Nanocomposite Gel Polymer Electrolytes Research Articles

Synthesis and assessment of novel Na2S dispersed high performance nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte intended for sodium batteries and electric double layer capacitors

Sodium sulphide (Na2S) nanoparticles are synthesized by hydrothermal method and utilized for electrochemical application for the first time. A series of sodium-ion conducting nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes (NCGPEs) incorporating poly (methyl methacrylate) i.e., (PMMA) as the polymer backbone, sodium tetrafluoro-borate (NaBF4) as the salt, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) as the plasticizer, and Na2S as the active fillers, are fabricated and studied. The optimized electrolyte having PMMA/NaBF4/TEGDME matrix incorporated with 2.5 wt% Na2S nanoparticles exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 3.0 × 10−4 S cm−1, low activation energy of 0.13 eV and operating voltage range of ~2.8 V at ambient temperature. Thermal studies reveal that the fabricated NCGPEs have the ability to retain the gel phase up to 473 K. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy indicate changes in structure and the ion–filler–polymer interactions inside the synthesized NCGPEs. A proto-type sodium cell with an optimized NCGPE has an open circuit voltage of 2.3 V and a first discharge capacity of 205 mAh g−1. The electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) designed with optimized electrolyte has a specific capacitance of 58 F g−1 and is stable up to 2000 charge-discharge cycles.

Synthesis and characterization of acrylamide/zeolite nanocomposite hydrogels for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Polyacrylamide (PAM)/zeolite nanocomposite hydrogels were synthesized as novel gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) for flexible zinc-ion batteries. The hydrogels were prepared by in-situ free radical polymerization of acrylamide in the presence of dispersed zeolite nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the formation of crosslinked PAM and its interaction with zeolite nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy revealed increased porosity and improved zeolite dispersion with higher nanoparticle content. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated enhanced thermal stability with zeolite incorporation. The compressive modulus increased from 0.25 MPa for the neat hydrogel to 1.12 MPa for the nanocomposite containing 20 wt% zeolite, demonstrating improved mechanical strength. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the ionic conductivity increased from 0.75 mS/cm for pristine PAM hydrogel to 1.85 mS/cm for the nanocomposite hydrogel with 15 wt% zeolite, attributed to increased porosity and zeolite's ion-exchange capacity. Cyclic voltammetry revealed faster redox kinetics with increasing zeolite content. Galvanostatic cycling demonstrated that the PAM/zeolite nanocomposite GPE with 15 wt% zeolite delivered the optimal zinc-ion battery performance, with a high initial discharge capacity of 125 mAh/gZn, coulombic efficiency exceeding 98 %, and capacity retention of 87 % after 100 cycles. The results indicate that zeolite incorporation significantly enhanced the thermal, mechanical and electrochemical properties of the PAM hydrogels for application as GPEs for flexible zinc-ion batteries.

Aligning TiO2 nanofiber for high ionic conductivity in cellulose acetate gel electrolytes

The escalating need for sustainable energy storage systems has prompted enhanced investigations into the advancement of environmentally acceptable, flame-retardant, and high-performing polymer gel electrolytes. The present study examines the ionic conductivity and electrochemical characteristics of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) based on cellulose acetate (CA) incorporated with disordered and electric-field-induced aligned TiO2 nanofibers. The results of our study indicate that the arrangement of nanofibers within the CA matrix significantly affects the electrical properties of these electrolytes. The highest ionic conductivity of GPEs containing randomly distributed nanofibers is 5.48 × 10−4 S/cm when the nanofiber content is 2.5 wt%. On the other hand, 2.5 wt% aligned nanofibers containing GPE shows a slightly higher room temperature ionic conductivity of 6.2 × 10−4 S/cm. Nevertheless, the alignment of these nanofibers strategically leads to a gradual enhancement in ionic conductivity, ultimately reaching its maximum value of 5.99 × 10−3 S/cm at a concentration of 10 wt% at room temperature. Significantly, the level of conductivity exhibited in this case is more than 1.5 orders higher than the conductivity observed in disordered nanofiber dispersion within the CA matrix. The improved performance can be due to the creation of long-distance conduction channels enabled by the alignment of nanofibers. The incorporation of well-aligned nanofibers into GPEs results in a high Li+ ion transference number of 0.71, an excellent electrochemical stability window of 4.9 V, and exceptional interfacial compatibility with metal electrodes. In addition, the polymer electrolytes exhibit improved flame-retardant properties when 10 wt% aligned nanofibers are added, enabling the samples to endure exposure to a flame for a period of 10 s. These results indicate the potential suitability of the nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes (NCGPEs) for application in future advanced energy-storing systems. XRD, FTIR, and XPS investigations further confirm the ion-conduction features of the produced NCGPEs. The investigation of increased electrical characteristics of NCGPEs was supported by a detailed computer simulation conducted using density functional theory (DFT).

