Drug Nanocarriers Research Articles

Nanoporous 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks with pts Topology as Anticancer Drug Nanocarriers

Nanoporous 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks with pts Topology as Anticancer Drug Nanocarriers

ROS-responsive PEGylated ferrocene polymer nanoparticles with improved stability for tumor-selective chemotherapy and imaging.

Ferrocene-based nanoparticles have garnered interest as reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanocarriers of anticancer drugs and imaging agents. However, their biomedical applications remain limited due to their poor physiological stability. PEGylation of nanocarriers improves their stability and biocompatibility. In this study, we aimed to develop novel PEG-ferrocene nanoparticles (PFNPs) with enhanced stability and ROS responsiveness for the delivery of paclitaxel (PTX) and imaging agents. PEGylation improved the stability of ferrocene nanoparticles, inhibiting their ROS-responsive destruction. Several PEG-ferrocene polymers containing different molar ratios of methacrylic acid and poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate was designed for optimization. ROS-responsive polymers with optimal monomer ratios were self-assembled into PFNPs with enhanced stability. The PFNPs distended, effectively releasing encapsulated PTX and imaging agents within 8h in the presence of ROS. Furthermore, they remained stable, with no changes in their hydrodynamic diameters or polydispersity indexes after storage in an aqueous solution and biological buffer. The accumulation of PFNPs in a tumor model in vivo was 15-fold higher than a free dye. PTX-loaded PFNPs showed a substantial tumor-suppression effect, reducing tumor size to approximately 18% of that in the corresponding control group. These findings suggest a promising application of ROS-responsive PFNPs in tumor treatment as biocompatible nanocarriers of anticancer drugs and imaging agents.

Unsteady nano-magnetic drug dispersion for pulsatile Darcy flow through microvessel with drug elimination phenomena

Drug delivery by nano-drug carriers in magnetic drug targeting has shown a promising future in various cancer tumor treatments. The distinguishing properties of nanocarriers, such as small size, selective targeting, controlled release, and others, have made them more effective than the existing conventional treatments. However, several factors affect its delivery. In the present problem, we study the unsteady dispersion of drug-loaded magnetic nanocarriers in microvessels driven by a pulsatile pressure gradient derived from the unsteady Darcy law. Both fluid flow rate and mean velocity are computed analytically. The finite difference method is used to obtain the numerical solution of the solute transport equation, and the results are presented in graphs. Our results show that not only does the Womersley number influence the pulsatility dispersion of nanocarrier particles but also the microvessel permeability, magnetic-tumor distance, magnetization number, and volume fraction of magnetic nanoparticles. We found a drop in drug-loaded magnetic nanocarriers' concentration at the targeted site with decreasing blood pulsatility in the microvessel as portrayed by the Womersley parameter. In contrast, the descending magnetic tumor distance promotes nanoparticle concentration in the tumor tissue. Furthermore, the effects of other parameters, such as permeability, magnetization, volume fraction of magnetic nanoparticles, source term, elimination parameter, and nanocarrier radius, are discussed. To sum up, based on the Womersley frequency parameter coefficient used to describe blood pulsatility resulting from forceful heartbeat, flow pulsatility and nanocarrier particle dispersion are positively correlated, while magnetic-tumor distance is negatively correlated with both pulsatility and nanoparticle concentration.

Starch nanogels as promising drug nanocarriers in the management of oral bacterial infections

Starch nanogels as promising drug nanocarriers in the management of oral bacterial infections

Comprehensive characterization and development of multi-core shell superparamagnetic nanoparticles for controlled delivery of drugs and their kinetic release modelling

