Nanoliposomes Research Articles

Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Shielded Highly Stable Nano Liposomes for Intestinal Delivery of CoQ10

Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Shielded Highly Stable Nano Liposomes for Intestinal Delivery of CoQ10

Designing an active green packaging material based on black chickpea protein isolate electrospun nanofibers containing citral nanoliposomes

Active green packaging with a sustainability perspective is one of the trending fields in the food industry. In this regard, we designed an eco-friendly packaging material based on black chickpea protein isolate (BCPI) electrospun nanofibers (NFs) containing citral-loaded nanoliposomes (NLPs). The particle size, PDI, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency of the produced citral-loaded NLPs were 145 nm, 0.27, -37 mV, and 88%, respectively. BCPI was successfully extracted and used to produce electrospun NFs. The NLPs were incorporated into BCPINFs at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1% w/w concentrations. All samples displayed a narrow, strip-like morphology. However, the incorporation of NLPs significantly (p<0.05) increased the average fiber diameter (400–600 nm). The chemical structure of NFs was investigated, revealing the formation of new interactions among components. The thermal stability and crystalline structure of BCPI-based NFs showed no significant change with the addition of NLPs. However, NLPs concentrations higher than 0.25% enhanced the tensile strength and surface hydrophobicity of NFs. In addition, incorporating citral-loaded NLPs into NFs at concentrations higher than 0.25% provided antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Based on the obtained results, the activated BCPI-based NFs with 0.5% w/w of citral-loaded NLPs was selected as the optimal NFs sample.

Formulation and Characterization of RBCS Coated Carboplatin Loaded Nano-Liposomal Formulation for Managing Breast Cancer.

Cell membrane-coated Nano-Liposomes (CM-NLPs) offer a promising approach that combines the advantages of both host cells and synthetic nano-liposomes (NLPs). This technique involves coating liposomes with red blood cell (RBC) membranes to enhance their functionality. In this study, novel carboplatin-loaded NLPs (CP-NLPs) were formulated using phospholipids (Soya Phosphatidyl Choline) and cholesterol through the thin-film hydration method, and optimized using a 32 full factorial design. The optimized CP-NLPs were coated with RBC membranes, resulting in the formulation "CP-RBCs-NLPs." These were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), protein content, in vitro drug release, cell viability, and stability. The optimized CP-RBCs-NLPs exhibited a particle size of 103.6 nm, with zeta potential values of -27.3 mV indicating good stability. The entrapment efficiency was approximately 56%, and the drug release profile showed sustained release for up to 8 h. Cytotoxicity studies in human triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB468) cell lines demonstrated that CP-RBCs-NLPs effectively delivered the drug into target cells, facilitating cell death due to their bilayer structure similar to cell membranes. Overall, CP-RBCs-NLPs outperformed both carboplatin-loaded conventional NLPs (CP-CNLPs) and carboplatin-conventional solution (CP-CNS), making it a superior formulation for drug delivery.

Controlled release and biological properties of prochitosomes loaded with Arthrospira derived peptides: Membrane stability, chemical, morphological and structural monitoring

In this study, the effects of chitosan-coating on maintaining the integrity and stability of the membrane, structural, and morphological changes, and the release of loaded peptides inside nanoliposomes during various in vitro release, thermal, freeze-thaw, shear, and dehydration (spray-drying) tensions were evaluated. Among different peptidic fractions (100, 30, and 10 kDa), the Arthrospira derived PF-30 kDa showed a higher nutritional and biological value. PF-30kDa was loaded successfully (EE ~ 90 %) inside nanoliposomes (NLs) and its stabilization was done with chitosan coating (0.1–0.8 %). Nanochitosomes (NCs-0.4 %) had more structural stability (size, EE, and biological activity) at different temperatures, freeze-thaw tension, and digestive system. The placement of peptides in the vesicle structure was confirmed by FTIR analysis. Also, the changes in the morphological states, agglomeration, or destruction of the liposome membrane (SEM, AFM, and TEM) were evaluated before and after the tensions. Membrane coating led to the transformation of freeze-dried liposomes (FD-NLs) from thin, porous, and fragile layers to thick plates, rough and resistant structures (FD-NCs). These characteristics led to maintaining physical stability, homogeneity, zeta potential, and EE of nanoparticles (freeze and spray-dried) after reconstitution. The results of this study will effectively contribute to the production of solidified delivery systems with long-term durability, bioavailability, and biological activity of loaded nutrients and drugs.

