Nandina Domestica Thunb Research Articles

Experimental, DFT and MD evaluation of Nandina domestica Thunb. extract as green inhibitor for carbon steel corrosion in acidic medium

Plant extracts with the advantages of environment–friendly, renewable and rich resources, can be used as promising corrosion inhibitors in pickling or descaling processes. In this study, the inhibition performance and inhibition mechanism of Nandina domestica Thunb. extract (NDTE) for carbon steel in HCl solution was evaluated by electrochemical experiments, component analysis, surface characterization and theoretical calculations. The results show that NDTE can significantly inhibit the corrosion of carbon steel in HCl solution, and its maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency can reach 96.0% at 298 K. In addition, NDTE still exhibited excellent corrosion inhibition performance at 328 K, with a 93.5% corrosion inhibition efficiency. The Tafel results indicate that NDTE is a mixed–type inhibitor, and its adsorption on the surface of carbon steel conforms to the Langmuir isotherm model. Surface characterization shows that NDTE has attractive inhibition performance for carbon steel over a wide temperature range. In addition, the inhibition mechanism of NDTE were studied by quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulation. This work provides a useful insight into the anti–corrosion of carbon steel during industrial pickling or descaling processes.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect Of Nandina Domestica Thunb Extracts Possessing Anti-Oxidant Property By Regulating MAPKs Signaling In LPS-Induced Inflammatory Cells

The regulatory mechanism of Nandina domestica leaves on various inflammatory diseases is still not clear

The Impact of the Morphological Characteristics of Leaves on Particulate Matter Removal Efficiency of Plants

This study was conducted to find out differences in the removal efficiency of particulate matter (PM) depending on the type of plants and the morphological characteristics of leaves. A total of 12 plants were used, with three plants selected for each type of leaves (big leaf, small leaf, compound leaf, needle leaf). We measured the removed amount of PM10 and PM2.5, the structure of the abaxial leaf surface, and the weight of the wax layer of each plant. Plants with the high removal efficiency of PM included Pachira aquatica Aubl., Ardisia crenata, and Dieffenbachia ‘Marianne’, and plants with the low removal efficiency included Nandina domestica Thunb, Schefflera arboricola, and Quercus dentata. The abaxial leaf surface having a high removal efficiency of PM had many large wrinkles, and the abaxial leaf surface having a medium removal efficiency was flat and smooth. On the other hand, there were many fine hairs on the abaxial leaf surface with a low removal efficiency. According to the plant leaf type, the PM10 removal efficiency of plants with needle leaves was about three times higher than that of other plants. In particular, the wax layer of conifers weighed 6–24 times higher than those of other plants. The stomata of conifers were evenly distributed on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces; however, the stomata of Sciadopitys verticillata appeared in the form of papillae unlike general stomata. Therefore, the removal efficiency of PM varied depending on the macro-, and micro-morphological characteristics of plant leaves such as the structure of the abaxial leaf surface, and the weight of the wax layer. Based on this research, selecting plants that are effective in reducing PM in consideration of the plant type and leaf characteristics will improve indoor air quality and decrease exposure of PM to human body. Key words: conifer, leaf surface structure, leaf type, wax layer weight

Identifying cancer-related molecular targets of Nandina domestica Thunb. by network pharmacology-based analysis in combination with chemical profiling and molecular docking studies.