The nanoparticles designed for application in cancer treatment should have biocompatibility, colloidal stability and triggered release at tumor sites. Magnetic nanoparticles arise as an interesting option to be used as drug nanocarriers, considering the possibility of driving nanoparticles to the correct delivery site and exploring different triggers to achieve such accomplishment. In this study, nickel ferrite nanoparticles are explored as a magnetic core for drug delivery systems, using doxorubicin and omeprazole as model drugs. The developed nickel ferrite presents a strong superparamagnetic behavior and high purity, as demonstrated by magnetometry and TGA results. The carbon-coating procedure and functionalization allowed the nanoparticle to achieve the desired characteristics for biomedical applications (i.e. stability in water, biocompatibility, and size). According to TEM results, the final carbon-coated magnetic nanoparticles have an average size of 25.09 ± 0.58 nm and multi-core shell architecture, which is suitable for biomedical applications as drug nanocarriers. In addition, DLS demonstrated that functionalized nanoparticles are monodisperse, with a hydrodynamic diameter of 167 ± 59 nm, which fits the recommended range (100–200 nm) to benefit from enhanced permeability and retention effect. Drug loading tests with doxorubicin and omeprazole revealed the versatility of the designed nanoparticles, able to load 97% of doxorubicin and 51% of omeprazole. The pH-triggered release was also confirmed for both pharmacological compounds, showing a higher cumulative drug under acidic conditions (simulating a tumor microenvironment). Finally, the kinetic analysis applied to the study of the release mechanism of both medicines showed that non-linear models fit with higher accuracy the experimental data.

Magnetic ferrite nanoparticles coated with bovine serum albumin and glycine polymers for controlled release of curcumin as a model

To conquer the low water solubility and bioavailability of curcumin (CUR), to corroborate its functional qualities and to broaden its applicability in the pharmaceutical sector, numerous nanoscale methods have been widely exploited for its administration. Because of its polycystic, biodegradable, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and non-allergenic properties, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glycine (Gly) have been actively investigated as natural biopolymers for decades. Various BSA and Gly-based nanocarriers with unique features for CUR delivery, such as magnetic ferrite nanoparticles, are being developed (MNPs). In this work, magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4)/BSA and nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4)/Gly nanocomposites loaded with CUR (drug model) were manufactured for the first time using a chemical co-precipitation approach to create biocompatible drug nanocarriers. It was found that the synthesized MgFe2O4/BSA and NiFe2O4/Gly nanoparticles have a uniform particle distribution and their size is much less than 100 nm. Saturation magnetization in MgFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 reaches 13.07 and 33.4 emu/g the remarkable peak of magnetization decreases to 10.99 and 32.36 emu/g after the addition of polymers. These analyses also showed the presence of chemical bonds in the structure of the nanocomposite. The curcumin diffusion process in NPs were determined using a mathematical modeling. The yielding of the product for MgFe2O4/BSA and NiFe2O4/Gly in 200 h is about 72 and 63%, respectively. Also, regressed relative diffusivities (D/R2), including effective steric hindrance, were determined as 5.75 × 10−4 and 2.72 × 10−4 h−1 for MgFe2O4/BSA and NiFe2O4/Gly, respectively. It shows that there is a significant steric barrier that significantly deviates from the molecular diffusion of the liquid. As a result, the low effective release of curcumin in the particles is more noticeable. Our study demonstrated the effective relationship between the polymer architecture and the biophysical properties of the resulting nanoparticles and shed light on new approaches for the design of efficient NP-based drug carriers.

Graphene Oxide Nanostructures as Nanoplatforms for Delivering Natural Therapeutic Agents: Applications in Cancer Treatment, Bacterial Infections, and Bone Regeneration Medicine.

Graphene, fullerenes, diamond, carbon nanotubes, and carbon dots are just a few of the carbon-based nanomaterials that have gained enormous popularity in a variety of scientific disciplines and industrial uses. As a two-dimensional material in the creation of therapeutic delivery systems for many illnesses, nanosized graphene oxide (NGO) is now garnering a large amount of attention among these materials. In addition to other benefits, NGO functions as a drug nanocarrier with remarkable biocompatibility, high pharmaceutical loading capacity, controlled drug release capability, biological imaging efficiency, multifunctional nanoplatform properties, and the power to increase the therapeutic efficacy of loaded agents. Thus, NGO is a perfect nanoplatform for the development of drug delivery systems (DDSs) to both detect and treat a variety of ailments. This review article's main focus is on investigating surface functionality, drug-loading methods, and drug release patterns designed particularly for smart delivery systems. The paper also examines the relevance of using NGOs to build DDSs and considers prospective uses in the treatment of diseases including cancer, infection by bacteria, and bone regeneration medicine. These factors cover the use of naturally occurring medicinal substances produced from plant-based sources.