UV-cured gel polymer electrolytes based on poly (ethylene glycol) and organo-modified nanoclays for lithium ions batteries

Next-generation electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) must provide increased durability, reliability, safety, and scalability to meet the even more stringent technical requirements of crucial industries such as e-mobility. A promising strategy to merge these technical needs is the development of easy-to-prepare gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) able to ensure satisfactory conductivity, high stability, and reduced flammability. In this study, we propose the preparation of novel nanocomposite GPEs through one-pot in-situ photo-polymerization (UV-curing), which turns out to be of great interest due to its low-cost, solvent-free and energy-saving characteristics. Poly (ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEG-DMA) was used as hosting polymer matrix, while 1 M Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC) was used as electrolyte solution. Organo-modified montmorillonite (fMt, intercalated with CTAB) was synthesized and tested as a nanofiller. Both materials and GPEs were characterized by a combination of experimental techniques including FTIR, XRD, SEM, and DMA. Noteworthy, a thorough and systematic study of the lithium-ion transport properties in the prepared GPEs was carried out using pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This preliminary study demonstrated the gP-fMt combines ease of preparation and excellent safety (i.e., thermomechanical stability up to 250 °C and nonflammability) with satisfactory lithium transport properties.

High ionic conductivity upon low electrolyte uptake in TiO2 nanofiber-filled guar gum gel electrolytes

In nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes (NCGPEs), high ionic conductivity is realized at a large electrolyte uptake ratio compromising the dimensional stability of the electrolyte films. The present work demonstrates interesting biodegradable gel polymer electrolytes based on guar gum (GG) dispersed with TiO2 nanofibers. Very high ionic conductivity of 2.3 × 10−3 Scm−1 at ambient temperature has been achieved at a relatively low electrolyte uptake ratio of 92% when nanofiber content in guar gum is 2.5 wt% ascertaining the role of nanofibers in promoting ion transport in NCGPEs. Nanofibers also empower the NCGPEs with higher electrochemical and interfacial properties making them a suitable candidate for energy storage systems of the next generation. The enhanced properties of NCGPEs induced by nanofibers have been supported by XRD, FTIR, XPS and computational studies.

Dye-sensitized solar cells based on nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes incorporating modified-CuO nanorod prepared by varying sonication durations

Dye-sensitized solar cells based on nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes incorporating modified-CuO nanorod prepared by varying sonication durations

Functionalized Nanocomposite Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Strong Alkaline-Tolerance and High Zinc Anode Stability for Ultralong-Life Flexible Zinc-Air Batteries.

Increasing pursuit of next-generation wearable electronics has put forward the demand of reliable energy devices with high flexibility, durability, and enhanced electrochemical performances. Flexible aqueous zinc-air batteries (FAZABs) have attracted great interests owing to the high energy density, safety, and environmental benignity, for which quasi-solid-state gel polymer electrolytes (QSGPEs) are state-of-the-art electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, flexibility, and resistance to leakage problems of traditional liquid electrolytes. Compared to commonly used PVA-KOH electrolyte with poor electrolyte retention capability and cycling stability, a new type of sulfonate functionalized nanocomposite QSGPE is applied in FAZABs with high ionic conductivity, strong alkaline tolerance, and high zinc anode stability. Notably, the existence of (1) strong anionic sulfonate groups of QSGPEs, contributing to the exposure of preferred Zn (002) plane that is more resistant to zinc dendrite formation, and (2) nano-attapulgite electrolyte additives, beneficial for the enhancement of ionic conductivity, electrolyte uptake, and retention capability, endows a ultralong cycling life of 450h for the fabricated FAZAB. Furthermore, flexible energy belts and knittable energy wires fabricated with a series/parallel unit of several FAZABs can be used to power various wearable electronics.

