdown strength (2.6 MV·cm-1), demonstrating their potential as a dielectric layer.