Sounding Names Research Articles

The Effect of Photos and a Local-Sounding Name on Discrimination Against Ethnic Minorities in Austria

A large body of research documents the existence of discrimination against migrants and ethnic minorities in the labour market. This study investigates for Austria, to what degree employment discrimination against ethnic minorities is mitigated, when they abstain from following the Austrian norm of including a photograph to their job application that would make their ethnicity salient or when they hold a local sounding name. In our correspondence test, we found that with matching ethnic names and ethnic photographs, black but not Asian job applicants suffered from discrimination. With a local sounding name, blacks (but not Asians) bettered their employment chances. Although photographs may facilitate ethnic discrimination, we did not find that their omission improved minorities' labour market chances. On the contrary, Asians were penalised for leaving out their photograph. Indeed, if candidates did not attach photos despite the convention to do so, we found statistically significant discrimination not only against black, but also Asian applicants.

Co łączy i dzieli nazwy odgłosów zwierząt i ludzi?

The article provides is a comparison of the names of human and animal sounds, which belong to a larger collection of vocabulary that defines the world of auditory perceptions. The historical, grammatic and semantic regularities are identical to them. Differences are noticed in detailed meanings and in the pragmatic of these names, which includes among other things, a much higher incidence of the names of human sounds. Linguistic relativism is more closely covered by the names of animal sounds. The widespread use of animal names for sounds in relation to humans is accompanied by regular negative value and the expression of contempt against the person designated as sound performer.

Verbal and non‐verbal auditory comprehension tests in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

AbstractBackgroundThe purposes of this study are to correlate auditory comprehension impairment with AD early development and to evaluate the verbal and non‐verbal auditory comprehension tests for early diagnosis of AD.MethodThe 24 healthy controls (HC), 30 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and 27 mild AD (mAD) patients were recruited. The verbal (yes‐or‐no question, listening identification and oral instruction) and non‐verbal (sound categorization, emotion judgment, beat judgement, sound naming) auditory comprehension tests were adapted to evaluate the diagnostic ability of auditory comprehension. The receiver operating characteristic curves were used to analyze the diagnostic values.ResultAll tests except for yes‐or‐no question presented moderate or higher level of positive correlation in the scores with Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), among which sound naming and oral instruction were the best. Statistical analysis identified a significant difference of sound naming and verbal auditory comprehension tests in aMCI group compared with the HC group. In addition, the mAD group exhibited statistically significant difference in sound categorization, sound naming, beat judgement and oral instruction when compared with the other two groups. Oral instruction sound categorization and naming benefited better in early diagnosis than the other subtests.ConclusionThe impairments of auditory comprehension emerge early in AD, or even aMCI patients, which worsen with the progression of the disease. The tests of sound categorization, sound naming and oral instruction exhibited better discriminative values, which might be beneficial for the early diagnosis of AD.

A sound brand name: The role of voiced consonants in pharmaceutical branding

Given the worldwide growth of the over-the-counter (OTC) drug market and the increase in the direct-to-consumer advertising of medicines, pharmaceutical branding has become an increasingly important component affecting the consumer’s beliefs about, and hence their responses towards, OTC medicines. The brand name is one of the most important external cues for brand evaluation and influences various aspects of consumer-brand association (e.g., perceived quality/efficacy, brand attitude, and brand image). Although sound symbolism, which refers to the non-arbitrary association that exists between particular sound sequences and specific meanings in speech, has proven to be an effective means of creating successful brand names in a wide range of products, surprisingly little attention has been paid to its application in the case of pharmaceutical branding. In this study, we systematically investigated whether and how consonants in drug brand names influence consumers’ medicine expectancies (e.g., medicinal power, long-lasting efficacy). Across three experiments, a robust effect of voiced (vs. voiceless) consonants present in brand names on the perceived potency and activity for target medicines was found. In addition, the results also revealed that voiced (vs. voiceless) consonants increase the expectancies of medicine effectiveness, duration of medicine activity, price, and potential side effects. Furthermore, we found that the perceived potency and activity for brand names significantly mediated the effect of voiced consonants. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of the role of consonant sound symbolism in brand name development and can potentially help pharmaceutical firms to create appropriate brand names that can effectively communicate information concerning a medicine’s properties.

