nano-ZnO Particles Research Articles

Ameliorative effect of vitamins (E and C) on biochemical alterations induced by sublethal concentrations of zinc oxide bulk and nanoparticles in Oreochromis niloticus

The comparison between bulk and nano ZnO particles were antecedently studied but describing the dose-dependent toxicity and the ameliorative effect of vitamins (E and C) in Oreochromis niloticus, have not been previously documented. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of vitamins (E and C) against oxidative stress and biochemical alterations induced by sublethal concentrations of zinc oxide bulk particles (ZnOBPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). Toxicity tests were carried out on O. niloticus and showed that 96 h LC50 values of ZnOBPs and ZnONPs were 84 mg/l and 5.6 mg/l respectively. Exposure of the studied fish to these sublethel concentrations for 7, 14, 21 & 28 days showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum glucose, AST, ALT, creatinine, urea and uric acid compared to control groups while, fish groups exposed to ZnOBPs or ZnONPs and supplemented with vitamins E and C, their serum enzyme concentrations were decreased compared to the groups without supplementation after 7, 14, 21 and 28 day. On the other hand, antioxidant defense enzymes (SOD, CAT and GST) activity in O.niloticus fish were increased significantly (p < 0.05) when exposed to sublethal concentrations of ZnOBPs or ZnONPs compared to the control value. However, fish groups supplemented with vitamins (E and C) have a decrease in SOD, CAT and GST enzymes activity when compared to unsupplemented groups and the values returned to similar levels established in the control at low concentrations but still higher than control at the high concentrations.

Bio-fabricated bioactive arisaema triphyllum aqueous extract-loaded nano-ZnO particles improve the nursing care of esophageal cancer

Metal nanoparticles, synthesized using phyto-constituents, are one of the most economical and environmentally friendly materials. Biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) obtained from Arisaema triphyllum plant extract were synthesized and characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, and EDX. The presence of various plant extracts and the zinc oxide capping of ZnONPs was confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy, further confirming the existence of ZnO in the 400–430 nm region based on its specific surface plasmon resonance. XRD patterns showed ZnONP-centered cubic crystalline assembly, while electron microscopy showed that the formation of spherical ZnONPs varied from ∼10 nm to 15 nm in diameter. Strong ZnONPs bands were established, as verified by EDX. The anticancer properties of ZnONPs prepared with different extracts were evaluated using esophageal cancer cells. High levels of anticancer activity against the two esophageal cancer cell lines, EC109 and TE8, were observed. The morphological changes of the esophageal cancer cells were evaluated using AO-EB and nuclear staining biochemical methods. Hemolysis assays with human erythrocytes showed excellent bio-compatibility with ZnONPs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the use of A. triphyllum-loaded biogenic ZnONPs against esophageal cancer cells.

Investigation of the Effect of Nano Particles on Visco-elastic Behaviour of CFRP Hybrid Nanocomposites

The aim of the study is to do an experimental analysis and investigation of visco-elastic behaviour of CFRP hybrid nanocomposites, which contains the small percentage of nanoclay and nanoZnO particles mixed for the improvement in the various properties of the CFRP composites. Also there is try to focus on the combined effect of another variable, i.e., fiber angle of orientation along with changing the percentage of nano particles.A hand layup method followed by process of vacuum bagging was used to make the samples of composite. Dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) was used to inspect the dynamic mechanical properties of CFRP hybrid nanocomposite specimens with changing temperature. The OVAT analysis is carried out for three mentioned variables and studied effect of variables on the various visco elastic properties like flexural storage modulus, loss modulus, Glass transition temperature and tan etc. It is found that due to the presence of nano particles there is tremendous change in the value of storage modulus ,it gets almost doubled, i.e., 200%because of the presence of nano particles. The experimental result also shows the positive effect on the loss modulus because of the nano particle contribution .Similarly there is considerable change in GTT(Glass transmission temperature) and change in length in DMA (Dynamic mechanical analysis ).