Recent Advances Ultra-Porous Drug Nano-Carriers: Synthesis and Targeting Approaches

Mesoporous silica has attracted increasing interest due to the pandemic spreading of the viral infection in recent years. These smart materials have many advantages as high loading capacity, high surface area, and unique morphology making them great materials for smart drug carriers. In this review, I summarized the synthesis of Ultra-Porous Drug Nano-Carriers in recent years. Factors affecting (mesoporous nanoparticles) MSN Synthesis as surfactants, Co-surfactants, and solvents were mentioned in the full description and targeting approaches. Types of silica nanoparticles such as Mesoporous SBA-1 silicas, Mesoporous SBA-2 silicas, and hybrid mesoporous materials are also shown in a detailed manner. Future research efforts are also highlighted for AI-based techniques aimed at more accurate tissue engineering prediction and operation optimization in drug carrier-based processes.

Scaling-up of carbon dots hydrothermal synthesis from sugars in a continuous flow microreactor system for biomedical application as in vitro antimicrobial drug nanocarrier

ABSTRACT Carbon dots (CDs) are a new class of nanomaterials exhibiting high biocompatibility, water solubility, functionality, and tunable fluorescence (FL) property. Due to the limitations of batch hydrothermal synthesis in terms of low CDs yield and long synthesis duration, this work aimed to increase its production capacity through a continuous flow reactor system. The influence of temperature and time was first studied in a batch reactor for glucose, xylose, sucrose and table sugar precursors. CDs synthesized from sucrose precursor exhibited the highest quantum yield (QY) (175.48%) and the average diameter less than 10 nm (~6.8 ± 1.1 nm) when synthesized at 220°C for 9 h. For a flow reactor system, the best condition for CDs production from sucrose was 1 mL min−1 flow rate at 280°C, and 0.2 MPa pressure yielding 53.03% QY and ~ 6.5 ± 0.6 nm average diameter (6.6 mg min−1 of CDs productivity). CDs were successfully used as ciprofloxacin (CP) nanocarrier for antimicrobial activity study. The cytotoxicity study showed that no effect of CDs on viability of L-929 fibroblast cells was detected until 1000 µg mL−1 CDs concentration. This finding demonstrates that CDs synthesized via a flow reactor system have a high zeta potential and suitable surface properties for nano-theranostic applications.

Biobased nanoemulsions for targeted drug delivery to treat dementia and aging

Early changes in cerebrovascular hemodynamics and endothelial function can contribute to altered cognitive function and systemic vascular stiffness later in life. Accordingly, vascular pathology accompanies the mechanisms underlying aging. The development of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, which leads to a lack of blood flow to the brain, is a common trait despite the various and complex pathogenic mechanisms causing these vascular alterations. Drugs or other bioactive compounds can be incorporated into a "high density lipoprotein-like" ("HDL-like") lipid nanocarrier to create a multifunctional "combination therapeutic" that can target cell-surface scavenger receptors, primarily class B type I (i.e., SR-BI). The enhanced endocytosis of the nanocarrier's drug contents into various target cells, made possible by this proposed (biomimetic-nanocarrier) therapeutic vehicle, increases the likelihood that this multitasking "combination therapeutic" will be more effective at various stages of dementia.

Self-assembled silibinin-containing phosphazene/cystamine hybrid nanospheres as biodagradable dual-drug carriers with improved anticancer activity on a breast cancer cell line