Development of vitamin D3 and Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysates co-loaded nanoliposomes and coated by sodium caseinate

The objective of this study was to investigate the co-loading of vitamin D3 (VitD3) and Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysates (SPH) within coated nanoliposomes (NLPs) by sodium caseinate, with the intention of developing a novel nutritional supplement. The coated NLPs exhibited particle size, PDI, and zeta potential values of 185.30 ± 29.62 nm, 0.22±0.04, and +18.70 ± 3.44 mV, respectively. Moreover, the encapsulation efficiencies of the coated NLPs for VitD3 and SPH were 83.24 ± 4.22 % and 89.41 ± 4.36 %, respectively. The improving effect of the surface coating by sodium caseinate on the stability and function of the NLPs was exhibited through analysis of chemical structure, thermal stability, and crystalline structure. The transmission electron microscopy pictures of the developed NLPs revealed a spherical morphology with a thin layer around the vesicle. The loaded VitD3 and SPH in the coated NLPs showed controlled release profiles during incubation in the simulated gastrointestinal condition. Moreover, the VitD3/SPH co-loaded NLPs and their coated form had no considerable cell toxicity. To conclude, the developed nanosystem demonstrated the suitable characteristics of a nanocarrier for reaping the nutritional benefits of VitD3 and SPH.

Encapsulation of lemongrass essential oil by bilayer liposomes based on pectin, gum Arabic, and carrageenan: Characterization and application in chicken meat preservation

The volatile characteristics of lemongrass essential oil (LO) have seriously hindered its further application, and encapsulation it with multilayer modified liposomes may be an effective strategy to improve this dilemma. This study selected chitosan (CH) and three anionic polymers, pectin (P) / gum arabic (GA) / carrageenan (C), as the first and second coating polymers to modify nano liposomes (NL) by layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition, obtaining three bilayer liposomes, P-CH-NL, GA-CH-NL, and C-CH-NL as high-quality stabilized carriers of LO. The bilayer liposomes showed a dense membrane structure ranging from 110 to 150 nm uniformly, with good antioxidant properties. All bilayer liposomes had good stability during 28-day storage at 4 °C, while C-CH-NL performed relatively better inferred by smaller changes of size, PDI and Zeta potential. The total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) values of fresh chicken meat and a total number of bacterial colonies (TBC) experiments showed that GA-CH-NL and C-CH-NL could better retard the increase of volatile salt base nitrogen. All bilayer liposomes could delay the time for the total bacterial count to exceed 6 log CFU/g (from 7 days to 10 / 12 days). Therefore, the bilayer liposomes P-CH-NL, GA-CH-NL, and C-CH-NL may be promising natural preservatives for food products.

Formula Development and Characterization Testing of Niacinamide Nano Liposomes as Anti Aging

Formula Development and Characterization Testing of Niacinamide Nano Liposomes as Anti Aging

Development and characterization of caffeine-loaded nanoliposomes decorated by cationic amylose and cationic amylose- menthol inclusion complex coatings; a novel oral co-delivery system

Nanoliposomes (NLPs) have evolved as compelling carriers for loading bioactive compounds. To improve the phospholipid bilayer membrane stability, caffeine-loaded NLPs were coated with cationic amylose (CA) and CA–menthol inclusion complexes (CAMICs). The zeta potential results indicated an electrostatic attraction between CA and the negatively charged NLPs. Observations from dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the efficient deposition of both CA and CAMICs onto the surface of NLPs without altering their spherical shape. Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that both CA and CAMICs can decrease membrane fluidity and enhance lipid packing laterally. Additional assessment through thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the coating of NLPs, particularly with CAMICs, protected caffeine against thermal degradation. These coated NLPs show promise for formulation advancement, facilitating the simultaneous delivery of functional compounds.

