Nano Curcumin Research Articles

Nephrotoxic effect of cypermethrin ameliorated by nanocurcumin through antioxidative mechanism.

Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid showing nephrotoxicity by generating ROS-impaired oxidative stress and changes in inflammatory and apoptotic markers. The harmful consequences are intended to be mitigated by the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant possessions of nanocurcumin (NC) with improved bioavailability ameliorate Cyp toxicity in rat kidneys. In our study, Group I was the control while Group II was treated alone with NC (5mg). Group III was given 50mg/kg of Cyp for two weeks. Groups IV, V, and VI received Cyp as in group III and co-treatment with varying NC doses after 5days of Cyp dosing, respectively. All treatments were given orally for two weeks. After the termination of the study, LPO, 4-HNE, GSH, antioxidant catalase, and SOD were evaluated as markers of inflammation and apoptosis along with ELISA, qRT-PCR, and histopathology were used to assess morphological changes. Our work has shown that Cyp causes nephrotoxicity by altering all parameters. The Cyp-treated group was shown to have higher expression of the oxidative stress marker LPO and inflammatory interleukins as well as Bax, NF-kB, caspase-3, and caspase-9. Although LPO, inflammation, and apoptosis are reduced, antioxidant status is improved by NC.

Repurposing Nano Curcumin: Unveiling its Therapeutic Potential in Diabetic Nephropathy.

Currently, diabetic nephropathy (DN) stands as the predominant global cause of endstage renal disease. Many scientists believe that diabetes will eventually spread to pandemic levels due to the rising prevalence of the disease. While the primary factor leading to diabetic nephropathy is vascular dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia, several other pathological elements, such as fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, also contribute to the progression of the disease. The primary targets of current DN therapy approaches are the underlying abnormalities of hypertension and glucose. With several targets and fewer side effects, curcumin is a commonly utilized antioxidant in DN. The present study emphasizes the critical role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the development of diabetic nephropathy. It reveals how these factors induce damage in key kidney cell types, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets for this disease. In addition, by concentrating on Nrf2, SIRT1, HMGB1, NF-κB, and NLRP3 of curcumin, has strong anti- inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. This review describes the role of curcumin in the therapeutic application of diabetic nephropathy. In this attempt, we tried to elaborate on the bench-to-bedside aspects of curcumin in DN, including clinical and preclinical investigations. The rationales of curcumin's mechanisms in alleviating symptoms of the DN were discussed. Curcumin could serve as the potential therapeutic agent for the patient seeking to recover from DN.

Exploring the potential of curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for angiogenesis and antioxidant proficiency in zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio)

BackgroundCurcumin is an age old traditional medicine. Although curcumin has several advantages, its water solubility and bioavailability limit its use as a natural therapeutic agent. Polymeric nano curcumin could be an excellent option to overcome these challenges to augment its therapeutic efficacy. This work aimed to synthesize curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles and assess their angiogenic and antioxidant potential in the zebrafish model.ResultsThe double emulsion solvent evaporation process was employed to make curcumin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Curcumin showed ~ 28.23 (± 2.49) encapsulation efficacy with an average diameter of PLGA nanoparticles 168.5 (± 2.5) nm and curcumin nanoparticles about 281.6 (± 17.2) nm, respectively. The curcumin nanoparticles showed no developmental toxicity to the zebrafish embryos while reduced toxicity compared to the native curcumin. Further, the curcumin nanoparticles reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species and improved angiogenesis in the model system. All these results confirmed that the nanoparticle has had higher bio-efficacy than that of native curcumin.ConclusionThis study shows that PLGA curcumin nanoparticles hold an excellent therapeutic promise for wound healing, tissue regeneration and other biomedical applications where angiogenesis and ROS play critical role.