The Research of Conductivity and Dielectric Properties of ZnO/LDPE Composites with Different Particles Size

Nanocomposites exhibit a high dielectric strength, whereas microcomposites exhibit a high thermal conductivity. In this study, good insulating materials were developed on the basis of the synergetic effect of micro- and nanoparticles, which were used as inorganic fillers. With a double-melting blend, nano-ZnO/low density polyethylene (LDPE), micro-ZnO/LDPE, and micro-nano-ZnO/LDPE composites were prepared, according to the scanning electron microscope test, polarization microscope test, conductivity test, breakdown test, and dielectric spectrum test, the dielectric property of micro-nano-ZnO/LDPE was explored. The SEM test results showed that by adding a suitable proportion of ZnO particles, the inorganic particles could disperse uniformly without reuniting. The PLM test results showed that the micro- and nano-ZnO particles adding decreased the crystal size. The arrangement was regular and tight. The macroscopic results showed that the mass fraction of nanoparticles and microparticles were 3% and 2%, the samples conductivity was the lowest. The breakdown field strength of the nanocomposites increased. The breakdown field strength of nanocomposites with 1%, 3%, and 5% nanoparticle contents were 5%, 15%, and 10% higher than that of pure LDPE. The addition of inorganic particles resulted in new polarization modes: Ionic displacement polarization and interfacial polarization. The ZnO/LDPE composites exhibited a higher dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor than pure LDPE. However, with the increasing frequency, it took considerable time to attain interfacial polarization in the nanocomposite and micro-nanocomposite, thus decreasing the dielectric constant.

Nano Textiles Production During COVID- 19

Textiles on treating with Zinc Oxide nano particles of 30 nm and 90 nm size. To make weaved textures, cotton ring spun yarns made with fluctuating turn factors were chosen. Textiles were done with nano ZnO particles by Exhaust – dry – fix technique and the examples were assessed for hostile to microbial viability. Test outcomes show that all in all, hostile to microbial viability of tests increments with increment in yarn wind and lessening in ZnO molecule size.

Thermal Degradation Kinetics of ZnO/polyester Nanocomposites.

ZnO particles were synthetized by the sol–gel method and subsequent heat treatment of 400, 500 and 600 °C was applied. The nano ZnO particles were incorporated to the unsaturated polyester resin by solution blending at 0.05 wt % concentration. X-ray diffraction detected the formation of a wurtzite-like structure. Viscoelastic behavior of neat polyester and nanocomposites revealed the nano ZnO particles does not promote better mechanical properties because of a weak interaction and the glass transition temperature of the polyester was favored by the presence of a higher quantity of nano-size ZnO particles. Thermogravimetric analysis at 5, 10 and 20 °C/min allowed determining the degradation kinetic parameters based on the Friedman and Kissinger models for neat polyester and nanocomposites. Heating rates promoted an increase in the temperature degradation and the addition of ZnO particles promoted a catalyst effect that reduce the amount of thermal energy needed to start the thermal degradation.

Study on The Antimicrobial Efficacy of Fabrics Finished With Nano Zinc Oxide Particles

In this paper, knitted fabrics were finished with Zinc Oxide nano particles of 30 nm & 90 nm size. To make knitted fabrics, 100% cotton and 67/33 Polyester / Cotton ring spun yarns made with varying twist factors were selected. Knitted fabrics were finished with nano ZnO particles by Exhaust – dry –cure method and the samples were evaluated for anti microbial efficacy. Test results indicate that in general, anti microbial efficacy of samples increases with increase in yarn twist and decrease in ZnO particle size. Polyester cotton blend samples show better anti microbial efficacy than cotton samples

Synthesis of nano ZnO particle as an effective activator for rubber vulcanization process

Nano ZnO particle was synthesized by precipitation method using Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.0.5H2O) as a precursor, and sodium hydroxide solution was used as a medium with and without the dispersant polyacrylamide. Various factors affecting the preparation such as pH, temperature, and crystallization time, were investigated. The nano ZnO particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and SEM. It was found that nano ZnO particles with the size about 15 nm was successfully produced with high crystallinity and purity. The optimum conditions for nano ZnO preparation were pH 9, the temperature at 40oC, and crystallization time of 1 hour. The synthesized nano ZnO particle as an activator for sulfur vulcanization of rubber was studied. It showed that the synthesized nano ZnO has activated rubber vulcanization process faster and created more cross-linking.