Pea protein-coated nanoliposomal encapsulation of jujube phenolic extract with different stabilizers; characterization and in vitro release

Jujube, a fruit rich in phenolic compounds, is renowned for its potential health benefits, including lowering blood pressure, and exhibiting anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects, attributed to its potent antioxidant properties. However, the application of these phenolics in food products is limited by their instability and low concentration in plant tissues. This study investigates the nanoencapsulation of jujube extract (JE) using nanoliposomes (NLs) coated with pea protein isolate (PPI) to enhance stability and bioavailability. NLs were prepared via the ethanol injection method and optimized through comprehensive characterization, including dynamic light scattering, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The encapsulated JE showed improved antioxidant activity and controlled release profiles in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid. This research highlights the potential of PPI-coated NLs in stabilizing and enhancing the bioactivity of jujube phenolics, providing a promising approach for their integration into functional foods.

Double layer packaging based on active black chickpea protein isolate electrospun nanofibers and intelligent salep film containing black chickpea peel anthocyanins for seafood products

In this study, a double-layer active and intelligent packaging system was developed based on two main natural macromolecules i.e. protein and carbohydrate with green perspective. Firstly, the salep-based films containing different concentrations (0–8 % w/w) of the inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin/black chickpea anthocyanins (βCD/BCPA) were produced. The salep film containing 8 % of βCD/BCPA complex was specified as the optimized film sample based on its performance as a color indicator. The electrospinning of black chickpea protein isolate nanofibers (BCPI NFs) containing citral nanoliposomes (NLPs) was done on the optimized salep film. The cross-sectional field emission scanning electron microscopy approved the creation of double-layer structure of the developed film. The study of chemical and crystalline structure, as well as the thermal properties of the film exhibited the physical attachment of BCPI electrospun NFs on salep film. The effectiveness of the developed system was studied in detection of spoilage and increasing the shelf life of seafood products, including shrimp and fish fillet. The performance of the intelligent layer in detection of freshness/spoilage was acceptable for both seafood products. In addition, the active layer of the film controlled the changes of pH, total volatile basic nitrogen, oxidation, and microbial load in samples during storage time.

Encapsulation of gingerol into nanoliposomes: Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity.

Nanoliposomes (NLs) are ideal carriers for delivering complex molecules and phytochemical products, but ginger by-products, despite their therapeutic benefits, have poor bioavailability due to their low water solubility and stability. Crude ginger extracts (CGEs) and 6-gingerol were individually encapsulated within NLs for in vitro activity assessment. In vitro evaluation of anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties of encapsulated 6-gingerol and CGE was performed on healthy human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of 6-gingerol reached 25.23% and 2.5%, respectively. NLs were found stable for up to 30 days at 4°C with a gradual load loss of up to 20%. In vitro cytotoxic effect of encapsulated 6-gingerol exceeded 70% in the MDA-MB-231 cell line, in a comparable manner with non-encapsulated 6-gingerol and CGE. The effect of CGE with an IC50 of 3.11 ±0.39, 7.14 ±0.80, and 0.82 ±0.55 μM and encapsulated 6-gingerol on inhibiting IL-8 was evident, indicating its potential anti-inflammatory activity. Encapsulating 6-gingerol within NLs enhanced its stability and facilitated its biological activity. All compounds, including vitamin C, were equivalent at concentrations below 2mg/mL, with a slight difference in antioxidant activity. The concentrations capable of inhibiting 50% of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) substrate were comparable.