Electrochemical investigation of double layer surface-functionalized Li-NMC cathode with nano-composite gel polymer electrolyte for Li-battery applications

A long cycle-stability and safety is key requirement for the large-scale application of rechargeable Li-batteries. In this study, a thin double-layer (reduce graphene oxide and Li2MoO4) coated Li-NMC111 cathode is successfully synthesized which delivers improved electrochemical performance such as higher specific energy density and better rate capability, as compared to the pristine Li-NMC111. Furthermore, a freestanding/flexible nano-composite gel polymer electrolyte (NGPEs) is successfully prepared by solution cast technique and found suitable for high-temperature Li-battery applications. The developed 5 wt.% MCM-41 containing NGPE (NGPE#1) not only facilitates enhanced Li-ion conductivity of ∼4.4 ✗ 10−3 S cm−1 at 30 °C but also prevents uncontrolled lithium dendrite growth. The RGO-wrapped Li2MoO4@Li-NMC111 cathode with optimized NGPE#1 delivers high specific discharge capacity (∼211 mAh g− 1 at 0.2C and ∼157 mAh g− 1 at 0.5C) and specific energy density (∼728 mWh g− 1 at 0.2C and ∼520 mWh g− 1 at 0.5C) as compared to pristine Li-NMC111 cathode. Moreover, after 100 cycles, the discharge capacity of RGO-wrapped Li2MoO4@Li-NMC111 with optimized NGPE#1 is obtained ∼150 mAh g− 1 at 0.5C, with 75% capacity retention of the maximum capacity. In addition, at 70 °C, the specific discharge capacity of Li/RGO-wrapped Li2MoO4@Li-NMC111 cell with optimized NGPE#1 is obtained ∼186 mAh g− 1 at 0.5C.

Preparation of matrix-grafted graphene/poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization for lithium ion batteries

A structural design and appropriate morphology of polymer-functionalized graphene oxide are occupied to optimize nanocomposite polymer electrolytes. The nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) based on poly(poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate and RAFT agent-functionalized graphene oxide [P(PEGMA/GO-S-(thiobenzoyl)thioglycolic acid (STTA))] have been successfully prepared by in-situ polymerization method in different ratio of GO-STTA and crosslinking by poly(ethylene glycol) diallyl (PEGDA). The P(PEGMA/GO-STTA) GPE with 0.5 wt% of GO-STTA exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 5.5 mS cm−1 at room temperature, a superior lithium transfer number (t+) value of 0.61, and electrochemical window up 4.7 V. The GPE based P(PEGMA/GO-STTA0.5%) indicated 92% coulombic efficiency, the charge capacity value of 191.7 mAh g−1, and capacity retention was about 92% after 100 cycles at 0.1C. P(PEGMA/GO-STTA) GPEs showed great potential for lithium ion battery with high safety and long cycle life.

High‐Voltage‐driven Li/Mn‐rich Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.1Co0.1O2 Cathode with nanocomposite blend gel polymer electrolyte for long cyclic stability of rechargeable Li‐battery

