Tribal Names Research Articles

Standardized American Indians: The “Names of Indian tribes and bands” list from the Office of Indian Affairs

The inconsistent spelling of American Indian tribal names at the end of the nineteenth century led in part to the development within the Office of Indian Affairs of an array of 270 standardized identifiers, ranging from Absaroka to Zuñi . These efforts paralleled the simultaneous improvement of a large suite of relevant terms by the United States Board on Geographic Names. Both compilations were included in style manuals published by the Government Printing Office beginning in 1900 and approved for the use of federal agencies. In 1903 and 1904, Charles J. Kappler, in the preparation of his multi-volume Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties , made particular use of this orthography when he created new individual titles for the recognized treaties between the federal government and the Indian Nations. Even with these coordinated attempts, however, versions of the “Names of Indian tribes and bands” register during the last century suffered both exclusions from, and an addition to, the original document from the Office of Indian Affairs.

Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross‐Referenced

Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross‐Referenced

Entrepreneurs and trade names: evidence from the United Arab Emirates

PurposeThe purpose of this paper aims to classify the problems associated with the various types of trade names, identify Arab entrepreneurs' approaches to naming, and to construct a model that enables entrepreneurs to develop optimal names.Design/methodology/approachA self‐administered questionnaire is distributed to 150 Arab entrepreneurs in the United Arab Emirates. Qualitative name‐analysis is combined with quantitative analysis of the data and the results are used to answer the research questions.FindingsResponses show that entrepreneurs know the major naming considerations but lack the ability to use that knowledge; the naming process remains informal with minimum investments, and clear dependence on translation, tribal names, and imitation in naming businesses.Research limitations/implicationsThe study includes only Arab entrepreneurs in a country where nearly 70 percent of entrepreneurs are non‐Arabs. The survey is administered by Arabic speaking research assistants. Future research can focus on other groups using multilingual research assistants to overcome the language barrier and understand the country's entrepreneurial diversity.Originality/valueThe paper develops a detailed model for use in developing trade names, helps entrepreneurs identify and avoid the problems associated with the different types of names, offers insights into the state of affairs of trade names in an emerging market that has gained increased international recognition, and expands the scope on trade name study and development.

A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae

We provide here a subfamilial scheme for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. Our recommendation is that the first family has three subfamilies (Agapanthoideae, Allioideae and Amaryllidoideae), the second has seven (Agavoideae, Aphyllanthoideae, Asparagoideae, Brodiaeoideae, Lomandroideae, Nolinoideae and Scilloideae) and the last has three (Asphodeloideae, Hemerocallidoideae and Xanthorrhoeoideae). Tribal names are provided for the large subfamilies Allioideae, Amaryllidoideae and Scilloideae. The use of these subfamily names permits easier descriptions of characters by specialists for these well-supported subclades, but the use of the broader family limits greatly simplifies the taxonomy of Asparagales and thus makes the teaching of these families much easier. A new subfamilial name, Xanthorrhoeoideae, and a new tribal name, Oziroëeae, are proposed.

Creating "Kantri" in Central New Guinea: Relational Ontology and the Categorical Logic of Statecraft

Creating "Kantri" in Central New Guinea: Relational Ontology and the Categorical Logic of Statecraft

Association Between Diabetes and Mental Disorders in Two American Indian Reservation Communities

A rapidly growing body of research exists on the association between diabetes and mental disorders (1–6). Yet, limited information is available regarding mental disorders among ethnic minorities with diabetes, particularly American Indians. We examined the association of mental disorders and diabetes in two American Indian populations using data from a large community-based psychiatric epidemiological study. The American Indian Service Utilization, Psychiatric Epidemiology, Risk and Protective Factors Project (AI-SUPERPFP) was conducted in two American Indian reservation communities. The methods are described in greater detail in a previous report (7) and on the study's Web site (http://www.uchsc.edu/ai/ncaianmhr/research/superpfp.htm). Data were collected between 1997 and 1999 from enrolled members of Southwest and Northern Plains tribes. To allow direct comparisons to the National Comorbidity Survey (8), only those who were aged 15–54 years at the time of sampling were included. For confidentiality purposes, we use the general descriptors of Northern Plains and Southwest rather than specific tribal names. Among those located and determined eligible, 76.8% in the Northern Plains and 73.7% in the Southwest tribes agreed to participate ( n = 3,084; 1,638 Northern Plains and 1,446 Southwest). Self-reported diabetes status was assessed by the question “Did a doctor, medicine man, or other health care professional ever tell you that you …