Fabrication of phenolic loaded spray-dried nanoliposomes stabilized by chitosan and whey protein: Digestive stability, transepithelial transport and bioactivity retention of phenolics

Low bioavailability of phenolic compounds (phenolics) results in low in vivo bioactivity, thus their co-encapsulation could enhance potential health benefits. In this study, reconstitutable nanoliposomes loaded with phenolics varying in solubility were fabricated using spray drying after stabilized by chitosan (CH) or whey protein (WP). The physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, digestive fate, and bioactivity retention of phenolics in different forms were investigated. The surface charge of nanoliposomes (NL) shifted from −18.7 mV to positive due to conjugation with cationic CH (53.1 mV) and WP (14 mV) after spray drying while it was −26.6 mV for only spray-dried phenolics (SDP). Encapsulation efficiency of the tested phenolics ranged between 64.7 % and 95.1 %. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion/Caco-2 cell model was used to estimate the digestive fate of the phenolics yielding up to 3-fold higher bioaccessibility for encapsulated phenolics compared to their native form, combined or individually. However, the cellular uptake or transepithelial transport of phenolics did not differ significantly among formulations, except trans-resveratrol in WP-NL. On the contrary, the suppressive effect of phenolics on fatty acid induced hepatocellular lipid accumulation was strongly dependent on the encapsulation method, no activity was retained by SDP. These findings suggested that reconstitutable nanoliposomes can improve the absorption of phenolics by facilitating their bioaccessibility and thermal and/or processing stability during spray drying.

Improving the encapsulation of β‐carotene by nanoliposomes via potato starch/whey protein coating

SummaryThe ability of nanoliposomes (NLs) to encapsulate β‐carotene synergistically improved via the potato starch (PS)/whey protein (WP) coating was investigated. The encapsulation efficiency of PS‐/WP‐coated NL (SP‐NL) increased to above 80% compared to that of NL, PS‐coated NL, and WP‐coated NL. It manifested that the ability of NL to encapsulate β‐carotene was significantly enhanced after coating with PS/WP. The encapsulation ability of SP‐NL was also influenced by environmental factors (pH, temperature, and ionic strength). Moreover, the storage stability of NL after complexation with PS/WP was effectively enhanced compared to that of NL, PS‐coated NL, and WP‐coated NL. TEM images showed that SP‐NL was fairly spherical, and SP‐NL mainly ranged between 100 nm and 500 nm in size. Zeta‐potential and particle size indicated that the dispersion of SP‐NL was highly stable, and electrostatic forces played a vital role in the stability. Furthermore, the fluorescence polarisation of DPH demonstrated that the decrease in membrane fluidity of NL after PS/WP coating was more obvious from 5.28 to 4.05 compared with that of NL after PS or WP coating, indicating that PS/WP was more effective in increasing the rigidity of the phospholipid layer and improving the structure of the bilayer. The present study suggests that PS/WP coating on NL can be an effective strategy to improve the ability of NL to encapsulate β‐carotene and may provide some theoretical support for the development of an effective delivery system for bioactive substances.

The evaluation of four nano-formulations loaded-Elsinochrome A on characteristics and in vitro cytotoxicity effect.

Elsinochrome A (EA) is a naturally occurring photosensitizer with potential applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for various malignancies. Despite its promising therapeutic properties, the poor solubility of EA hampers its effective utilization in clinical settings. To circumvent this limitation, we engineered four distinct nano-formulations: PLGA/EA nanoparticles (NPs), CMC-PLGA/EA NPs, mPEG-PCL/EA nanomicelles (NMs), and LHP-CHOL/EA nanoliposomes (NLs), all designed to enhance the solubility of EA. A comparative evaluation of these formulations, based on metrics such as particle size, Zeta potential, drug loading efficiency, and encapsulation efficiency, identified PLGA/EA NPs and mPEG-PCL/EA NMs as the most efficacious candidates. Subsequent in vitro investigations into the drug release kinetics under varying pH conditions and the impact on cell viability and apoptosis in A549 and MCF-7 cell lines were conducted. Remarkably, the maximum drug release for PLGA/EA NPs and mPEG-PCL/EA NMs was recorded at 62.5% and 70.8% in an acidic environment (pH 5.7), respectively. Upon exposure to 460nm light, PLGA/EA NPs induced a significant reduction in A549 cell viability to 13.8% and an apoptosis rate of 93.8%, whereas mPEG-PCL/EA NMs elicited a decrease in MCF-7 cell viability to 12.8% and an apoptosis rate of 73.0%.