The fruits of Nandina domestica Thunb. have served as folk medicines in Chinese and Japanese tradition for treatment of several tumors including pharynx tumor and tooth abscess for many years, yet its exact mechanism of action is not yet known. The study targets the identification of the main constituents of the fruits extracts and investigation of their mode of action in cancer therapy via pharmacology-based analysis and molecular docking. The different extracts of N. domestica Thunb. were analyzed via UPLC-MS/MS for identification of their active constituents. STITCH, DAVID, KEGG and STRING database were utilized for construction of compound-target and compound-target-pathway networks using Cytoscape 3.2.1. Molecular docking analysis of the top hit compounds was performed against the identified top hit molecular targets in the constructed networks. In vitro-testing of Nandina domestica Thunb. against colorectal cancer cell lines was carried out and correlated to the chemical profile of the extract to identify important biomarkers. The ADME properties of the active compounds were also evaluated. 22 compounds were identified by UPLC-MS/MS analysis and were forwarded to network pharmacology-based analysis. Results showed the enrichment of 5 compounds and 4 molecular targets in the network namely; AKT1, CASP3, MAPK1 and TP53. The pathway analysis of the identified targets revealed that 15 cancer-related pathways were enriched including colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer and small-cell lung cancer. In-vitro testing of the extracts against colo-rectal cancer cell lines revealed the fractions enriched in the identified hit compounds were indeed the most active as revealed from the HCA-heat-map. ADME results showed that all compounds were drug-like candidates showing acceptable values according to Lipinski's rule. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that the compounds isoquercitrin, quercitrin, berberine, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid showed strong synergistic interactions with the cancer-related targets and pathways. It could be concluded that N. domestica Thunb. constituents affect both apoptosis and Akt-signaling pathways during the stages of early and intermediate adenoma through interaction with the targets CASP3 and MAPK1 (ErC2) while during the stages of late adenoma and carcinoma, the compounds acts through the p53 and ErbB signaling pathways.

IFST Winning Articles

IFST Winning Articles

Insights from Southeastern US Nursery Growers Guide Research for Sterile Ornamental Cultivars 1

Abstract Some ornamental plants important to the nursery and landscape industries escape cultivation, spread to natural areas, and become invasive, outcompeting native plants in those ecosystems. Development of sterile cultivars of these problematic species can be one way to continue their sales yet limit their invasive potential and protect natural areas. To maximize the economic (and ecological) impact of this approach, sterile cultivar research and development should directly address grower needs. We conducted a survey of southeastern US growers to quantify sales of five popular yet invasive ornamentals (Coral ardisia, Chinese privet, Japanese honeysuckle, Heavenly bamboo, and Mexican petunia). Firms ranged from small businesses to large operations with up to $30M in gross annual sales. Respondents expressed a largely positive opinion of sterile cultivar research (74%) and a willingness to sell the sterile cultivars once created. Most (40%) recommended that sterile cultivar research on Heavenly bamboo was most critical, while 30% suggested that Chinese privet was the most important research target of the five species. The industry's willingness to adopt sterile cultivars documented in this survey positions the southeastern US to lead development of sterile cultivars and reduce invasiveness of economically important plants; research and development will be most effective if guided by industry input revealed here. Index words: Invasive species, invasive ornamental, sterile cultivar, ornamental plants, non-invasive, non-native, survey, nursery production, economic impacts. Species used in this study: Coral ardisia (Ardisia crenata Sims); Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense Lour.); Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.); Heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica Thunb.); Mexican petunia (Ruellia simplex C.Wright).

Characterization of a novel hydroxynitrile lyase from Nandina domestica Thunb.

The leaves of Nandina domestica Thunb. exhibited high hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL) activity in (R)-mandelonitrile synthesis. The specific activity of young leaves was significantly higher than that of mature leaves. We isolated two HNLs with molecular mass of 24.9 kDa (NdHNL-S) and 28.0 kDa (NdHNL-L) from the young leaves. Both NdHNLs were composed of two identical subunits, without FAD and carbohydrates. We purified NdHNL-L and revealed its enzymatic properties. The whole deduced amino acid sequence of NdHNL-L was not homologous to any other HNLs, and the specific activity for mandelonitrile synthesis by NdHNL-L was higher than that by other plant HNLs. The enzyme catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of (R)-cyanohydrins, exhibited high activity at pH 4.0, and high stability in the pH range of 3.5-8.0 and below 55°C. Thus, NdHNL-L is a novel HNL with novel amino acid sequence and has a potential for the efficient production of (R)-cyanohydrins.