In this study, pH and redox sensitive biodegradable PPZs@Silibinin polymeric nanospheres were synthesized by the polymerization reaction of Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), Cystamine dihydrochloride (CA) and the anticancer drug Silibinin as monomers. Later designed as a therapeutic system, this nano drug-carrier was also loaded with Doxorubicin (Dox), a type of cancer drug. As a result, a drug self-delivery system (DSDS) was developed, which had the property of biodegradation in tumor tissues thanks to the redox active disulfide bonds in its structure from pH-sensitive nanospheres containing two anticancer drugs. Biodegradation-associated in vitro release of cancer drug (Dox) from the Dox loaded PPZs@Silibinin nano drug-carrier was performed in the presence of glutathione (GSH) at pH 6.5 and pH 7.4. While 93.06% Dox release was observed in pH 6.5 medium containing 10 mM GSH in 24 h, this value was 56.60% in pH 7.4 + 10 mM GSH medium. In addition, clonogenic analysis and cytotoxicity studies were performed on the MDA-MB-231 cell line to determine the anticancer properties of PPZs@Silibinin loaded with Dox. It was determined that PPZs@Silibinin@Dox nanospheres containing 20.5 nM Dox for 0.75 µL are highly effective in MDA-MB-231 cells than free Dox.

Theoretical study of interaction between temozolomide anticancer drug and hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery by DFT quantum mechanical calculation

In this article for the first time the quantum calculations of 3-methyl-4-oxoimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine-8-carboxamide (Temozolomide) in HCM-Cellulose Substrate are evaluated using the B3LYP/6-31G level of theory. The non-bonded interaction effects of the molecule Temozolomide, HCM-Cellulose on the electronic properties, chemical shift tensors and natural charge have also been detected. Natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) suggests that Temozolomide as an electron donor and HCM-Cellulose acted as an electron acceptor in the Temozolomide/HCM-Cellulose complex. The electronic spectra of the Temozolomide drug and Temozolomide/HCM-Cellulose complex in were calculated by Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) for the investigation of the adsorption effect of the Temozolomide drug over HCM-Cellulose on maximum wavelength. As a result, the feasibility of using HCM-Cellulose to deliver Temozolomide to diseased cells has been established.

Protein-Based Nanocarriers and Nanotherapeutics for Infection and Inflammation.

Infectious and inflammatory diseases are one of the leading causes of death globally. The status quo has become more prominent with the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To combat these potential crises, proteins have been proven as highly efficacious drugs, drug targets, and biomarkers. On the other hand, advancements in nanotechnology have aided efficient and sustained drug delivery due to their nano-dimension-acquired advantages. Combining both strategies together, the protein nanoplatforms are equipped with the advantageous intrinsic properties of proteins as well as nanoformulations, eloquently changing the field of nanomedicine. Proteins can act as carriers, therapeutics, diagnostics, and theranostics in their nanoform as fusion proteins or as composites with other organic/inorganic materials. Protein-based nanoplatforms have been extensively explored to target the major infectious and inflammatory diseases of clinical concern. The current review comprehensively deliberated proteins as nanocarriers for drugs and nanotherapeutics for inflammatory and infectious agents, with special emphasis on cancer and viral diseases. A plethora of proteins from diverse organisms have aided in the synthesis of protein-based nanoformulations. The current study specifically presented the proteins of human and pathogenic origin to dwell upon the field of protein nanotechnology, emphasizing their pharmacological advantages. Further, the successful clinical translation and current bottlenecks of the protein-based nanoformulations associated with the infection-inflammation paradigm have also been discussed comprehensively. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review discusses the plethora of promising protein-based nanocarriers and nanotherapeutics explored for infectious and inflammatory ailments, with particular emphasis on protein nanoparticles of human and pathogenic origin with reference to the advantages, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters), and current bottlenecks in development of protein-based nanotherapeutic interventions.

PH-responsive anticancer drug delivery systems: Insights into the enhanced adsorption and release of DOX drugs using graphene oxide as a nanocarrier

pH-responsive anticancer drug delivery systems have garnered significant attention as effective platforms for targeted drug release. Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as a promising nanocarrier due to its unique properties, including pH responsiveness, large surface area, and tunable surface chemistry. In this study, we explore the adsorption and release behavior of doxorubicin (DOX) drugs in GO nanocarriers compared to pure graphene using molecular dynamics simulations. Our findings reveal that the adsorption and releasing of DOX in GO nanocarriers are superior to pure graphene, demonstrating the advantages of graphene oxidation in drug delivery systems. The presence of oxygenated functional groups on GO enhances drug loading efficiency and stability. The pH-responsive behavior of GO enables controlled drug release, triggered by the acidic environment of tumor tissues. These insights highlight the suitability of GO nanocarriers and their potential for the development of efficient and targeted drug delivery systems. Molecular dynamics simulations provide valuable mechanistic understanding of drug encapsulation and release, contributing to the design and optimization of pH-responsive drug delivery systems.