Comparative effects of curcumin, nano curcumin and their combination on reproductive traits and spawning performance of red tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus X O. Mossambicus)

Curcumin, the main polyphenol component of turmeric powder, has garnered increasing attention as an effective supplement in fish diets. A comparative trial was conducted to evaluate the impacts of dietary supplementation with different forms of curcumin (free, in combination, or nanoparticles) on hemato-biochemical parameters, reproductive capacity, and related gene expressions of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus) broodstock. Fish (n = 168) were fed an isonitrogenous (30% CP), isocaloric (18.72 MJ kg − 1) diet containing basal diet (Control), 60 mg kg-1 of either free curcumin (Cur), curcumin/nano-curcumin blend (Cur/NCur), or nano-curcumin (NCur) for 56 days. Red tilapia broodstock (155 ± 5.65 g) were stocked at a male: female ratio of 1:3. Blood samples and gonads were collected to assess hemato-biochemical parameters, reproductive capacity, and related gene expression at the end of the feeding trial. The results indicated that the values of hematological parameters (RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin), total protein, albumin values, and reproductive hormones (T, LH, and FSH) were significantly increased, while liver function enzymes were decreased in the NCur group (P < 0.05). Reproductive performances (GSI, gonad maturation, total number of fry per female) were significantly improved in the NCur group compared with those in other groups (p < 0.05). The expression of reproductive genes (CYP19A1A, FSHR, LHR, FOXL2A, ESR1, ESR2A, and PGR) were significantly up‐regulated in the gonads of fish fed NCur. Collectively, feeding red tilapia diets containing NCur led to noticeably better results followed by Cur/NCur blend, then free Cur compared to the control diet. These results indicate the superiority of NCur over its free or blended form, suggesting that a diet containing about 60 mg/kg of NCur is beneficial for enhancing hemato-biochemical parameters, improving reproductive performance, and enhancing the gonadal architecture of red tilapia.

"The protective effect of nano curcumin supplementation on doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients; a randomized, double-blind clinical trial".

Anthracycline drugs play a fundamental role in breast cancer treatment; however, the cardiotoxicity side effects obscure the advantages of treatment. Curcumin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the effect of nanocurcumin supplementation on Doxorubicin induced Cardiotoxicity. In this randomized clinical trial, a week before starting the doxorubicin regimen for breast cancer patients, the control group received placebo and curcumin group received 80 mg daily dosage of nano curcumin capsules for six months. Echocardiography parameter changes before chemotherapy and after six months were evaluated. 46 patients were included. Left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction significantly decreased and LV end diastolic volume significantly increased in control group but no significant changes were observed in the curcumin group (LVEF: 2.62 ± 59.35 to 4.23 ± 56.85, p-value: 0.014 vs 59.55 ± 1.91 to 58.46 ± 3.41, p-value:0.135; LVEDV: 77.09 ± 15.33 to 80.65 ± 14.54, p-value:0.023 vs 72.41 ± 15.34 74.00 ± 14.25, p-value: 0.294). Additionally, LVEF, LV end systolic diameter (LVESD), and end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) insignificantly more decreased in control group versus curcumin group (LVEF: 4.13 ± 2.50- vs 3.36 ± 1.08-, p-value: 0.223; LVESD: 0.27 ± 0.06-vs 0.120.45 ±, p-value:0.110; LVEDD: -0.44 ± 0.33 vs 0.070.33 ±, p-value:0.269). Furthermore, symptomatic cardiomyopathy and ejection fraction ratio less than 53% were not observed. The LVEF reduction >15% was observed was also high in the control group, (p-value = 0.020). This study shows the possible effect of nanocurcumin capsules to reduce the cardiotoxicity of anthracycline chemotherapy medications.

Precipitation of advanced nanomedicines (curcumin) using supercritical processing; experimental study, design and optimizing operating conditions

Curcumin is a known herbal medicine with numerous therapeutic effects and low bioavailability. Reducing the particle size of this medicine is a confirmed solution to increase its dissolution rate and bioavailability. To do so, Curcumin nanoparticles were produced in the present work by the supercritical gas anti-solvent (GAS) method. First, the minimum GAS operating pressure (Pmin) required to precipitate fine Curcumin particles from two solvents DMSO and ethanol was estimated using Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EoS). Then, Curcumin nanoparticles were precipitated from these two solvents under different operating conditions, specified by the Box–Behnken design method. Given the desired operating variables including pressure (120, 180, and 240 bar), temperature (308, 328, and 348 K), initial concentration (5, 35, and 65 mg/ml), flow rate of the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) (10, 50, and 90 ml/min), and stirring rate (500, 1500, and 2500 rpm), their influence on the particle size of Curcumin was investigated, and optimum conditions were determined. At 240 bar and 328 K, nano Curcumin particles with the size of 230 nm and 81 nm were precipitated from DMSO and ethanol solutions with the initial concentration of 5 mg/ml and stirring rate of 1500 rpm, respectively. Results show that scCO2 flow rate is not a significant parameter.The remarkable reduction in the particle size of Curcumin from 28 ± 10 μm of the original sample to nano-scale confirms GAS efficiency. Also, the dissolution rate of the nanoparticles, produced in the optimal condition is much higher than the original sample, which can be due to their nano-metric size and lower degree of crystallinity.