The Multi-objective Optimization Design Approach for Carbon Fiber Hybrid Nanocomposites Containing NanoClay and NanoZnO Particles by Using OptiComp

This paper presents the multi-objective design optimization of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer hybrid nanocomposites by OptiComp. The use of nanoparticles not only improves the interface strength but also significantly improves stress and hence the propagation of strain in composite laminates, which ultimately improves the stiffness of the composite laminate. The OptiComp is the comprehensive generic procedure for design optimization of the composites. With the utilization of OptiComp, the discrete form Variable thickness approach (VTA) used in this study can discover the minimum laminate thickness, and for maximum stiffness in one step instead of two-step method. The Max stress theory and Tsai-Wu theory as constraints for the current study in optimization are performed using a direct value coding genetic algorithm. It is found that the CFRP nanocomposites up to 2 to 3 wt% range of nanoparticles can be designed for max. stiffness and min. weight.

Characterization of Magnetite and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles bio-synthesized with Snakeweed (Stachytarpheta Indica)

Biosynthesis or green synthesis was employed for the preparation of magnetite and ZnO nanoparticles using non-hazardous solvents and plant extracts of snake weed. The leaf extract has shown to be rich in polyphenols, which facilitated the reduction and capping of the synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles, as indicated by the FTIR spectra. The nano-ZnO particles appeared spherical and agglomerated in structure with particle sizes of about 2-20 nm, while the bio-magnetite particles had a sheet-like layer that appeared clumped and cracked, with an SEM average grain size of 1-4 nm. The crystallite sizes were 3 and 0.026 nm for both ZnO and Iron nanocomplexes. The various elemental components of the particles in their different proportions were confirmed by the EDX spectra. The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was well defined by the very sharp and broad peaks, although capped by the biomolecules of the snake weed extract. Results indicate that the process can be used as an efficient green and economical alternative to the chemical synthesis of the same and its attendant draw-backs.

Codeposition of electroless Ni-P/ZnO nano composites and evaluation of corrosion resistance of the coatings

Codeposition of nano ZnO with Ni-P coatings was carried out on 99% pure copper substrates. The ZnO nano particles were prepared by simple Sol-Gel method using Zinc acetate dihydrate as precursor. The particle size of the same was found to be <100 nm. The process optimization for codeposition of nano ZnO with Ni-P coatings was carried out by varying the composition of nano ZnO particles using ultrasonicator. An adherent and uniform coating of Ni-P/ZnO was obtained. Presence of ZnO in the coatings was confirmed by EDAX. Surface morphology of the coatings was studied by SEM which shows the smooth homogenous surface in Ni-P/ZnO composite coating. Corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by Salt spray test and Galvanostatic Polarization method using 5% NaCl solution. Corrosion resistance of the Ni-P and Ni-P/ZnO nano composite coatings were compared. Incorporation of nano ZnO in the coatings found to enhance the corrosion resistance and microhardness of the coatings.

Role of nano TiO2 and nano ZnO particles on enhancing the electrochemical and mechanical properties of electrochemically deposited phosphate coatings