マリ文書における ha. na の解釈をめぐって

The term “ha. na” found in the Mari texts from the Old Babylonian period has been interpreted as a proper noun referring to a “Hanean”. However, in his paper of 1992, J. -M. Durand concluded that ha. na did not designate a certain ethnicity, but was used as a common noun meaning “nomad” or “bedouin”. Since then his explanotion has been generally accepted. Meanwhile D. E. Fleming took ha. na as Sim'al pastoralists, and W. Heimpel took ha.na in three ways: (1) the ancestral tribal unit, (2) nomad or pastoralists, and (3) Sim'al pastoralists. But is it possible to consider ha.na as meaning a “nomad” or “bedouin” or “Sim'al pastoralist”?As Heimpel wrote, it is clear from a number of the kispum-rituals and the Assyrian King List that ha. na designates a certain group of tribes claiming common ancestry among the northern Mesopotamian nomads (e. g., hana Yamin (a), hana Sim'al, pursat hanû). I think it probable that throught this consciousness of unity, the nomads in northern Mesopotamia called themselves “Haneans”. Namely, the term ha. na was the general term for those nomadic tribes: accordingly, the term ha. na must be considered as a proper noun, “Hanean”.In the administrative texts of Mari, the majority of names of tribes (Yamin and Sim'al) and of clans (ga'um) appear in designations of individuals. ha. na also appears thus. However, in about half of the texts, ha. na does not refer to personal identity, especially when mentioned among occupational names. In these cases, ha. na is clearly meant to be a common noun, a “pastoralist”. Moreover, the texts of tebibtum (census) employ the term ha. na to designate nomads in general in the target region of the census.From these observations, I argue that the term ha.na was originally used as proper noun referring to a “Hanean” and that from it a common noun was derived with the meaning “pastoralist”. However, it does not seem that the word meant a “Sim'al pastoralist”.

Investigation into "Hor Mongolian Moxibustion"

Hor, a tribe name, is a general denomination for the nomad lived north to the Great Wall, including Hun (Xiongnu), eastern Tartars (Donghu), and Xianbei, people. Hor Mongolian moxibustion is a therapeutic method discovered by those Hor people. Many types of treatments formed during its coming into being and developments, but the treatment principles came down in one continuous line.

Tribal relationships of Beesia, Eranthis and seven other genera of Ranunculaceae: evidence from cytological characters

The karyotypes of 16 species and one variety representing nine genera in the Ranunculaceae were analysed in order to obtain information on the placement of the genera Beesia and Eranthis at tribal rank in the family. Those of Beesia, Anemonopsis, Souliea, Cimicifuga, Actaea and Eranthis were found to be very similar to each other, but remarkably different from those of Caltha, Calathodes, Megaleranthis and Trollius with respect to chromosome size and morphology. From cytological data it is clearly evident that Beesia and Eranthis have a much closer affinity to Anemonopsis, Souliea, Cimicifuga and Actaea in the tribe Cimicifugeae than to Caltha, Calathodes, Megaleranthis and Trollius, which generally have been placed together in a single tribe, albeit with different tribal names such as Caltheae, Trollieae and Helleboreae. Therefore, Beesia and Eranthis may find better placement in the tribe Cimicifugeae. The long-presumed, mainly morphology-based close affinity between Eranthis and Helleborus is not supported by both cytological and palynological data. Cytologically, both Actaea and Eranthis appear to be the specialized genera in the Cimicifugeae, through having the most asymmetrical karyotypes in this tribe. Our results strongly support the recent re-definition of the tribe Actaeeae (as Cimicifugeae) to include Beesia and Eranthis, based on maximum parsimony analysis performed separately on molecular data. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 150, 267–289.