Anti-carcinogenic Potential of Nano-curcumin -“Killing Cancerous Cells”

Abstract:: Nowadays, cancer treatment is currently limited to surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, which carry the risk of damaging the normal tissue of the body and incomplete removal of the cancerous cells from the body. Thus, the Nano technique offers a great means to target therapies directly on cancerous cells and neoplasm. Moreover, because nano-based formulations of polyphenolic curcumin show a major effect on cancer and tumour cells, nanoparticles have a tendency to overcome the hydrophobic nature of curcumin to improve its stability and bioavailability in vitro and in vivo. It is apparent from the studies that Curcumin has shown anticancer effects by regulating various immunomodulators, which include cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). It also takes part in the downregulation of growth factors, protein kinases, oncogenic molecules, and various signalling pathways, such as nuclear factor kappalight- chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signalling. According to recent studies and clinical trials, nano curcumin shows a major effect on cancerous cells. In this article, the authors summarised the mechanism of nano curcumin in various metastatic cancers and the most recent clinical trials performed.

Enhancing the Cu (II) removal in water using functional hybrid membranes

This work developed composite and hybrid membranes of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with nanocurcumin (NC) and/or cloisite 20A (C20A). The dispersed phases were characterized by DLS, ζ potential, XRD, SEM, and FTIR, while XRD, SEM, FTIR, mechanical properties, contact angle, and copper sorption evaluated the composite membranes. DLS analysis indicated that the dispersed phases present a nanometric size distribution; ζ potential measurements showed low electrostatic stability, explaining the agglomeration effects observed. Pure PBAT membranes presented macro-pores throughout their structure, which showed a slight size reduction with the inclusion of NC and C20A. The membrane's mechanical performance was affected by the presence of the pores that acted as stress-concentrating defects, and the inclusion of the dispersed phases increased the membrane elastic modulus and tensile strength, especially for PBAT/0.5%C20A with values 18.7 and 8.9% higher than those of pure PBAT, respectively. Composite membranes also showed a hydrophilic nature with all the contact angle measurements lower than 90º. The sorption tests using a high-concentration copper solution (1000 mg/L) showed that the composite membranes achieved a removal of around 25%. These results highlighted the development of new eco-friendly membranes using NC and C20A as dispersed phases with the potential to remove toxic elements from water.

Evaluation of curcumin-based ophthalmic nano-emulsion on atropine-induced dry eye in mice

BackgroundOne of the most efficient treatments for dry eye syndrome (DES) is to use nanocarriers as a potential delivery system. We aim to evaluate curcumin in a nano emulsion formulation. MethodsA new formulation containing 5.5% curcuminoid was used. DLS, Zeta potential, TEM, and HPLC tests were performed to determine the size and morphology. First, 30 mice were selected as atropine-induced dry eye models. Next, 25 mice in 5 groups were treated with the nano emulsion at different doses, and corneal tissues were separated for evaluation. ResultsThe DLS test results were indicative of the particles' stability. Nano curcumin appeared to be thoroughly effective in all groups, with the highest dose showing the most similarity to the healthy control group. ConclusionsCurcumin-based nano emulsion eye drop is a promising candidate for DES management. However, further investigation is required to evaluate the possible risks in humans.

A comparative evaluation of nano curcumin gel versus nano doxycycline gel in treatment of chronic periodontitis stage II grade B