In this work, nanocrystalline phosphate coatings are systematically produced on low carbon steel with different preparation modalities using nano TiO2 and nano ZnO particles. For the sake of comparison, normal zinc phosphate coatings are also produced. All the phosphate coated samples are subjected to the thermal annealing at 100, 200, 300 and 400 °C for 1 h in argon atmosphere. Our results through combined electrochemical characterization and nanoindentation experiments revealed that nano TiO2 and nano ZnO particles act as a sealing agent, and therefore prevent crack propagation which enhances the electrochemical and mechanical properties of these coatings. Annealing treatment, along with the recrystallization of metallic matrix, promotes the corrosion resistance of all the phosphate coatings. In fact, among all the classes of coatings, annealed samples at 400 °C exhibit higher nanomechanical properties and lower corrosion rates. The results also invoked that nano TiO2 phosphate behaviour prevails over other two. Therefore, this dominant behaviour is mostly due to the accumulation of hard Zn-P precipitates upon annealing which exfoliates the outermost layer and therefore exposing the underneath layer to corrosive media, eventually delaying the onsets of corrosion attack. Our results highlight, for the first time, the ample avenues of enhancement in the electrochemical performance as well as nanomechanical properties of electrochemically deposited phosphate coatings using the incorporation of nano TiO2 and nano ZnO particles in water based phosphate bath followed by subsequent cost effective annealing treatment.

Interfacial self-assembly of nanoZnO@multiporphyrin array hybrids as binary light-sensitizers for photocurrent generation and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants

Both porphyrins and nanoscale ZnO semiconductors (nanoZnO) are important eco-friendly light-sensitizers and photocatalysts in academic researches and industrial applications. Here, ultrathin films of multiporphyrin arrays were constructed on the surface of nanoZnO to produce binary hybrids based on the coordination reaction of Pd(II) ions and tetrapyridylporphyrin (TPyP). The hybrids of nanoZnO@(Pd–TPyP)n as-produced displayed an improved absorption ability from 200 to 700 nm and an effective energy transfer between the multiporphyrin arrays and nanoZnO cores. Benefit from such a synergistic effect, their photocatalytic performance was largely improved as compared with that of the original porphyrins and nanoZnO particles. Particularly, under only visible light radiation, the photocurrent density of nanoZnO@(Pd–TPyP)n hybrids was approximately 25 times stronger and the photocatalytic efficiency on the degradation of Rhodamine B was over 10 times higher as compared with that of the original nanoZnO particles. Finally, because the multiporphyrin arrays were anchored on the nanoZnO’s surfaces via the covalent and coordinative bonding, the present nano-hybrids displayed not only structural controllability at the molecular level but also well stability, reusability, and recyclability as the heterogeneous photocatalysts.

The Research of Crystalline Morphology and Breakdown Characteristics of Polymer/Micro-Nano-Composites.

In this article, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was used as a matrix polymer, the Micro-ZnO and Nano-ZnO particles were used as the inorganic filler. With the melt blending method, the Nano-ZnO/LDPE(Nano-ZnO particles doping into LDPE), Micro-ZnO/LDPE(Micro-ZnO particles doping into LDPE) and Micro-Nano-ZnO/LDPE (Nano-ZnO and Micro-ZnO particles doping into LDPE in the same time) composites were prepared. Then, the inorganic filler and the composites were dealt with structural characterizations and analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Polarization microscope (PLM), and Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Besides, these samples were dealt with (alternating current) AC breakdown performance test. The micro-experimental results showed that the Micro-ZnO and Nano-ZnO particles doping reduced the crystal size and increased the crystallization rate. With the change of cell structure, the crystallinity of composites increased. The crystallinity order of different samples was as follows: LDPE < Micro-ZnO/LDPE < Nano-ZnO/LDPE < Micro-Nano-ZnO/LDPE. From the breakdown of the experimental result, with the same mass fraction of the different inorganic doping of particles, the breakdown strength of these composites was different. The Nano-ZnO particle doping could improve the breakdown strength of composites effectively. Among them, the breakdown strength of Nano-ZnO/LDPE and Micro-Nano-ZnO/LDPE were 11% higher and 1.3% lower than that of pure LDPE, respectively. Meanwhile, the breakdown strength of Micro-composite was the lowest but its Weibull shape coefficient was the highest. Therefore, the Micro-ZnO doping was helpful for the Nano-ZnO dispersing in the matrix, which produced the Micro-Nano-synergy effects better.