Semantic interference is not modality specific: Evidence from sound naming with distractor pictures.

In three experiments, participants named environmental sounds (e.g., the bleating of a sheep by producing the word "sheep") in the presence of distractor pictures. In Experiment 1, we observed faster responses in sound naming with congruent pictures (e.g., sheep; congruency facilitation) and slower responses with semantically related pictures (e.g., donkey; semantic interference), each compared with unrelated pictures (e.g., violin). In Experiments 2 and 3, we replicated these effects and used a psychological refractory period approach (combining an arrow decision or letter rotation task as Task 1 with sound naming as Task 2) to investigate the locus of the effects. Congruency facilitation was underadditive with dual-task interference suggesting that it arises, in part, during pre-central processing stages in sound naming (i.e., sound identification). In contrast, semantic interference was additive with dual-task interference suggesting that it arises during central (or post-central) processing stages in sound naming (i.e., response selection or later processes). These results demonstrate the feasibility of sound naming tasks for chronometric investigations of word production. Furthermore, they highlight that semantic interference is not restricted to the use of target pictures and distractor words but can be observed with quite different target-distractor configurations. The experiments support the view that congruency facilitation and semantic interference reflect some general cognitive mechanism involved in word production. These results are discussed in the context of the debate about semantic-lexical selection mechanisms in word production.

Iron studies and transferrin, a source of test ordering confusion highly amenable to clinical decision support

IntroductionAn important cause of laboratory test misordering and overutilization is clinician confusion between tests with similar sounding names or similar indications. We identified an area of test ordering confusion with iron studies that involves total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin, and transferrin saturation. We observed concurrent ordering of direct transferrin along with TIBC at many hospitals within our health system and suspected this was unnecessary. MethodsWe extracted patient test results for transferrin, TIBC and other biomarkers. Using these data, we evaluated both patterns of test utilization and test result concordance. We implemented a clinical decision support (CDS) alert to discourage unnecessary orders for direct transferrin. ResultsUsing linear regression, we were able to predict transferrin from either TIBC alone or TIBC with other analytes with a high degree of accuracy, demonstrating that in most cases, direct transferrin in combination with TIBC provides little if any additional diagnostic information beyond TIBC alone. The CDS alert proved highly effective in reducing transferrin test utilization at four different hospitals. ConclusionsConcurrent ordering of direct transferrin and TIBC should usually be avoided. Removal of transferrin or TIBC from the test menu or implementation of CDS may improve utilization of these tests.

Developing Early Reading Profiles for Latinx Kindergarten Students Using Typical Universal Screeners

The purpose of the current study was to determine students’ early reading profiles at the beginning and end of kindergarten using existing school-based measures with a sample of Spanish speaking, Latinx students. Using latent profile analysis, a multivariate analytic technique that empirically identifies profiles based on student responses to multiple measures, students’ performance was compiled using typical universal screening measures of reading, a formal measure of English language development, and information regarding referral for special education evaluation and grade retention. At the beginning of the year, students demonstrating greater English proficiency also had increased ability on initial sound fluency and letter naming fluency tasks in English. By the end of the year, students demonstrating continued deficits in early literacy skills (phoneme segmentation fluency, letter naming, and nonsense word fluency) included students referred for special education or grade level retention than students who demonstrated greater proficiency in these skill areas. Recommendations for research and school-based practices are provided.

Brief intervention targeting letter sounds, letter naming, and segmenting frequency skills show promise for improving spelling accuracy1

Q What is the effect of building the frequency of letter sound identification, letter naming, and sound segmenting skills on spelling accuracy among at-risks early-elementary students? The authors ...

What Makes Epistemic Injustice an “Injustice”?

What Makes Epistemic Injustice an “Injustice”?

Price Determinants of Sparkling Wine in Poland: Does Reputation Really Matter?