Ethanol extract of Nandina domestica Thunb. leafs: effect on Pomacea canaliculata and growth of Orzya sativa seedlings

Alien species may adversely affect not only human health, agriculture, and fisheries but also the native ecosystem. Pomacea canaliculata is one of alien harmful species (IUCN). Forest residues are a kind of renewable, cheap and secure source of primary energy. Nandina domestica Thunb. is a commonly and widely cultivated plant for city landscape construction in China. After being pruned, a large of N. domestica leaves are usually abandoned. In this work, extracts of ethanol Soxhlet (SE), ethanol immerse (EE), and water immerse (WE) were obtained from leaves of N. domestica Thunb. cv. Firepower. The molluscicidal effects of the three extracts from the leaves were evaluated against black P. canaliculata. In sand pot culture condition and pot culture with paddy soil condition, SE at concentration of 4000 mg L-1 did not affect seedlings normal growth. Plant height, seedling fresh weight (SFW), seedling dry weight (SDW) and Chlorophyll content of SE (4000 mg L-1) were not significantly different from that in DS (distilled water + seedlings). Besides, in pot culture with paddy soil condition, the SE treatment at concentration of 4000 mg L-1 inhibited P. canaliculata chewing rice seedlings effectively, which was not statistically different from the positive control {NSP, niclosamide (according to field dosage, 0.086 g m-2 ) + seedlings + P. canaliculata)}. Results from this study indicated that SE has molluscicidal effect against P. canaliculata and SE did not affect the normal growth of rice seedlings. Thus, we suggest further chemical and toxicological studies of SE.

First Report of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu stricto Causing Anthracnose on Nandina domestica in Sichuan Province of China

Nandina domestica Thunb. is an evergreen ornamental shrub commonly used in both landscape and interior decoration. In September 2016, leaf spots were observed on N. domestica planted at Chengdu in the Sichuan Province of China. Approximately 10% of the leaves exhibited symptoms of anthracnose. Symptoms began as small, light brown spots and then coalesced into larger, irregular lesions. The center of the lesions were pale-grey and their borders black and surrounded by wide red areas. Most of the lesions dried and formed extensive necrotic areas that contained acervuli. Samples taken from the lesions were surface disinfected for 3 min in 5% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed in sterile water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Single-spore cultures collected from several colonies were plated on PDA. After 5 days at 25 ± 2°C in the dark, the mycelium of a representative culture, NTZ, covered the entire plate surface (9 cm in diameter). Hyphae were white at first and becoming dark with age. After 7 days, colo...

Complete genome sequences of two highly divergent Japanese isolates of Plantago asiatica mosaic virus.

Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV) is a member of the genus Potexvirus and has an exceptionally wide host range.It causes severe damage to lilies. Here we report on the complete nucleotide sequences of two new Japanese PlAMV isolates, one from the eudicot weed Viola grypoceras (PlAMV-Vi), and the other from the eudicot shrub Nandina domestica Thunb. (PlAMV-NJ). Their genomes contain five open reading frames (ORFs), which is characteristic of potexviruses. Surprisingly, the isolates showed only 76.0-78.0% sequence identity with each other and with other PlAMV isolates, including isolates from Japanese lily and American nandina. Amino acid alignments of the replicase coding region encoded by ORF1 showed that the regions between the methyltransferase and helicase domains were less conserved than other regions, with several insertions and/or deletions. Phylogenetic analyses of the full-length nucleotide sequences revealed a moderate correlation between phylogenetic clustering and the original host plants of the PlAMV isolates. This study revealed the presence of two highly divergent PlAMV isolates in Japan.

Caffeoyl glucosides from Nandina domestica inhibit LPS-induced endothelial inflammatory responses.

Endothelial dysfunction is a key pathological feature of many inflammatory diseases, including sepsis. In the present study, a new caffeoyl glucoside (1) and two known caffeoylated compounds (2 and 3) were isolated from the fruits of Nandina domestica Thunb. (Berberidaceae). The compounds were investigated for their effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated endothelial inflammatory responses. At 20 μM, 1 and 2 inhibited LPS-induced hyperpermeability, adhesion, and migration of leukocytes across a human endothelial cell monolayer in a dose-dependent manner suggesting that 1 and 2 may serve as potential scaffolds for the development of therapeutic agents to treat vascular inflammatory disorders.