Embodying the Indian: Rethinking Blood, Culture, and Identity in James Welch’s Winter in the Blood and The Death of Jim Loney

E m b o d y i n g t h e I n d i a n : R e t h i n k i n g B l o o d , C u l t u r e , a n d I d e n t i t y in J a m e s W e l c h ’s Wi n t e r in t h e B l o o d a n d Th e D e a t h o f J im L o n e y C h r i s t o p h e r N e l s o n O ne shopping trip to central Illinois— like anywhere in middle Ameri­ ca— is enough to confirm the unchanged iconic status of Native Americans. Cigar store Indians may be pricey antiques, but the gas sta­ tion offers resin figurines of Indian warriors with wolves, and businesses as disparate as heating and cooling and dry cleaning appropriate tribal names or more generic appellations like “Chief,” accompanied by logos of headdresses. The dnig store advertises its CD of spirit-soothing Native flute music with a photograph of the “authentic” musician; the poster store features soulful Indian women with flowing hair in earthy settings; even the grocery store presents smiling maidens in buckskin and feath­ ered headbands selling dairy products. Although the same types of images can be found across the country, the example of Illinois highlights how the absence or nonrecognition of living Natives supports these images, which in turn contribute to the myth of the vanishing Indian. The dominant mode of criticism in Native American studies, which employs an ethnographic approach that identifies markers of traditional culture to secure the value of literary texts, can have a similar effect: because “there is a strong desire for ‘pure’ representations and artifacts of Indian culture, which reflects a desire to understand Indians as living outside of time,” such criticism can “deny the existence of cultural change for Native Americans” and “position them as the absolute other, outside of history, outside of change, outside of culture” (Hegeman 145, 148). The highly stereotyped visual form taken by such diverse cultural representations of Indians as team mascots and on butter boxes reflects this position. Authentic Indianness is given a stable essence by being understood bodily, whether the depiction of a Native face juxtaposed with a hawk on black velvet or the regalia and rituals expected at a powwow or the blood quantum required for tribal enrollment. James Welch’s most-read and most-analyzed novels, Winter in the Blood W e s t e r n A m e r i c a n L i t e r a t u r e 4 1 . 3 ( F a l l 2 0 0 6 ) : 3 0 1 - 3 4 . 3 0 2 W e s t e r n A m e r i c a n L i t e r a t u r e F a l l 2 0 0 6 (1974) and The Death of Jim honey (1979), respond to this understanding as evinced by mainstream culture or Native characters or literary critics. It is not much of an oversimplification to say that critical thought on these two novels boils down to blood: William Thackeray terms Winter “James Welch’s Indian novel” and Loney “his half-breed novel” (‘Death" 3). As a result, “together the two novels represent opposing possibilities for contemporary Blackfeet and most Native Americans” (Owens 156). Winter’s narrator lives because he discovers that he is a fulbblood: “Although his feelings of emotional numbness are similar to Jim Loney’s, he is able to survive in this world because he finds his Blackfeet grandfather who gives him a knowledge of his ancestry and who does not reject him” (Barry, “Lost” 44). Loney’s death, on the other hand, is seen as the inevitable, tragic consequence of bis mixed blood: “Only Loney fails to find a connected ancestor, and only Loney fails” (Bevis, “Native” 21). I argue that both novels rework such standard definitions of identity, whether based on blood or culture.1 Welch uses...

2006, where are we at : assessing the current state of Tenebrionidae systematics on a global scale (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)

The current state of tenebrionid classification and systematic is reviewed. Changes to the limits of the Tenebrionidae over the last 100 years are presented. The current higher classification of the Tenebrionidae is presented. The family can be divided into 3 divisions, 10 subfamilies, 110 tribes, and 71 subtribes. Recent changes to the classification made by Bouchard et al. (2005) are incorporated when relevant. One of these, the Amphidorini LeConte, 1852 replacing the Eleodini Blaisdell, 1909 is currently under ICZN appeal. Two others are invalid and rejected. (1) : supporting references (prior to Bouchard et al., 2005) are given for the preservation of Cryptoglossini LeConte, 1862 nom. protectum which is given precedence over Centriopterini Lacordaire, 1859 nom. oblitum. and (2) supporting references (prior to Lawrence et al., 1995) are given for the preservation of the tribe name Strongyliini Lacordaire, 1859 nom. protectum which is given precedence over Stenochiini Kirby, 1837 nom. oblitum. Cnodaloninae Gistel (1856) is proposed to replace Coelometopinae Lacordaire (1859). Major challenges remaining in the phylogeny of the family are discussed briefly.