MAb-Functionalized Biomimetic MamC-Mediated-Magnetoliposomes as Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy.

In cancer therapy, new therapeutic nanoformulations able to mediate targeted chemotherapy are required. Recently, biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) mediated by MamC, a magnetosome protein from Magnetococcus marinus MC-1, have proven, in vitro and in vivo, to be effective drug nanocarriers (following the application of an external gradient magnetic field) and to allow combination with hyperthermia. However, these nanoassemblies require further optimization to improve cytocompatibility, stability and active targeting ability. Herein, we describe the production of the magnetoliposomes (LP) embedding BMNPs functionalized (or not) with doxorubicin (DOXO), [LP(+/-DOXO-BMNPs)], and their surface modification with the DO-24 mAb, which targets the human Met/HGF receptor's ectodomain (overexpressed in many cancers). Nanoformulations were extensively characterized using TEM, DLS, FTIR and when tested in vitro, the lipid coating increased the colloidal stability and their biocompatibility, favoring the cellular uptake in cells overexpressing the cognate receptor. Indeed, the magnetoliposomes mAb-LP(+/-DOXO-BMNPs) exerted a specific active targeting ability by the presence of the mAb that preserved its immunocompetence. Both LP(BMNPs) and mAb-LP(BMNPs) were not toxic to cells, while +/-mAb-LP(DOXO-BMNPs) nanoformulations were indeed cytotoxic. Therefore, this study represents a proof of concept for the development of promising drug carriers for cancer therapy based on local chemotherapy directed by mAbs.

Multiple Ligand Simultaneous Docking of Antiviral Drugs and Cyanine Dyes with Proteins

Protein nanoparticles are currently regarded as promising biocompatible and biodegradable systems for targeted delivery of different types of pharmacological agents. Prior to fabricating such kind of drug nanocarriers it is reasonable to evaluate the drug-protein binding affinity and possible interaction modes using the computational tools, particularly, the molecular docking technique. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possibility of creating the protein nanoparticles carrying the antiviral drugs and cyanine dyes as visualizing agents. The components of the examined systems included endogenous functional proteins cytochrome c, serum albumin, lysozyme and insulin, antiviral drugs favipiravir, molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir and ritonavir, mono- and heptamethinecyanine dyes. Using the multiple ligand simultaneous docking technique, it was demonstrated that: i) the drugs and the dyes occupy different binding sites on the protein molecule and do not interfere with each other; ii) the heptamethines AK7-5 and AK7-6 possess the highest affinity for the proteins; iii) among the examined systems the strongest complexes are formed between the heptamethine dyes and serum albumin. Taken together, the results obtained indicate that albumin-based nanoparticles functionalized by the heptamethine cyanine dyes can be used for targeted delivery of the explored antiviral agents.

Influence of Surface Ligand Density and Particle Size on the Penetration of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Porous Silicon Nanoparticles.

Overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a significant challenge with regard to drug delivery to the brain. By incorporating targeting ligands, and by carefully adjusting particle sizes, nanocarriers can be customized to improve drug delivery. Among these targeting ligands, transferrin stands out due to the high expression level of its receptor (i.e., transferrin receptor) on the BBB. Porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) are a promising drug nanocarrier to the brain due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and exceptional drug-loading capacity. However, an in-depth understanding of the optimal nanoparticle size and transferrin surface density, in order to maximize BBB penetration, is still lacking. To address this gap, a diverse library of pSiNPs was synthesized using bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) linkers with methoxy or/and carboxyl terminal groups. These variations allowed us to explore different transferrin surface densities in addition to particle sizes. The effects of these parameters on the cellular association, uptake, and transcytosis in immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) were investigated using multiple in vitro systems of increasing degrees of complexity. These systems included the following: a 2D cell culture, a static Transwell model, and a dynamic BBB-on-a-chip model. Our results revealed the significant impact of both the ligand surface density and size of pSiNPs on their ability to penetrate the BBB, wherein intermediate-level transferrin densities and smaller pSiNPs exhibited the highest BBB transportation efficiency in vitro. Moreover, notable discrepancies emerged between the tested in vitro assays, further emphasizing the necessity of using more physiologically relevant assays, such as a microfluidic BBB-on-a-chip model, for nanocarrier testing and evaluation.