Transcriptomic analyses reveal proinflammatory activation of human brain microvascular endothelial cells by aging-associated peptide medin and reversal by nanoliposomes

Medin is a common vascular amyloidogenic peptide recently implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia and its pathology remains unknown. We aim to identify changes in transcriptomic profiles and pathways in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) exposed to medin, compare that to exposure to β-amyloid (Aβ) and evaluate protection by monosialoganglioside-containing nanoliposomes (NL). HBMVECs were exposed for 20 h to medin (5 µM) without or with Aβ(1-42) (2 µM) or NL (300 µg/mL), and RNA-seq with signaling pathway analyses were performed. Separately, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of select identified genes was done in HBMVECs treated with medin (5 µM) without or with NFκB inhibitor RO106-9920 (10 µM) or NL (300 µg/mL). Medin caused upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes that was not aggravated by Aβ42 co-treatment but reversed by NL. Pathway analysis on differentially expressed genes revealed multiple pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, such as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the nuclear factor-κB (NFkB) signaling pathways, were affected specifically by medin treatment. RO106-9920 and NL reduced medin-induced pro-inflammatory activation. Medin induced endothelial cell pro-inflammatory signaling in part via NFκB that was reversed by NL. This could have potential implications in the pathogenesis and treatment of vascular aging, AD and vascular dementia.

Protection of osteogenic peptides in nanoliposomes: Stability, sustained release, bioaccessibility and influence on bioactive properties

This study prepared osteogenic peptides (OPs) from cod meat by hydrolysis and subsequently encapsulated them in nanoliposomes (NLP) to enhance bioaccessibility. The characterization, stability, controlled release behavior and bioactivity of OPs-loaded nanoliposomes (OPs-NLP) were investigated as well. The highest loading capacity (27.32%) was achieved in NLP loaded with 6 mg/mL of OPs. The particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency of OPs-NLP were 70.59 nm, −11.98 mV, and 75.24%, respectively. The interaction between OPs and empty NLP was through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic. The OPs-NLP showed the greatest stability during storage at 4 °C. The in vitro release profile of OPs from OPs-NLP fitted a one-level kinetic model best. The osteogenic activity of OPs was unaffected by NLP encapsulation, and the bioaccessibility of OPs was notably improved. These findings suggest that OPs-NLP has the potential to be used in functional foods.

Development of gelatin-coated nanoliposomes loaded with β-cyclodextrin/vitamin D3 inclusion complex for nutritional therapy.

The aim of this study was to synthesize of β-cyclodextrin/Vitamin D3 (βCD/VitD3) inclusion complex and encapsulation of this complex with gelatin-coated nanoliposomes (NLPs). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the formation of βCD/VitD3 inclusion complex. In the next step, different gelatin concentrations (1, 2, and 4mg/mL) were used to surface coat the blank NLPs. The concentration of 2mg/mL of gelatin was chosen as the optimal concentration for coating the complex-loaded NLPs by considering particle size, morphology, and zeta potential. The particle size and zeta potential of the coated complex-loaded NLPs were 117±2.55nm and 19.8±1.25mV, respectively. The images taken by transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of a biopolymer layer of gelatin around the NLPs' vesicles. The complex encapsulation efficiency inside the NLPs was 81.09%. The βCD/VitD3 complex loaded NLPs and its coated form exhibited a controlled release profile in simulated gastrointestinal condition.