Melville's Flight to Taipi: Topographic, Archeological, and Historical Considerations

Melville's Flight to Taipi: Topographic, Archeological, and Historical Considerations ROBERT C. SUGGS Melville's first book, the fictional narrative Typee (1846),1 has been taken by some readers and scholars to be a geographically and historically accurate account of Nuku Hiva, which Melville visited as a common seaman in 1842. Since we know that he and Tobias Green jumped ship and fled inland to avoid authorities , many readers have assumed that Typee is a truthful autobiographical account of what actually happened. But it is a work of fiction, a realistic-seeming novel more or less in the style of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719X heightened to appeal to readers of "romance." It is therefore crucial to remember that Melville was a novelist; his writings are a mixture of personal experience, material derived from literary accounts, as well as from hearsay, and plain fantasy. Typee cannot be assumed to be history, ethnology, or an objective travel account. This paper will use historical, ethnographic, and topographic information to disentangle fiction from fact in the tale of Melville's flight to Taipi.2 While I believe that Melville visited Taipi, this paper presents evidence to show not only that he greatly embellished his account of his trip to Taipi with fictional episodes, but that in so doing, he created an alternative version of reality. His account does not accurately describe the situation on Nuku Hiva in 1842 with respect to intertribal relations and warfare, the intertribal travel and communications network and practices, or the policies of the French occupaESQ \V.51\ 1ST-3RD QUARTERS \ 2005 47 ROBERT C. SUGGS tion forces. Most significantly, his description of the topography of the Taipi/Taioha'e area is so greatly at variance with the actual topography ofthat region that Melville's account of his wanderings in the hills of Nuku Hiva appears as a virtually complete fantasy, a literary stratagem designed to heighten the reader's suspense. Ill SOURCES In preparing this paper, I have drawn primarily upon two groups of sources that provide a significant amount of information about the situation in Taioha'e and Taipi in the early nineteenth century and specifically in 184?; I. Results of my own archeological and ethnological research on Nuku Hiva from 1956 to 1958 and from 1993 to the present. This research was focused in the Taioha'e/Taipi Hatiheu/Ha'atuatua area and included excavations on the site inhabited by Melville, as well as prolonged residence with the family of Heiku'a Clark of Taipivai, who was a direct descendant of Peue (said to be Melville's "Fayaway").3 2- Accounts of nineteenth-century visitors to Taioha'e and Taipi, especially that of Max Radiguet (1842—1857)>4 the secretary to French admiral Du Petit Thouars during the French occupation of the Marquesas. Radiguet was present at the time Melville arrived in Taioha'e. Other sources include the accounts of Edward Robarts (1797—1806), David Porter (1813), and Charles Stewart (1829).5 Ill MELVILLE'S RELIABILITY As with all works of fiction, none of Melville's statements can be accepted unquestionably as absolute fact. Historical research has shown that many of the statements made in Typee are false, beginning with things as simple as ship names and Melville's often-repeated claim to have remained in Taipi for "more than four months " (Typee, 245) when he in fact stayed about four weeks. His Marquesan vocabulary includes many 48 MELVILLE'S FUGHT TO TAIPI non-Marquesan or nonsense words; his place names and tribal names are also often erroneous. Brief passages or paraphrases of passages from other sources (Porter and Stewart, for example ) appear in Typee, showing that he drew from a wide range of literary sources, as Charles Anderson thoroughly documented more than sixty years ago.6 It is quite significant that Melville also had access to firsthand information from a family member who had visited the Marquesas long before he did. His cousin, Midshipman Thomas Melville of the USS Vincennes, had been in the Marquesas and had gone ashore in Taipi in 1829·7 His uncle, Captain John D'Wolf, was a close associate of the renowned G. H. F. von Langsdorff, chief scientist...