A new alkaloid from the fruit of Nandina domestica Thunb.

A new steroidal alkaloid, (20S,22R,24R)-24-ethyl-3-oxocholest-4-en-22-amino, named as nandsterine (1), together with 10 known alkaloids, palmatine (2), O-methylbulbocapnine (3), nantenine (4), dehydronantenine (5), glaucine (6), didehydroglaucine (7), dehydrocorydaline (8), jatrorrhizine (9), magnoflorine (10) and berberine (11), was isolated from the fruit of Nandina domestica Thunb. Their structures were elucidated by using spectroscopic methods as well as by comparing with the published data. Compound 1 was a new class of steroidal alkaloid isolated from the family Berberidaceae, meanwhile compounds 2, 3, 6–8 and 10 were obtained from N. domestica for the first time. Compound 1 exhibited cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells (human leukaemia) with IC50 values of 52.1 μM.

Spent Tea Grinds as a Substrate Component in Nursery Crop Production

Abstract In the United States commercial, ready-to-drink tea production has increased dramatically during the past 20 years, leading to an increased amount of waste. Spent tea grinds (STG) is the finely ground waste product of the tea brewing process that possesses some physical properties similar to peat moss (PM), making it a potential replacement for common substrate components such as pine bark (PB) and PM. ‘Tuscarora’ crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Tuscarora’), ‘Chang's Ruby’ loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense Oliv. ‘Chang's Ruby’), ‘Fire Power’ nandina (Nandina domestica Thunb. ‘Fire Power’), and ‘Macrantha Pink’ azalea (Rhododendron indicum L. and Sweet ‘Macrantha Pink’) were grown in containers filled with five substrates composed of PB, STG, or a combination thereof. Substrate pH remained within an acceptable range throughout the study. Substrate electrical conductivity (EC) values were within an acceptable range at the beginning of the study, but fell below an acceptable range in substrates containing 50% or greater (by vol) STG by the end of the study. For all four species, plant growth in substrates containing up to 50% by volume STG was similar to those grown in 100% PB. Estimated leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) of crapemyrtle, loropetalum, and azalea was the same for all treatments at the end of the experimental period.

Antifungal potential of essential oil and various organic extracts of Nandina domestica Thunb. against skin infectious fungal pathogens

This study was undertaken to assess the in vitro antifungal potential of the essential oil and n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of Nandina domestica Thunb. against dermatophytes, the casual agents of superficial infections in animals and human beings. The oil (1,000 microg/disc) and extracts (1,500 microg/disc) revealed 31.1-68.6% and 19.2-55.1% antidermatophytic effect against Trichophyton rubrum KCTC 6345, T. rubrum KCTC 6375, T. rubrum KCTC 6352, Trichophyton mentagrophytes KCTC 6085, T. mentagrophytes KCTC 6077, T. mentagrophytes KCTC 6316, Microsporum canis KCTC 6591, M. canis KCTC 6348, and M. canis KCTC 6349, respectively, along with their respective minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 62.5 to 500 and 125 to 2,000 microg/ml. Also, the oil had strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the tested dermatophytic fungi as well as concentration and time-dependent kinetic inhibition of T. rubrum KCTC 6375. The present results demonstrated that N. domestica mediated oil and extracts could be potential sources of natural fungicides to control certain important dermatophytic fungi.

Chemical composition and in vitro control of agricultural plant pathogens by the essential oil and various extracts of Nandina domestica Thunb.

AbstractBACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from the floral parts of Nandina domestica Thunb. by hydrodistillation, and to test the efficacy of essential oil and various leaf extracts (n‐hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) as an antifungal potential against a panel of agricultural plant pathogens.RESULTS: The GC‐MS analysis determined that 79 compounds, which represented 87.06% of total oil, were present in the oil containing mainly 1‐indolizino carbazole (19.65%), 2‐pentanone (16.4%), mono phenol (12.1%), aziridine (9.01%), methylcarbinol (4.6%), ethanone (3.3%), furfural (2.96%), 3,5‐dimethylpyrazole (1.29%) and 2(5H)‐furanone (1.32%). The oil (1000 ppm disc−1) and the leaf extracts (1500 ppm disc−1) revealed remarkable antifungal effect against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Phytophthora capsici, Colletotrichum capsici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani in the growth inhibition range of 53.3–64.3% and 33.3–56.0%, respectively, along with their respective values for mimimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 125 to 1000 µg mL−1 and 500 to 2000 µg mL−1. The values for minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the oil and extracts were obtained in the range of 125 to 1000 µg mL−1 and 500 to 2000 µg mL−1, respectively. The essential oil also had a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all the plant pathogens tested along with concentration as well as time‐dependent kinetic inhibition of B. cinerea.CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this study demonstrate that N. domestica mediated oil and extracts could become potential alternatives to synthetic fungicides for controlling certain important agricultural plant pathogenic fungi. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Chemical composition and inhibitory parameters of essential oil and extracts of Nandina domestica Thunb. to control food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria

The aim of this study was to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from the floral parts of Nandina domestica Thunb. by hydrodistillation, and to test the efficacy of essential oil and various organic extracts against a panel of food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19166, Staphylococcus aureus KCTC1916, S. aureus ATCC6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC2004, Salmonella typhimurium KCTC2515, Salmonella enteridis KCCM12021, Escherichia coli 0157-Human, E. coli ATCC8739, E. coli 057:H7 ATCC43888 and Enterobacter aerognes KCTC2190. The chemical composition of essential oil was analysed by GC–MS. It was determined that 79 compounds, which represented 87.06% of total oil, were present in the oil. The oil contained mainly 1-indolizino carbazole (19.65%), 2-pentanone (16.4%), mono phenol (12.1%), aziridine (9.01%), methylcarbinol (4.6%), ethanone (3.3%), furfural (2.96%), 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (1.29%) and 2(5H)-furanone (1.32%). The oil (1000 ppm/disc), and various organic extracts of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol (1500 ppm/disc) exhibited promising antibacterial effect as a diameter of zones of inhibition (9–18 and 7–13 mm) and MIC values (62.5 to 1000 and 250 to 2000 μg/ml), respectively against the tested bacteria. Also the oil had strong detrimental effect on the viable count of the tested bacteria. These results indicate the potential efficacy of plant-based natural products such as essential oil and organic extracts of N. domestica to control food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.

Effect of Fertilizer Source on Nitrate Leaching and St. Augustinegrass Turfgrass Quality

As a result of the coexistence of turfgrass and ornamentals in traditional landscapes, it is often impractical to separate fertilization and irrigation management among species. Furthermore, limited information is available on effects of turfgrass fertilizer on ornamental plants and vice versa. This research studied effects of two quick-release fertilizers (QRF) and one slow-release fertilizer (SRF) on quality and growth of turfgrass and ornamental plants and nutrient leaching. ‘Floratam’ St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum Walt. Kuntze) was compared with a mix of common Florida ornamentals, including canna (Canna generalis L.H. Bailey), nandina (Nandina domestica Thunb.), ligustrum (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.), and allamanda (Allamanda cathartica L.). All plants were grown in 300-L plastic pots in Arredondo fine sand. Less nitrate (NO3 −) was leached from turfgrass than from ornamentals and more NO3 − leached from QRF 16N–1.7P–6.6K than from SRF 8N–1.7P–9.9K. Quick-release fertilizers produced higher plant quality. This controlled environment research provides preliminary data on which in situ research may be modeled. Further research is required to verify how nutrient release rate affects turfgrass and ornamental quality and nitrate leaching in an urban landscape.