Due to the important worldwide growth of the sparkling wine sector in the last years, this research aims to explore the Polish sparkling wine retail market by applying a hedonic price model. Poland is the most important market in Eastern Europe, with a noticeable increase in wine consumption in recent years. Few researches have investigated the price premium of wine attributes in this area, while none of these concentrated their analysis on sparkling wines. The aim of this research is to apply a hedonic price model to estimate the effects of credence attributes and quality signals on sparkling wines sold in the Polish capital. Data were collected from 35 retail stores in Warsaw. Findings suggest that collective reputation linked to designation of origin is the variable that most affects the price, followed by brand reputation and characteristics of the point of sale. The type of retailer has a significant effect on price: discounts and supermarkets imply a price decrease with respect to hypermarkets, whereas specialised shops charge a premium. Moreover, we explore the presence of wine with Italian sounding names: this positively affects wine price, confirming the role of imitations stressed in the recent literature.

Popularity Based Recommendation System

A Recommendation engine recommends the most relevant items to the user by using different algorithms to filter the data. A Recommendation system is more useful in the context of data extraction relating to applications of big data and machine learning. As the name indicates Popularity based recommendation system works with the current vogue. It basically uses the items which are in swing at present. This is the most basic recommendation system which provides generalized recommendation to every user depending on the popularity. Whatever is more popular among the general public that is more likely to be recommended to new customers. The generalized recommendation not personalized is based on the count. In this paper I am going to use a class that we created which includes the methods to create recommendations and to recommend the item to the user. Next I will load the data of Comma Separated Value (CSV). After that sort the sound name based on the how many users have listened to the sound name. After the collection of data code splits the dataset into training and the test dataset using 80–20 ratio. This creates an instance of popularity based recommenders class. At last I will use the popularity model to make the predictions.

Auditory Agnosia for Environmental Sounds in Alzheimer's Disease: Not Hearing and Not Listening?

Auditory agnosia for environmental sounds (AES) is an example of central auditory dysfunction. It is presumed to be independent of language deficits and in presence of normal hearing. We undertook a detailed neuropsychological assessment including environmental sound naming and recognition in 34 clinically mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 29 age-matched healthy control subjects. In patients with AD, audiometry was performed to assess the impact on test performance, and in normal controls the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly - Screening Version to exclude more than mild hearing loss. We adapted a validated environmental sound battery and found near perfect scores in controls. We found that environmental sound agnosia is common in mild AD. We found a statistically significant difference in mean pure tone audiometry in the best ear between patients with and those patients without naming deficits of 11.3 dB (p = 0.010) and of 14.7 dB (p = 0.000) between those with and without recognition deficits. Statistical significance remained after correcting for age, aphasia, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and working memory. Slight and moderate peripheral hearing loss increases the odds ratio of recognition deficits by 13.75 (confidence interval 2.3-81.5) compared to normal hearing patients. We did not find evidence for different forms of AES. This work suggests that an interaction between peripheral hearing loss and AD pathology produces problems with environmental sound recognition. It confirms that the relationship between hearing and dementia is complex but also suggests that interventions to prevent and treat hearing loss could have an effect on AD in its clinical expression.