A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture (review)

202 Reviews Hiberno-Norse hybrid religion, and Sidebottom) w h o show a somewhat distant acquaintance with both Scandinavian sources and current research in Old NorseIcelandic studies. In a work that emphasises interdisciplinarity this is unfortunate. There were also some features of the book's organisation that could have been better handled, aside from some spelling errors and inconsistency of reference (e.g. Wormald 1998 on p. 48 = Wormald 1999 in the bibliography on p. 64). These were, on the whole minor, though some (for example Sidebottom's persistent citation of Anglo-Saxon tribal names on his maps as ending in -na (gen. pi. for -an, nom. pi.), as in Wreocanscetna, Magonscetna etc.) betray a shak grasp of Old English grammar. The organisational feature that was most unfortunate, and took up unnecessary space, was the editors' decision to have a bibliography at the end of each chapter rather than a consolidated one at the end of the book. As there was a considerable overlap in many of the authors' reference lists, a good deal of space could have been saved by an editorial act of consolidation. Finally, i t was surprising, though perhaps it was a gesture of a Young Turkish kind, that the book was silent on the contributors' identities and institutional affiliations. Margaret Clunies Ross Department ofEnglish University ofSydney Hattaway, Michael, ed., A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture (Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture), Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 2000; cloth; pp. xix, 747; 19 illustrations; RRP AUS$80.00; ISBN 0631216685. Most readers would probably think of a 'Companion', when that word is applie to a book, as a 'vade-mecum' (OED), i.e. a handbook or guidebook. This book is often far too difficult to function as such. It is also - it has to be said - too disorderly. Specialist academics will probably feel no less disoriented than the beginner in wondering just what the purpose of this gathering of essays is. It is not, in general, the quality of those (there are 59 of them in addition to the Introduction) which is the trouble, but rather the nature of the selection, and the lack of a firm, clearly intelligible arrangement. As Shakespeare is absent, it would have been useful to make that clear in the title. Admittedly, the absence of his name did not seem to matter greatly Reviews 203 in the case of The Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Drama (1990), a very successful and admirable book also edited by Hattaway, together with A.R. Braunmuller. But while most readers probably understand 'Renaissance Drama' to exclude Shakespeare, they cannot necessarily be expected to think in the same way about a book on 'Renaissance Literature and Culture' - an area so wide that the omission of Shakespeare seems odd. The gap is not only damaging to Shakespeare: it reduces the effectiveness of much else which is discussed. As one of the contributors, Rowland Wymer, puts it in a very good essay on Jacobean drama: 'There was a continuous artistic dialogue between [Shakespeare] and his fellow playwrights and w e must not listen to only one side of the exchange' (p. 547). One suspects that the exclusion of Shakespeare as a topic for discussion in this book is ultimately due to the fact that the Blackwell Companions already include A Companion to Shakespeare and A Feminist Companion to Shakespeare. I feel that there is a lack of clear focus in what is presented. This is not the fault of individual contributors, but of the publishers and the editor. In a book on 'literature' on the one hand and"culture' (used in the now current 'broad' sense) on the other, one expects firm integration of those two concepts, or, if that proved impossible, an explanation why. Thus, in turning to some of the literary discussions under 'Readings' (the editor's term), one finds competent analyses of, for example, Wyatt's 'Who so list to hunt' (Rachel Falconer) and Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy (A.J. Piese) but both of them are, in essence, conventional exercises in exegesis which are not markedly influenced by considerations of 'culture' such as many now consider essential (see p. 663), and which one would...

SYNONYMY AND VALID NAME OF THE FAMILIES VIETNAMELLIDAE AND AUSTREMERELLIDAE (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLOIDEA)