Purpose Nanoparticles have many advantages as they have very small size and can penetrate extracellular and intracellular areas such as gingival fluid, bacterial cells, from the gingival sulcus to the underlying connective tissue and to the periodontal pocket areas below the gum line that may be inaccessible to other delivery systems. So, this study aimed to evaluate nano curcumin gel versus nano doxycycline gel in the treatment of periodontitis stage II grade B. Patients and methods This study was conducted on thirty sites among 22 patients with periodontitis stage II grade B. They were classified randomly into two treatment groups: Curcumin group (G1): consisting of 15 sites were treated by scaling and root planning (SRP) plus nano curcumin gel 2% and Doxycycline group (G2): consisting of 15 sites were treated by SRP plus nano doxycycline gel (20 mg/ml). Clinical evaluations including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were done before starting phase I therapy (zero time) 1 month after finishing phase I therapy (baseline), at 3 months and 6 months after baseline. Level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was evaluated at zero time, 3 and 6 months after baseline. Results Intra group comparison of both groups showed a statistically significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) regarding PD, CAL, and BOP from zero time to 6 months follow-up periods. Also, the level of IL-6 in GCF was reduced significantly up to 6 months (P ≤ 0.05). However, inter group comparison between the two studied groups was nonsignificant regarding to PD, CAL, BOP, and level of IL-6 (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion Both nanocurcumin gel 2% and nano doxycycline gel 20 mg significantly improved PD, CAL and BOP and reduce IL-6 level until 6 months when applied as adjunct to scaling and root planning. So, nano drugs gels (nanocurcumin gel and nano doxycycline gel) are considered useful new modalities in treatment of periodontitis.

The Nanotech Potential of Curcumin in Pharmaceuticals: An Overview.

It is safe to use Curcumin as a cosmetic and therapeutic ingredient in pharmaceutical products. For the uses mentioned above and for fundamental research, it is essential to obtain pure Curcumin from plant sources. There is a requirement for effective extraction and purification techniques that adhere to green chemistry standards for efficiency improvement, process safety, and environmental friendliness. Several outstanding studies have looked into the extraction and purification of Curcumin. This review thoroughly covers the currently available curcumin extraction, synthesis, and transformation techniques. Additionally, Curcumin's poor solubility and low absorption in the human body have limited its potential for pharmaceutical use. However, recent developments in novel curcumin formulations utilizing nanotechnology delivery methods have provided new approaches to transport and maximize the human body's curcumin absorption efficiency. In this review, we explore the various curcumin nanoformulations and the potential medicinal uses of nano curcumin. Additionally, we review the necessary future research directions to recommend Curcumin as an excellent therapeutic candidate.

Synergistic effects of nano curcumin mediated photodynamic inactivation and nano-silver@colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms

BackgroundPatients with burn injuries colonized by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa face increased mortality risk. The efficacy of colistin, a last-resort treatment, is declining as resistance levels rise. P. aeruginosa's robust biofilm exacerbates antibiotic resistance. Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) shows promise in fighting biofilm. Materials and methodsNano curcumin (nCur) particles were synthesized, and their chemical characteristics were determined using zeta potential (ZP), dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and fourier transform infrared (FTIR). We conducted an MTT assay to assess the cytotoxicity of nCur-mediated PDI in combination with nanosilver colistin. The fractional biofilm inhibitory concentration (FBIC) of two P. aeruginosa clinical isolates and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 during nCur-mediated PDI@AgNPs@CL was determined using a 3-dimensional (3-D) checkerboard assay. To study the effect of nCur-mediated PDI@AgNPs@CL on lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, pelA, and pslA gene expression, Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was conducted at each isolate's FBIC. The impact of treatments was also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). ResultsThe ZP and mean DLS values of the nCur were 10.3 mV and 402.6 ± 24.6 nm, respectively. The distinct functional groups of nCur corresponded with the peaks of FTIR absorption. Moreover, the EDX analysis showed the ratios of different metals in nCur. Cell viability percentages of nCur-mediated PDI@AgNPs@CL at FBIC concentrations of clinical isolates Nos. 30, 354, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were 91.36 %, 83.20 %, and 92.48 %, respectively. nCur-mediated PDI@AgNPs@CL treatment showed synergistic effects in clinical isolates and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 in a 3-D checkerboard assay. All six of the investigated genes showed down-regulation after nCur-mediated PDI@AgNPs@CL treatment. The most suppressed gene during nCur-mediated PDI@AgNPs@CL treatment was the rhlR gene (-11.9-fold) of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The SEM micrographs further proved the connecting cement reduction and biofilm mass mitigation following nCur-mediated PDI@AgNPs@CL treatments. ConclusionsThe combined effect of nCur-mediated PDI and AgNPs@CL synergistically reduce the formation of biofilm in P. aeruginosa. This may be attributable to the suppression of the genes responsible for regulating the production of biofilms.