Investigating thermal properties of Nanoparticle Dispersed Paraffin (NDP) as phase change material for thermal energy storage

Nano sized particles have been used in variety of applications due to their unique behavior and distinguished properties at the nano-scale. In this present work, nanoparticles of zinc oxide (in a proportion of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% of weight) were embedded with the commercial grade paraffin and samples were prepared. Then, thermal characteristics of all the samples were studied with the help of different instruments to find its improvement for using them as thermal energy storage elements. The chemical stability was examined with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and thermal stability was studied with thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Further, thermal conductivity was analyzed using thermal properties analyzer. The results proved that the zinc oxide nanoparticles dispersed and distributed inside the paraffin without distressing its chemical structure. Further, the nanoparticles amended the thermal stability of the paraffin to the prodigious extend and enhanced thermal conductivity of the paraffin up to 41.67% with 2.0 wt% of nano-ZnO particles.

Preparation and Performance of Ultra-Fine Polypropylene Antibacterial Fibers via Melt Electrospinning.

Polypropylene (PP) fibers are employed commonly as the raw material of technical textiles (nonwovens), and the research focuses on fine-denier fibers and their functionalities. In this work, antibacterial PP masterbatches with different dosage (1–5 wt.%) of nano-ZnO particles as the antibacterial agent were prepared via a twin-screw extruder. The as-prepared PP masterbatches were electrospun on a home-made electrospinning device to afford ultra-fine PP fibers. The morphologies of as-spun ultrathin PP fibers with 16 μm of average diameter were observed by SEM. The structure and element distribution were characterized by means of energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. There was some zinc obviously distributed on the surface when a dosage of ZnO more than 1 wt.% was used, which contributed to the antibacterial activity. The crystallinity of PP fibers was not affected strongly by the dosage of ZnO based on the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating curves, while thermal decomposition improved with the increase in ZnO content, and the mechanical strength decreased predictably with the increase in inorganic ZnO content.

The Research of Interface Microdomain And Corona-Resistance Characteristics of Micro-Nano-ZnO/LDPE.

In this article, the melting blend was used to prepare the Micro-ZnO/LDPE, Nano-ZnO/LDPE and Micro-Nano-ZnO/LDPE with different inorganic particles contents. The effect of Micro-ZnO and Nano-ZnO particles doping on interface microdomain and corona-resistance breakdown characteristics of LDPE composite could be explored. Based on the energy transfer and heat exchange theory of energetic electrons, the inner electrons energy transfer model of different ZnO/LDPE composites was built. Besides, the microstructure and crystalline morphology of inorganic ZnO-particles and polymer composites were detected by SEM, XRD, FTIR, PLM and DSC test, and the AC breakdown and corona-resistance breakdown characteristics of composites could be explored. From the experimental results, the Nano-ZnO particles after surface modification dispersed uniformly in LDPE matrix, and the nanoparticles agglomeration almost disappeared. The inorganic particles doping acted as the heterogeneous nucleation agent, which improved the crystallization rate and crystallinity of polymer composites effectively. The ZnO particles with different size doping constituted the different interface structure and crystalline morphology, which made different influence on composites macroscopic properties. When the Nano-ZnO particle size was 40nm and the mass fraction was 3%, the breakdown field strength of Nano-ZnO/LPDE was the highest and 15.8% higher than which of pure LDPE. At the same time, the shape parameter β of Micro-Nano-composite was the largest. It illustrated the microparticles doping reduced the probability of nanoparticles agglomeration in matrix. Besides, both Micro-ZnO and Micro-Nano-ZnO particles doping could improve the ability of corona corrosion resistance of LDPE in varying degrees. The corona-resistant breakdown time order of four samples was as follows: LDPE < Micro-ZnO/LDPE < Nano-ZnO/LDPE < Micro-Nano-ZnO/LDPE. When the mass fraction of Micro-ZnO and Nano-ZnO particles was 2% and 3% respectively, the corrosion depth and area of Micro-Nano-ZnO/LDPE was the least, and the ability of corona corrosion resistance was the strongest.