Tshernova (1972) established the genus Vietnamella for a new species of Asian Ephemerellidae, Vietnamella thani. Allen (1980), with little discussion, placed Vietnamella as a subgenus of Cincticostella Allen, 1971, in the tribe Ephemerellini. Later, Allen (1984), with somewhat more discussion of the nymphal characters, in particular the nymphal gills, admitted that the placement of Vietnamella as a subgenus of Cincticostella had been incorrect. He established a new subtribe of the Ephemerellini, Vietnamellae, for Vietnamella. Edmunds and Murvosh (1995) transferred the genus Vietnamella to the related subfamily Teloganodinae and retained the tribe name Vietnamellini for it. McCafferty and Wang (1997) presented evidence that Vietnamella was closely related toAustremerella Riek, 1963, and, apparently overlooking the existence of the subfamily name Vietnamellinae, established a new subfamily, Austremerellinae, in the family Teloganodidae for the two genera. Then, McCafferty and Wang (2000) proceeded to raise the taxon to a family, which they called Austremerellidae. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999: Article 36.1) establishment of Vietnamellae (Allen 1984) had the effect of also establishing names for all other ranks in the family group (coordinate taxa: e.g., family, subfamily, tribe). This means that the name Vietnamellidae became available and valid at that time. In determining the valid name of a zoological taxon, the Principle of Priority applies (ICZN 1999: Article 23). It states that The valid name of a taxon is the oldest available name applied to it .. Although the Code does make exceptions for family names in prevailing usage (IC2N 1999: Article 35.5), Article 23.9.1 describes prevailing usage to require, among other things, that the senior synonym has not been used as a valid name after 1899. This is clearly not the case here. Vietnamellae (and its coordinate taxa) was established in 1984 and was an available and valid name at the time Austremerellidae was established. Therefore the valid name for this family of Ephemerelloidea is Vietnamellidae Allen, and Austremerellidae McCafferty and Wang is a junior synonym.

Phylogenetic classification of Eudorylini (Diptera: Pipunculidae)

Abstract. The phylogenetic relationships of members of Eudorylini (Diptera: Pipunculidae: Pipunculinae) were explored. Two hundred and fifty‐seven species of Eudorylini from all biogeographical regions and all known genera were examined. Sixty species were included in an exemplar‐based phylogeny for the tribe. Two new genera are described, Clistoabdominalis and Dasydorylas. The identity of Eudorylas Aczél, the type genus for Eudorylini, has been obscure since its inception. The genus is re‐diagnosed and a proposal to stabilize the genus and tribal names is discussed. An illustrated key to the genera of Pipunculidae is presented and all Eudorylini genera are diagnosed. Numerous new generic synonyms are proposed. Moriparia nigripennis Kozánek & Kwon is preoccupied by Congomyia nigripennis Hardy when both are transferred to Claraeola, so Cla. koreana Skevington is proposed as a new name for Mo. nigripennis.

On some Australian and other larval Callidosomatinae (Acari: Erythraeidae)

Abstract A group of Australian Callidosomatinae (Acari: Erythraeidae) larvae is revised and comments are made on some extra-Australian taxa. Harpagella moxonae gen. nov., sp. nov., is described from south-eastern Australia, as an ectoparasite of Drosophila (Diptera). The genus Grandjeanella Southcott 1961 a is recorded from G. pangela sp. nov., and G. shepherdae sp. nov. (both from Victoria), G. charadrea sp. nov. from South Australia and G. westraliensis (Womersley, 1934) from Western Australia. A further, unnamed, species from South Australia is referred to in the text. Additional data are given for Pussardia mullewaensis (Womersley) from Western Australia. Hauptmannia Oudemans 1910b is recorded for H. tonsor sp. nov. from New South Wales. Balaustioides Southcott, 1989, from Iceland, with type species B. tuxeni Southcott, 1989, is synonymized with Hauptmannia. Distinguishing characters are given for the genera and species, including a key to the genera of larval Callidosomatinae, and a key to the Australian larvae of Grandjeanella, and distinguishing characters for Hauptmannia tonsor, sp. nov., and H. tuxeni comb.nov. The status of the tribal names Callidosomatini and Charletoniini is discussed.

`Patapsco' and `Princess Anne' Azaleas

Fig. 1. Pedigree of ‘Princess Anne’ azaleas. ‘Patapsco’ azalea (Rhododendron hybrid) is valuable in the landscape because of its Indica type of vigorous growth and hardiness; ‘Princess Anne’ has a growth habit more typical of Kurume azaleas. Both bear large flowers in profusion and have proven hardiness in New Jersey, Maryland, and Alabama (plant hardiness zones 7A, 7B, and 8B, respectively) (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1960). These selections are the result of a program initiated in 1950 at the Univ. of Maryland to provide increased flower size for azaleas grown in the landscape, although the objectives later centered on obtaining plants of a more compact habit for forcing in the greenhouse at any time of the year. The names selected are from Maryland streams (derived from early Native American tribal names) and a town on Maryland’s Eastern Shore.