AbstractLi/Mn‐rich layered oxide is an attractive cathode material for Li‐ion battery due to its low cost, high specific capacity, and high working potential. In this paper, the high capacity layered Li/Mn‐rich NMC cathode (Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.1Co0.1O2) and nanocomposite blend gel polymer electrolytes (NBGPEs) are synthesized by using the sol‐gel method and solution casting technique, respectively. XRD results confirm that the cathode material has a well‐defined hexagonal layered structure. It is observed that the synthesized NBGPE containing 2 wt.% SiO2 nanofiller exhibits maximum ionic conductivity (5.2 mS cm−1), Li‐ion conductivity (~2.40 mS cm−1), and wide electrochemical stability (~5.4 V vs Li/Li+) at 30°C. The electrochemical performance of the cell (Li/NBGPE#1/Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.1Co0.1O2) has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurement. The cell delivers maximum specific discharge capacity of 212.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and good rate performance within 2.0‐4.8 V. At 0.2C, the cell shows stable coulombic efficiency ~98% after 200th cycle due to better interfacial stability between NBGPE#1 and the electrode.

Poly(poly[ethylene glycol] methyl ether methacrylate)/graphene oxide nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes prepared by controlled and conventional radical polymerizations for lithium ion batteries

Nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) films based on poly(poly[ethylene glycol] methyl ether methacrylate)/graphene oxide (GO) (P[PEGMA-GO]) have been prepared by in situ conventional free radical polymerization (FRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization as controlled radical polymerization (CRP) using 2-cyano-2-propyl dodecyl trithiocarbonate (CPDT) as RAFT agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that prepared nanocomposite films had amorphous structure and also, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed appropriate thermal stability of samples. GPEs prepared via FRP showed slight higher ionic conductivity that GPEs prepared via RAFT polymerization. In both synthetic approaches, an optimum GO amount of 0.3 wt. % was obtained considering ionic conductivity. At ambient temperature, P(PEGMA-GO) with 0.3 wt. % GO prepared via FRP indicated the highest ionic conductivity of 4.05 × 10−3 S cm−1, a satisfactory lithium ion transference number (t+) of 0.6, and the excellent interface compatibility with electrodes. The lithium ion battery with P(PEGMA-GO0.3%) as GPE also exhibited electrochemical stability window up to 4.6 V vs. Li/Li+, a high charge-discharge capacity of 179 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, and capacity retention of 91% after 100 cycles.

Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Based Nanocomposite Gel Polymer Electrolyte with High Mechanical Strength and Ionic Conductivity Towards Long-Cycle-Life Flexible Zinc–Air Battery

Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Based Nanocomposite Gel Polymer Electrolyte with High Mechanical Strength and Ionic Conductivity Towards Long-Cycle-Life Flexible Zinc–Air Battery

Graphene based sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel nanocomposite for flexible supercapacitors

Graphene based sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel was synthesized and its performance as nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte was investigated for application in quasi solid-state flexible supercapacitors. Hydrothermally reduced graphene (HRG) was synthesized through hydrothermal reduction of graphene oxide (GO). Sulfonated PVA hydrogel (SPVA) was synthesized with predetermined quantities of HRG to obtain nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes coded as SPVA-HRG-x (x = content (wt.%) of HRG). The amorphous nature of SPVA-HRG-x was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The electrochemical performance of SPVA-HRG-x was evaluated using techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical spectroscopy (EIS) studies of a lab scale supercapacitor cell, fabricated using hydrothermally reduced carbon cloth (CCHy) current collectors coated with HRG (HRG-CCHy). In SPVA-HRG-0.5 electrolyte, HRG-CCHy exhibited specific capacitance of 200 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 and specific energy of 6.1 Wh kg-1 at specific power of 1 kW kg-1 and retained 93 % of its initial capacitance even after 5000 GCD cycles. The incorporation of SPVA with 0.5 wt.% of HRG-CCHy can be attributed to the increase in amorphous nature of SPVA-HRG-0.5, which in-turn lowers its impedance. This contributed to the remarkable supercapacitive behaviour of HRG-CCHy, demonstrating its potential as gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) for application in quasi solid-state flexible supercapacitors.