Comparative protective evaluation of curcumin and nano curcumin on the oxidative stress and other indices in the blood of experimental status epilepticus animal model

Background: Curcumin possesses antioxidant properties against oxidative damage, exerting powerful oxygen-free radical scavenging effects. The present study compares the protective effects of pre-treatment with curcumin and nanoparticles of curcumin on lithium pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) for oxidative damages and other blood indices in adult male rats. Methods: The pretreated rats with curcumin and nano curcumin were induced with lithium pilocarpine-induced SE, and the non-enzymatic oxidative stress indices like lipid peroxides (TBARS), reduced total glutathione (GSH), as well as the enzymatic oxidative stress indices like catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were estimated together in the blood cells with some blood indices in the serum. Results: SE was able to induce a significant increase in TBARS and CAT and a substantial decrease in GSH, GST, and SOD levels in the blood cell tissues. The curcumin and nano curcumin pretreated groups significantly attenuated these oxidative stress indices. Furthermore, the blood indices like counts of red and white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume were also depleted due to SE. Still, they were unaffected in the curcumin and nano curcumin pretreated groups. The serum enzyme levels of alkaline phosphatase, creatinine kinase, and other serum indices like high-density lipoprotein, urea, and glucose were decreased in the SE group. However, pretreatment with curcumin and nano curcumin ameliorated these serum indices. Conclusion: The results indicate that oxidative stress indices in blood cells and other serum indices can be potential biomarkers for SE. Curcumin and nano curcumin may act as natural antioxidants for SE in the effective order of nano curcumin &gt; curcumin. Further studies are required to ascertain the possibility of nano curcumin as an antiepileptic natural product.

Effect of nanocurcumin on fertility in murine model of polycystic ovary syndrome.

The precise pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is not well-founded. In an attempt to fill this gap, the current study was executed to probe the effect of nanocurcumin (NCC) on ovarian tissue, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and pre-implantation embryo development in a mouse model of PCOS. Fifty adult female mice were randomly categorized into five equal groups including non-treated control and PCOS (receiving 0.20 mg estradiol valerate (EV) intra-peritoneally once a day for 21 days) as well as NCC12.50 + PCOS, NCC25 + PCOS and NCC50 + PCOS (receiving respectively 12.50, 25.00 and 50.00 mg kg-1 NCC daily along with EV injection through oral gavages for 21 days) groups. Subsequently, ovarian histo-architecture and total anti-oxidant capacity, and malonaldehyde and catalase levels as well as in vitro fertilizing potential, early embryonic development and serum testosterone concentration were analyzed. Results showed that NCC in a dose-dependent manner improved ovarian cyto-architectural organization and oxidant/anti-oxidant balance along with IVF rate and pre-implantation embryo development in PCOS mice. These findings revealed that NCC at the doses of 25.00 and 50.00 mg kg-1 could alleviate PCOS-linked reproductive disruptions in female mice.

The Physiological Impacts of the Low‐ and Moderate‐Volume‐HIIT with or without Nano‐Curcumin Supplement in Women in Menopause with Obesity

Tabata exercise has been proposed as an extremely time‐efficient high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) method to achieve health benefits, but direct comparisons between the low‐volume‐HIIT (LV‐HIIT), moderate‐volume‐HIIT (MV‐HIIT) with and without nano‐curcumin (NaC) supplement for 8‐week on cardiovascular hemodynamic, respiratory function, muscular fitness, and physical performance in the obese menopause women are limited. In a double blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study, 53, moderately obese menopause women (average age 45–60 yrs, BMI &gt; 30 kg/m2, WC for &gt;85 cm, and body fat &gt; 35%) were randomly assigned to undertake either LV‐HIIT, MV‐HIIT, or NaC supplement (daily 80 mg in two 40‐mg capsules) for two sessions per week for 8 weeks. The maximal exercise testing after 8‐week of the LV‐HIIT and MV‐HIIT interventions caused significantly increase in the VO2max (mean difference: 6.83 (95% CI: 25.58–43.51), p = 0.01, mean difference: 5.31 (95% CI: 23.98–39.02), p = 0.028), and oxygen pulse (mean difference: 0.02 (95% CI: 0.16–0.19), p = 0.04, mean difference: 0.04 (95% CI: 0.17–0.21), p = 0.02), respectively. Moreover, MV‐HIIT with and without NaC had significant improve in muscular fitness and physical performance (hand grip in MV + NaC (mean difference: 3.8 (95% CI: 21.46–31.81), p = 0.02), quadriceps strength in MV (mean difference: 14.58 (95% CI: 52.75–69.82), p = 0.01), MQI (mean difference: 31.23 (95% CI: 112.67–197.15), p = 0.02, mean difference: 31.52 (95% CI: 159.13–184.07), p = 0.01), sit to stand test (mean difference: 1.84 (95% CI: 6.60–8.41), p = 0.02, mean difference: 1.78 (95% CI: 6.69–9.03), p = 0.01), and the running distance (mean difference: 96.95 (95% CI: 470.05–637.42), p = 0.02, mean difference: 114.53 (95% CI: 458–641.87), p = 0.02)), when compared to baseline. In compared with the LV‐HIIT groups, the MV‐HIIT could improve FVC (mean difference: 0.12 (95% CI: 2.21–3.26)). Our data demonstrated that both the LV‐HIIT and MV‐HIIT, as part of activities of daily living, maybe a time‐efficient strategy to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and physical performance. Beyond the purported health benefits, the MV‐HIIT with and without NaC supplement appears to be safe approach in the previously sedentary obese menopause women.