Effect of Fertilizer Source on Water Use of St. Augustinegrass and Ornamental Plants

Due to increasing consumption of water in landscapes and concern over conservation of water resources, this study was conducted to determine the effect of fertilizer source on water consumption of turf and ornamentals and to compare total water use (WU) of st. augustinegrass and ornamentals. The experiment was performed in a climate-controlled greenhouse at the G.C. Horn Turfgrass Field Laboratory at the University of Florida in Gainesville. `Floratam' st. augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum Walt. Kuntze) was compared to a mix of common Florida ornamentals including canna (Canna generalis L.H. Bailey), nandina (Nandina domestica Thunb.), ligustrum (Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.), and allamanda (Allamanda cathartica L.). All plants were grown in 300-L plastic pots in Arredondo fine sand. There were three fertilizer treatments [quick-release fertilizers (QRF) 16–4–8 and 15–0–15, and slow-release fertilizer (SRF) 8–4–12] applied at 4.9 g N/m2 every 60 days. Water was applied as needed to maintain turgor and turfgrass pots were mowed weekly. Experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Visual quality ratings and time domain reflectometry (TDR) data were collected weekly. Both turf and ornamentals consumed less water and had higher water use efficiency (WUE) when treated with SRF. Ornamentals consumed from 11% to 83% more water than turf, depending on season. These results may have implications in future research on irrigation management to verify WUE between turf and ornamentals in an urban landscape.

Developmental Stage Influences Plant Response to Benzyladenine

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of developmental stage (DS) on plant response to benzyladenine (BA), a synthetic cytokinin that promotes lateral shoot development. Beginning in March, April, or June 2003, three applications of 1750 or 3500 ppm BA were applied at 7-day intervals to ‘Conor’ (Eleanor Taber™) Indian hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis Lindl.) at three stages of increased shoot development (DS 1–3). At 30 and 60 days after last treatment (DALT), new shoot counts were highest on DS 2 plants, and new shoot counts increased with increasing BA rate. Plants treated at DS 1 and DS 2 incurred foliar injury, but not those treated at DS 3. A second experiment with ‘Nigra’ inkberry holly (Ilex glabra L.), ‘Harbour Dwarf’ nandina (Nandina domestica Thunb.), and ‘Conia’ (Olivia™) Indian hawthorn determined how plant DS affected severity of injury following BA application. Extensive foliar injury to ‘Nigra’ inkberry holly occurred when BA was applied to actively growing, immature foliage, but not when applied to mature foliage. Olivia™ Indian hawthorn showed moderate injury following BA treatment of plants with the most immature foliage, but not when plants were treated at more advanced stages of development. ‘Harbour Dwarf’ nandina foliage was unaffected by BA treatment regardless of DS.

Multiple Benzyladenine Applications Increase Shoot Formation in Nandina

Abstract A study conducted from 2000 to 2002 determined the effects of multiple applications of benzyladenine (BA) applied at different concentrations on shoot formation, whole plant size, and phytotoxicity in Nandina domestica Thunb. In 2000, shoot counts increased in ‘Harbour Dwarf’ by up to 107% and 480% as the number of weekly BA applications at 2500 and 5000 ppm, respectively, increased to five. Likewise, the number of shoots per plant increased as BA rate increased. In response to five weekly foliar BA applications in 2001 and 2002, the number of new shoots on ‘Harbour Dwarf’ increased linearly 10-fold over the control as BA rate increased to 5000 ppm in 1250 ppm increments. In 2002, shoot formation increased linearly by up to six additional shoots per plant with increasing BA rate in ‘Harbour Dwarf’ and quadratically by up to two additional shoots per plant in ‘Firepower’ by 90 days after initial treatment (DAT) with five applications of up to 5000 ppm BA. Shoot formation in the tall, upright cultivars ‘Royal Princess’ and ‘Moyer's Red’ also increased linearly with increasing BA rate, by two and <1 shoot per plant, respectively, in 2002 only. Five foliar applications of 2500, 3750, and 5000 ppm BA injured upper, immature foliage, but did not adversely affect plant appearance by 90 DAT. Treatment effects on plant size were minimal.