Studies on ionic liquid based nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte and its application in sodium battery

A nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte system comprising porous membrane of poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/TiO2 immobilizing a liquid electrolyte of sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaCF3SO3) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (BMImCF3SO3) ionic liquid is reported in the paper. The porous gel polymer electrolyte membranes are prepared by phase-inversion technique. The electrolyte membranes are characterized by various physical and electrochemical techniques. The TiO2 nanoparticles display interaction with the anion (CF3SO3−) of the liquid electrolyte and enhance amorphicity in the polymer network. The optimized membrane displays maximum room temperature ionic conductivity as ~0.4 mS cm−1 with improved electrochemical stability window of ~4.3 V and Na+ ion transport number as ~0.27. A proto-type sodium battery using the optimized membrane is fabricated and characterized. The battery delivers a stable open circuit potential of ~2.2 V and shows a discharge capacity ~200 mA h g−1 at 25 mA g−1 drain current.

Study of electrical and electrochemical properties of P(VdF-HFP)-MMT based nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes for application in energy storage devices

The present study reports synthesis and analysis of different characteristics of montmorillonite (MMT) clay loaded nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes (NCGPEs) based on poly (vinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene) [(P(VdF-HFP)] as host matrix and LiPF6 as salt. AC impedance analysis shows that the ionic conductivity of NCGPEs increases first with the increase of clay content and attains a maximum value of 9 X10-3 Scm−1 at 5 wt% of clay content, and then it decreases. TEM result shows a clear intercalation of polymer into the galleries of MMT clay. The variation of pore size in NCGPEs upon addition of MMT has been studied by SEM. XRD patterns show that MMT clay reduce the crystallinity of NCGPEs. The interaction among the various components of NCGPEs and its effect on ionic conductivity has been studied by FTIR. The interfacial and electrochemical stabilities are also found to be enhanced upon the addition of clay in P(VdF-HFP) matrix.

Dielectrics and battery studies on flexible nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte membranes for sodium batteries

In the present study, electrochemical impedance analysis in terms of electrical conductivity, dielectric permittivity, and electrical modulus has been carried out of prepared sodium ion-conducting nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte. To study ion conduction behavior, frequency-dependent AC conductivity has also been analyzed. Dielectric constant (e′) and dielectric loss (e′′) as a function of frequency with different nanofiller SiO2 concentrations as well as at different temperatures ranging from 303 to 333 K have been discussed. The low-frequency region showed high values of dielectric constant due to polarization at the electrode–electrolyte interface. Frequency-dependent real (M′) and imaginary part (M′′) of modulus reveal large capacitance associated with it at lower frequency whereas dispersion (conductivity relaxation) at a higher frequency. The tangent loss (tan δ) of the electrolyte systems has been determined for different frequencies and concentrations of fumed silica nanoparticles. The high conducting nanocomposite gel polymer membrane exhibited an electrochemical stability window of ≈ 3.3 V which is sufficient to apply this material as a separator for electrochemical device application. The conductivity, dielectric, modulus, and electrochemical stability studies reveal that sodium ion-conducting nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes offer good electrochemical properties and are suitable for application in any electrochemical/power conversion device. The optimized flexible nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte films have been used in a prototype sodium battery, which shows a stable open-circuit potential of ~ 2.1 V and a significant first specific discharge capacity of ~ 500 mAh g−1 at a drain current of 14 mA g−1.

Microstructural Development and Rheological Study of a Nanocomposite Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on Functionalized Graphene for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

For a liquid electrolyte-based dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), long-term device instability is known to negatively affect the ionic conductivity and cell performance. These issues can be resolved by using the so called quasi-solid-state electrolytes. Despite the enhanced ionic conductivity of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), their inherent tendency toward aggregation has limited their application in quasi-solid-state electrolytes. In the present study, the GNPs were chemically modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) through amidation reaction to obtain a dispersible nanostructure in a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) copolymer and polyethylene oxide (PVDF–HFP/PEO) polymer-blended gel electrolyte. Maximum ionic conductivity (4.11 × 10−3 S cm−1) was obtained with the optimal nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) containing 0.75 wt% functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (FGNPs), corresponding to a power conversion efficiency of 5.45%, which was 1.42% and 0.67% higher than those of the nanoparticle-free and optimized-GPE (containing 1 wt% GNP) DSSCs, respectively. Incorporating an optimum dosage of FGNP, a homogenous particle network was fabricated that could effectively mobilize the redox-active species in the amorphous region of the matrix. Surface morphology assessments were further performed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of rheological measurements revealed the plasticizing effect of the ionic liquid (IL), offering a proper insight into the polymer–particle interactions within the polymeric nanocomposite. Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) investigations, the decrease in the glass transition temperature (and the resultant increase in flexibility) highlighted the influence of IL and polymer–nanoparticle interactions. The obtained results shed light on the effectiveness of the FGNPs for the DSSCs.