Preparation of Uniform Nano Liposomes Using Focused Ultrasonic Technology.

Liposomes are microspheres produced by placing phospholipids in aqueous solutions. Liposomes have the advantage of being able to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional substances and are thus important mediators used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It is important for liposomes to have small sizes, uniform particle size distribution, and long-term stability. Previously, liposomes have been prepared using a homo mixer, microfluidizer, and horn and bath types of sonicators. However, it is difficult to produce liposomes with small sizes and uniform particle size distribution using these methods. Therefore, we have developed a focused ultrasound method to produce nano-sized liposomes with better size control. In this study, the liposome solutions were prepared using the focused ultrasound method and conventional methods. The liposome solutions were characterized for their size distribution, stability, and morphology. Results showed that the liposome solution prepared using focused ultrasonic equipment had a uniform particle size distribution with an average size of 113.6 nm and a polydispersity index value of 0.124. Furthermore, the solution showed good stability in dynamic light scattering measurements for 4 d and Turbiscan measurements for 1 week.

Green synthesis of nanolipo-fibersomes using Nutriose® FB 06 for delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside delivery: Characterization, physicochemical properties, and application

Anthocyanins are potential bioactive compounds with less bioavailability due to instability in physicochemical and physiological harsh environments. This study synthesized a “nanolipo-fibersomes (NLFS)” using Lipoid® S75 and Nutriose® FB 06 (dextrinization of wheat starch) through a self-assembly technique with probe sonication. We aimed to encapsulate delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (D3S) successfully and evaluate physicochemical and controlled release properties with improved antioxidant activity on palmitic acid (PA)-induced colonic cells (Caco-2 cells). D3S-loaded nanolipo-fibersomes (D3S-NLFS) were nanosized (<150 nm), spherical shaped, and homogenously dispersed in solution with promising encapsulation efficiency (~ 89.31 to 97.31 %). Particles formation was further verified by FTIR. NLFS were well-stable in thermal, storage, and gastrointestinal mimic environments. NLFS exhibited better-controlled release and mucoadhesive properties compared to nanoliposomes (NL). The NLFS showed better cellular uptake than NL, which was correlated to higher mucoadhesive properties. Furthermore, D3S-NLFS exhibited promising protective effects against PA-induced cytotoxicity, O2•− radicals generation, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and GSH depletion, while the free D3S was ineffective. Among D3S-loaded nanoparticles, D3S-NLFS 3 was the most efficient nanocarrier followed by D3S-NLFS 2, D3S-NLFS 1, and D3S-NL, respectively. The above data suggest that nanolipo-fibersomes can be considered as promising nanovesicles for improving colonic delivery of hydrophilic compounds with controlled release properties and greater antioxidant activity.

Insights from β-Conglycinin and Glycinin into the Mechanism of Nanoliposome-Soybean Protein Isolate Interactions.

The interaction mechanism between nanoliposomes (NL) and a soybean protein isolate (SPI) was investigated via the complexation between NL and two major components of SPI, i.e., β-conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S). The endogenous fluorescence emissions of 7S and 11S were statically quenched after complexation with NL, and the polarity of the SPI fluorophore increased. The interaction between NL and SPI was exothermic and spontaneous, 7S/11S secondary structures were altered, and more hydrophobic groups were exposed on protein surfaces. Moreover, the NL-SPI complex had a large zeta potential to attain system stability. Hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonds played vital roles in the interaction between NL and 7S/11S, and a salt bridge was also involved in the NL-11S interaction. The binding characteristics between NL and 7S/11S were chiefly governed by the protein characteristics, such as amino acid composition, surface hydrophobicity, and advanced structure. These findings could deepen the understanding of the interaction mechanism between NL and SPI.