Comparative assessment of nanosized intracanal medicaments on penetration and fracture resistance of root dentin - An in vitro study.

The antimicrobial potential of conventional medicaments is reduced due to their limited permeability. The use of calcium hydroxide (CH) is known to reduce the root strength. Nano intracanal medicaments have the following advantages over conventional such as higher surface area and chemical reactivity, and due to its nanosize, have better penetrability, supporting its possible use as an intracanal medicament. Nano versions of CH, chitosan (CS), CS + CH, curcumin (T), and its conventional forms are used in our study. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the depth of penetration of nanosized intracanal medicaments and their effect on fracture resistance of root dentin. Eighty extracted single-rooted teeth were used after decoronation. Canals were enlarged up to size 30 (0.04° taper) using Neoendo instruments (Orikam, India). Teeth were randomly assigned to two broad groups based on the type of intracanal medicament used; Group A: control (conventional) (n = 40) and Group B: nanosized intracanal medicaments (n = 40). Each group was subdivided into four experimental groups (n = 10), Group A1: CH, Group A2: CS, Group A3: curcumin (T), Group A4: CS + CH, Group B1: nano calcium hydroxide (NCH), Group B2: nano CS (NCS), Group B3: nano curcumin (NT), and Group B4: NCS + nano calcium hydroxide (NCS + NCH). All the specimens were stored in a humidor at 37°C for 4 weeks. Out of 10 specimens from each group, five specimens were used for evaluating the depth of penetration using a confocal laser scanning electron microscope, and the remaining five specimens were used for evaluating fracture resistance in a universal testing machine at the end of 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and intergroup comparison using Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison test. The highest fracture resistance was seen with NCS and the maximum depth of penetration with nano calcium hydroxide (NCH). The fracture resistance and depth of penetration at a 4-week interval were higher in nano forms compared to their micro-sized counterparts with all groups. The coronal section presented the highest depth of penetration of intracanal medicaments followed by the middle and least in the apical section of root dentin with all groups.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of curcumin and nano curcumin: a comparative study.

Pain and inflammation can be treated by various therapies that for the most part are not effective and can result in adverse effects. The current study was proposed to compare the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of curcumin and nano curcumin in rats. Rats were randomly allocated into ten groups of six for formalin and tail-flick tests including the control group, curcumin and nano curcumin groups (20, 50, 100 mg/kg), morphine group (10 mg/kg), naloxone + 100 mg/kg curcumin group, and naloxone + 100 mg/kg nano curcumin group. There were nine groups for the carrageenan test. Groups 1-7 were the same as the previous division; groups 8 and 9 received 10 mg/kg diclofenac and 1% carrageenan, respectively. All doses of nano curcumin significantly decreased the paw-licking time in both phases of the formalin test. In the tail-flick test, curcumin 100, nano curcumin 100, naloxone + curcumin 100, and naloxone + nano curcumin 100 showed significant analgesic effects compared to the control group. In the paw edema test, at 180 s after injection, curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and all doses of nano curcumin significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced edema. Myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation decreased at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg of curcumin but at three doses of nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg). In conclusion, our results suggest that the nanoemulsion formulation of curcumin can be efficient in reducing pain and especially inflammation in lower doses compared to the native form of curcumin.