Influence of zinc oxide nano particle on biophysical parameters, yield and grain zinc content of rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

A pot experiment was conducted to find out the influence of zinc oxide nano particle on photosynthesis, shoot and root growth and yield in rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor var M-35-1) at Department of Crop Physiology, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka. Experiment consisted of twelve treatments comprised of seed priming (200, 500 and 1000 ppm of nano ZnO and bulk ZnSO4), foliar application (200, 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm of nano Zno) and 1000 ppm of ZnSO4 (package of practice) with six replications was carried out. Nano ZnO 500 ppm of foliar spray recorded significantly higher shoot length (186.67), shoot dry weight (108.6), root length (83.33), root volume (310) and root dry weight (57.23) as compared to 1000 ppm bulk ZnSO4. Nano ZnO 500 ppm foliar spray recorded significantly higher chlorophyll content (1.39), SPAD values (49.57), photosynthetic rate (41.23), transpiration rate (0.19) and stomatal conductance (7.27) as compared to 1000 ppm bulk ZnSO4. Grain yield was 9.5 percent higher in 500 ppm of NFS and 1000 ppm NFS as compared to 1000 ppm of BFS. The gain zinc content was 5.6% higher in 500 ppm of NFS as compare with 1000 ppm of BFS. Compared to control both nano ZnO (18%) and Bulk ZnSO4 (11%) have higher zinc accumulation in their grains. The inhibitory effect was observed in nano ZnO concentration >1000 ppm reveals the toxicity and need for judicious usage of nano particles in foliar applications. This is the first report on the effect of nano ZnO particles on sorghum growth, photosynthesis, grain yield and zinc content.

Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) via precipitation method

ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized by precipitation method in three different way i.e. synthesis through mixing the of 1M of zinc sulphate [ZnSO4] and 2M of potassium hydroxides [KOH] (M1), through mixing of 0.2M of zinc nitrate [Zn(NO3)2] and 0.4M of potassium hydroxide [KOH] (M2), and by 0.5M of zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2] and 1M of urea [CO(NO2)2] (M3). The synthesized particles were characterized by energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDaX) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results of EDaX found that average elemental analysis of nano ZnO particles which were 74.86 weight % and 45.88 atomic % of ZnO-NPs in M1; 72.11 weight % and 45.51 atomic % in M2, and 75.04 weight % and 45.69 atomic % of ZnO-NPs in M3. The optical characterizations of the sample were recorded on UV-Vis indicated three various sample (M1) red color peck; (M2) yellow color peck and (M3) green color peck of synthesis of ZnO-NPs. The band gap energy of the sample is measured by the linear portion of the graph which was confirmed by the presence of excitonic absorption at 380 nm.

Alginate-Derived Porous Carbon Obtained by Nano-ZnO Hard Template-Induced ZnCl2-Activation Method for Enhanced Electrochemical Performance

Biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbons have attracted considerable attention due to their low cost, environmental friendliness and sustainability. However, the preparation of porous carbon with typically hierarchical pores is still challengeable. In this work, a facile and efficient strategy was proposed to obtain alginate-derived porous carbon by a combination of hard-template and chemical-activation technique. During the fabrication process the nano-ZnO particles displayed triple functions: (a) The nano-ZnO particles were behaved as the hard template to generate more pores. (b) ZnCl2 derived from the nano-ZnO particles acted as a cross-linking agent for obtaining zinc alginate (Zn-SA) hydrogel beads. (c) ZnCl2 was also employed as an activating agent to form micropores during the high-temperature carbonization process. As a subsequence, the obtained carbon exhibited well-developed hierarchical porous structure with high specific surface area of up to 2589 m2 g−1. Due to the high specific surface area, good electrical conductivity and synergistic effect among the typically hierarchical pores, the PC-ZnO-ZnCl2-650 exhibited a high specific capacitance of 316 F g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1 and excellent cycling stability with capacitance retention of 94.4% at 5 A g−1 over 5000 cycles. This ingenious synthesis strategy can provide a new way for efficient preparation of hierarchical porous material.