Nanocarrier‐Based Drug Delivery Systems using Microfluidic‐Assisted Techniques

Nanocarrier‐mediated drug delivery in life science and patient care is now highly recognized and has gained significant traction in pharmaceuticals for clinical applications. Besides, the incorporation of microfluidic technology for the synthesizing and delivery of nanocarriers facilitates preclinical drug testing under biomimicking physiological conditions, which further increases the prospect of nanocarrier drug delivery systems in clinical use. Indeed, an inherent amenability of microfluidics shows fine‐tuned manipulation and controlled release of nanocarrier drugs in a spatiotemporal manner. The progress of microfluidic‐assisted potential drug delivery platforms is reviewed and summarized with a focus on factors determining the design of novel nanodrug delivery microfluidic systems, on‐chip functionalization and synthesis mechanisms of nanodrugs, and stimulation‐responsive and organ‐specific drug delivery platforms, including different challenges associated with developing platforms in benchtop research that hinder platforms’ clinical translation. Moreover, the commercial scenario and prospects of the microfluidic nanodrug delivery platforms are evaluated, and further predictive suggestions are provided for developing multitargeting microfluidic/organ‐on‐a‐chip nanodrug delivery platforms and overcoming the challenges associated with commercialization. This review recognizes that although numerous reports have reinforced the promise of microfluidic nanodrug delivery platforms, much remains to be done in lab and benchtop works to realize it in clinical practice through commercialization.

Aggregation of Thermoresponsive Polymethacrylates in a Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium and Its Salts.

The thermal behavior and aggregation process of the poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate], and poly[(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] thermoresponsive polymers were studied in a commonly used Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) cell culture medium and solutions of its individual components in the same concentration as found in DMEM. All studied copolymers exhibited an unexpected transmittance profile in the DMEM. During heating above the cloud point temperature (TCP), the polymers additionally aggregated, which led to the formation of their precipitates. The behavior of the polymers was further studied to evaluate how individual salts affected the transition temperature, size (Dh), and stability of the polymer particles. Organic additives, such as amino acids and glucose, had a significantly lesser impact on the thermoresponsive aggregation of the polymers than inorganic ones. Changes to the TCP were small and the formation of precipitates was not observed. The presence of small amounts of amino acids caused a decrease in the polymer aggregate sizes. Obtained results are of utmost importance in thermoresponsive drug nanocarrier studies.

Phase transitions of aqueous solutions of Pluronic F68 in the presence of Diclofenac Sodium

In recent years, advancements in bioengineering and materials science have witnessed increasing interest in synthetic polymers capable of fulfilling various applications. Owing to their distinctive properties, Pluronics can be used as nano-drug carriers, to deliver poorly water-soluble drugs, and as model systems to study colloidal science by tuning amphiphilic properties. In this work, we investigated the effect of diclofenac sodium on the self-assembly and thermoresponsive crystallization of Pluronic F68 in water solutions, by employing experimental rheology and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). We built a complete phase diagram as a function of temperature and concentration for 45 wt% Pluronic F68 with various amounts of diclofenac sodium in water. The morphological transitions were followed as a function of temperature via linear rheology. We extrapolated the transition temperatures – identifying distinct phases – as a function of the drug concentration and proposed an empirical model for their prediction. NMR analysis provided further information on the structural characteristics of the systems, shedding light on the interactions between F68 and diclofenac sodium. Although dealing with a pharmaceutical salt, the study is focused on a colloidal system and its interaction with a binding molecule, that is of general interest for colloidal science.