Nano-curcumin ameliorates arsenic induced hepatotoxicity in female rats

Aim: To determine the protective effects of curcumin and nanocurcumin against arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity in female rats, using liver function tests and oxidative stress parameters. Methodology: Arsenic trioxide (4 mg kg-1 b.wt.), curcumin and nano curcumin (50 mg kg-1 b.wt.) were administered to healthy rats as a chronic treatment for 60 days through gavage. The liver tissue samples of exposed rats were examined for histopathological alterations, liver function tests viz. alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), bilirubin (BIL) and a lipid peroxidation product-malonaldehyde (MDA). Results: Treatments with both forms of curcumin could significantly (p 0&lt;0.05) improve liver function as indicated by serum enzyme biomarkers viz. AST, ALT, ALP and LDH. Hyper-bilirubinemia was also diminished. Fibro-proliferation caused by arsenic in the liver was also controlled by curcumin (s). Histopathological observations of liver showed significant improvement in its morphology post treatments. Interpretation: Present results suggest that curcumin and nanocurcumin both express hepatoprotective effects in arsenic treated rats. However, nanocurcumin was found to offer better protection than curcumin. Key words: Arseniasis, Fibrosis, Lipid peroxidation, Liver function, Nanocurcumin

The synergistic effect of nanocurcumin and donepezil on Alzheimer's via PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway modulating

Alzheimer's disease (AD) hallmarks include amyloid-βeta (Aβ) and tau proteins aggregates, neurite degeneration, microglial activation with cognitive impairment. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/Glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (PI3K/AKT/GSK-3) pathway is essential for neuroprotection, cell survival and proliferation by blocking apoptosis. This study aimed to assess protective role of nanocurcumin (NCMN) as strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent with elucidating its synergistic effects with Donepezil as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor on AD in rats via modulating PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway. The experiment was performed on 70 male Wistar albino rats divided into seven groups (control, NCMN, Donepezil, AD-model, Donepezil co-treatment, NCMN only co-treatment, and NCMN+Donepezil combined treatment). Behavioral and biochemical investigations as cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, superoxidedismutase, and catalase), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Tau, β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1), Phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten), mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (MAPK-1), Glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK-3β) and toll-like receptor-4 were evaluated. Treatment with NCMN improved memory, locomotion, neuronal differentiation by activating PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway. These results were confirmed by histological studies in hippocampus.

The Effect of Aerobic Training and Nanomicelle Curcumin Supplementation on MDA and BAX And BCL2 Activity Levels on Cardiotoxicity of Mice Infected with Breast Cancer in the Phase of Mani with Doxorubicin

Background: Doxorubicin is a universal drug in the treatment of all types of cancers, which is limited due to its many side effects. Therefore, the present study has investigated the effect of aerobic exercise and the use of curcumin nano micelles on the activity levels of BAX, BCL2, and MDA concentration in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice with breast cancer.&#x0D; Methods: In this research, which was of a fundamental type and controlled experimentally, 24BalbC female rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: doxorubicin, doxorubicin patient and exercise, doxorubicin patient and nano curcumin supplement and doxorubicin patient, exercise and supplement. Breast cancer induction was done with MC4-L2 cells. Doxorubicin 2mg/kg was injected subcutaneously 6 times on day 28, 21, 14, 7, 1 and 35. The aerobic program consisted of 5 sessions per week for 42 days with an increase in the speed of the treadmill every two weeks including 14, 16, and 18 meters per minute and the use of nano curcumin at a dose of 100mg/k. The collected data were analyzed with a two-way analysis of variance with a significance level of 0.05 in the tests.&#x0D; Results: 6 weeks of aerobic training had no effect on BCL2 activity and MDA concentration, but it significantly decreased BAX activity. Taking nano curcumin supplement for 6 weeks decreased BAX activity and MDA concentration and significantly increased BCL2 activity. Conclusion 6 A week of aerobic training along with nano curcumin supplementation did not affect BAX activity and MDA concentration, but it caused an increase in BCL2 activity (p value &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Aerobic exercise and the use of curcumin nano micelle supplement separately or at the same time can be effective in reducing the cardiac toxicity of doxorubicin in patients with breast cancer.