Role of Multiferroic Filler on the AC Response of Bi1‐xBaxFeO3 doped PVA:NH4CH3COO Nanocomposite Gel Polymer Electrolytes

AbstractThe frequency dependent AC conductivity and dielectric studies of multiferroic filler (Bi1‐xBaxFeO3) doped nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte (NCGPEs) based on PVA:(NH4CH3COO) are investigated in the present work. The nano composite gel polymer electrolyte systems are synthesized for various filler concentrations by solution cast method. The effect of filler concentration on ionic conductivity is studied using AC impedance technique in the frequency range 1–106 Hz. X‐ray diffraction studies reveal the formation of nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte. The low frequency dispersion in the dielectric response of electrolytes shows the relaxation contribution is superimposed with electrode polarization effects. The relaxation peaks in the NCGPEs are found to shift toward higher frequency side with increasing filler concentration and are suitably correlated to change in morphology of the gel electrolyte system. The variation of AC conductivity with frequency is seen to obey Jonscher's universal power law with the exception of small deviation in the low frequency regime. Modulus formalism of dielectric response suggests that the ion transport is strongly coupled to the polymer segmental motion.

Synthesis, characterization and supercapacitor application of ionic liquid incorporated nanocomposites based on SPSU/Silicon dioxide

In this study, we report about novel polymer electrolytes containing sulfonated polysulfone (SPSU) as the polymer matrix, silicon dioxide (SiO2) as nano additive and ionic liquid (1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate) IL) as a softening agent. In addition, the physical and chemical properties of ionic liquid containing nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes were studied and subsequently the optimized electrolyte was used to assemble the supercapacitor device. Nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes demonstrated higher thermal stability and lower glass transition temperatures (Tg) required for supercapacitor application. The ion conductivity of the nanocomposite polymer electrolytes was investigated using a dielectric-impedance analyzer at various temperatures. The highest conductivities were obtained for the samples SPSU/0.1IL and SPSU/%3n SiO2/0.2IL with values 3.1 × 10−4 and 3.2 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 100 °C, respectively. In addition, symmetrical cell formation based on Al/C/SPSU/%3nSiO2/0.2IL/C/Al showed a maximum specific capacitance of 134.1 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. The same cell also yielded a maximum energy density in supercapacitor as 18.6 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1089 W kg−1.

Preparation and Characterization of Gel Polymer Electrolyte Based on PAN- NH4CF3SO4 and Nano ZrO2 Filler –Application as an Electrochemical cell

In the present investigation, the Nano Composite Gel Polymer Electrolyte (NCGPEs) based on nano fillers ZrO2, Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and Ammonium Triflate (NH4CF3SO4) doped at various wt% ratios prepared with the help of solution cast technique. The better amorphous nature observed for the 70PAN:30NH4CF3SO4 composition with addition of 1-4 wt% of ZrO2 nano fillers and structural, complexation studies of NCGPEs were confirmed by XRD technique. The micro structural studies and particle size can be revealed by SEM technique. DC Conductivity studies reveal the ionic conductivity performance on effect of temperature and composition wt% of nano powder. The ionic conductivity studies observed for 70PAN:30NH4CF3SO4 with nano powder ZrO2 concentration ranging from 1-4 wt%. The sample containing 3wt% of ZrO2 exhibits the highest conductivity order of 4.20x10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature (303K) and 4.65x 10-3 S cm-1 at 373K. The cell parameters like Open Circuit Voltage, Short Circuit Current, energy density and power density were perfectly determined which were useful to explain electrochemical cell behaviour.