Tribal Names and Mascots in Sports

Tribal Names and Mascots in Sports

New Subtribes of the Lactuceae (Asteraceae)

The subtribal classification of tribe Lactuceae is emended to include three new subtribes: Catananchinae (Mediterranean; Catananche, Hymenonema, Rothmaleria), Malacothricinae (North American; Anisocoma, Atrichoseris, Calycoseris, Glyptopleura, Malacothrix, Munzothamnus, Pinaropappus), and Sonchinae (almost worldwide; Sonchus, Launaea, and their immediate relatives). In a forthcoming book on the cladistics and classification of the Asteraceae (Bremer, in press), a revised tribal and subtribal classification is presented. In the tribe Lactuceae, this necessitates description of three new subtribes. The most recent subtribal classification of the Lactuceae is by Stebbins (1953), who divided the Lactuceae into eight subtribes and a number of subgroups: Scolyminae Lessing Cichoriinae 0. Hoffmann Tolpis-Arnoseris generic group Catananche-Hymenonema generic group Microseridinae Stebbins Stephanomeriinae Stebbins Stephanomeria generic group Malacothrix generic group Dendroseridinae Bentham & Hooker f. Scorzonerinae Dumortier Leontodontinae 0. Hoffmann (= Hypochaeridinae Lessing) Crepidinae Dumortier Dubyaea-Soroseris line Launaea-Sonchus line Hieracium-Andryala line Prenanthes-Lactuca line Youngia-Ixeris line Crepis line This classification was modified by Jeffrey (1966), but he did not recognize any formal subtribes. I propose to combine the Tolpis-Arnoseris and Hieracium-Andryala groups as a separate subtribe Hieraciinae (Bremer, in press). This is in agreement with Jeffrey (1966), who classified these genera together in his Tolpis subgroup. I will also remove Stebbins's Prenanthes-Lactuca line to a separate subtribe Lactucinae (Bremer, in press). Both subNOVON 3: 328-330. 1993. tribal names, Hieraciinae Dumortier and Lactucinae Dumortier, are already available (cf. Solbrig, 1963). My further reclassification of the Lactuceae includes three new subtribes based on the Catananche-Hymenonema, Malacothrix, and Launaea-Sonchus

The Maori king movement; Unity and diversity in past and present

The indigenous people of New Zealand did not have a name for themselves as a people before European explorers and traders arrived in the late eighteenth century. The New Zealand 'Maori' people did not collectively distinguish themselves from other peoples. Distinctions were only made between various tribal groups and, accordingly, a multiplicity of tribal names existed. Colonial interaction, however, brought about the abstraction The Maori. Some thirty years after James Cook had initiated European contact with the indigenous inhabitants of New Zealand, the word maaoii was first recorded as an adjective of taangata, meaning 'usual', 'ordinary' or 'normal' 'people'. It was not until the 1830s that the word Maori was used as a noun. From then on, Europeans were referred to as Pakeha, which was derived from the adjective paakehaa, meaning 'foreign' (Williams 1971: 252). Over the course of the nineteenth century, the term Maori was gradually transformed from a purely ethnic marker into a political category. It became the central notion in the political process which aimed at uniting the various 'Maori' tribes in opposition to the imminent threat of colonial domination. In this article, I briefly describe the history of the first and foremost movement for the establishment of political unity among the various Maori tribes: the Maori King Movement. The political constitution of the movement was based on the model of a kingship which was derived from the British model of polity as well as from the Old Testament. In order to explain the historical background behind the drive for establishing a Maori monarchy, I begin with a preliminary account of the early colonial history of contact in New Zealand, with particular attention to the role of the Treaty of Waitangi. ' TOON VAN MEIJL is a graduate of the University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands, and the Australian National University, from which he obtained his PhD in 1991. His doctoral dissertation, entitled Political Paradoxes and Timeless Traditions: Ideology and Social Change among the Tainui Maori, New Zealand, was based on 25 months of fieldwork among the Tainui Maori tribes, the main supporters of the Maori King Movement, on the central North Island of New Zealand. At present, he is a research fellow of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is based at the Centre for Pacific Studies in Nijmegen, where he is preparing a monograph on the comparative study of kingships in the Pacific. Dr Van Meijl may be contacted at the Centre for Pacific Studies,