شرکة الشخص الواحد :دراسة تأصیلیة

شرکة الواحد :دراسة تأصيلية ترکي بن سعد الخثلان وزارة العدل ، المملکة العربية السعودية. البريد الإلکتروني: turki.s.alkhathlan@gmail.com ملخص: لاقت شرکة الواحد قبولا في عالم الأعمال،حيث أقرتها معظم التشريعات القانونية في العالم لما لها من مزايا،ومع انتشارها وإقرارها إلا أنه تعتريها بعض المشکلات من التعارض مع الأصول المقررة في القانون واللغة والفقه الإسلامي،فالشرکة تعرف في القانون بأنها عقد، يستلزم توفر رکن التعدد الغير موجود في شرکة الواحد،وفي الفقه الإسلامي فالفقهاء متفقون على رکن التعدد لانعقاد الشرکة،وفي اللغة فلفظ مأخوذ من الاشتراک والمخالطة بين شخصين فأکثر متعارض مع الشخص الواحد مما يستلزم الدراسة التأصيلية للبحث والنظر في حقيقة التعارض واستخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي المقارن،وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن أصل فکرة تخصيص جزء من الذمة للقيام بمشروع يعود إلى عصر الرومان ،وأقرها الفقهاء المسلمون في مسألة العبد المأذون له بالتجارةومن ثم تأثر الفکر القانوني الحديث،وأما من حيث اللغة فإطلاق لفظ الشرکة إطلاق صحيح،لانتقال اللفظ من الحقيقة اللغوية إلى العرفية،وتعريف الشرکة بأنها عقد يترتب عليه رفضها واعتبارها باطلة ومنعدمة ولذا توصي الدراسة بإضافة نص يسمح للشخص بإنشاء الشرکة. الکلمات المفتاحية: شرکة الواحد، التعارض اللغوي، التعارض العقدي, الفقه الإسلامي. One- Person Company rooting study Turki bin Saad Al-Khathlan Ministry of Justice, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Email: turki.s.alkhathlan@gmail.com Abstract : The one-person company has been accepted in the world of business. The most legal acts have approved in the world for the advantages they have. Despite its spread and approval, some problems have preoccupied some of which is the inconsistency with the fundamentals is provided in the law, language and Islamic law. The company is defined in the law that it is a contract necessitating provide of diversity pillar not existed in the one-person company. In the Islamic law, the jurists have agreed upon the diversity for holding the company. Linguistically, the “company” word is stemmed from participation and association between two persons and more. It is inconsistent with “One- person” requiring the rooting study for research and review the truth of inconsistency and using the comparative analytical descriptive methodology. The study has concluded that the origin if the idea of specification of a part to perform a project gone back the Roman Era. The Muslim jurists have approved in the case of “the authorized slave to trade”. Consequently, the modern legal thought has influenced. From the side of language, naming the name of “Company” is a sound name for the transition of the word from the linguistic to the customary fact. The definition of company that it is a contract resulted in its refusal, considering it as void, and not existed, therefore, the study recommends adding a provision allow for the person to establish the company. Keywords: One- person Company, Linguistic Inconsistency, doctrinal inconsistency, Islamic law.

The effect of competition on discrimination in online markets-Anonymity and selection.

Empirical studies show that discrimination by identity found in offline markets also prevails online. This paper reveal that in a competitive market, buyers that intend to discriminate exist but they are prevented from influencing the market outcome. To this end, we construct a field experiment on eBay, where half of the sellers disclose their names in their usernames while the other half do not. eBay, however, automatically discloses the seller’s names to the buyer after the auction. In the anonymous auctions, winning bidders thus learn the identity of the seller after the auction ends, and here we find buyers to discriminate against sellers with foreign-sounding names by leaving them feedback less often. However, there is no such discrimination in feedback provision when the seller name was known to the buyer before the auction. When bidders know the names of the sellers, the bidders with animus towards individuals with specific names can select out of auctions from these sellers, leaving winners that do not discriminate. One would expect that the auctions of for example sellers with foreign-sounding names would receive fewer bidders and thus lower auction prices. However, we observe no such differences: there are no statistically significant differences in the number of bids or auction prices received by sellers with foreign or domestic sounding names.

Using marketing to fish‐down bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthysspp.) in the United States: Eliminating the negative brand name, “carp”

Invasive bigheaded carp species (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) from Asia have experienced rapid range expansion and population explosions in rivers of the United States resulting in ecosystem damage currently being witnessed and documented by fishery biologists. In addition, silver carp (H. molitrix) present a danger of injury and death to unsuspecting boaters, water skiers or recreational fishers due to their propensity to jump in response to boat motor noise. Fishing-down bigheaded carp populations for human consumption will reduce environmental damage and potential human injury and mortality until other control measures become available. The name “carp” conveys an extremely negative brand name for purposes of product marketing. We suggest that the silver carp be renamed by the professional scientific community to silverfin (a trademarked name currently used in culinary circles) and the bighead carp (H. nobilis) to bighead. The suggested common names changes represent a simple, albeit small step to reducing bigheaded carp population numbers based on sound product naming strategies developed and used in marketing science.

Natural: A $75 billion word with no definition—Why not?

AbstractNatural is a $75 billion word with no official definition in most countries. The United States Food and Drug Administration has given only an unclear guideline on what constitutes natural instead of an actual definition. Sensory and other scientists need to understand the motivations and attitudes of consumers about the products they use. “Natural” is a commonly used term on labels and advertising for food and other products. This research examined 30 ingredients used in food products to determine which ingredients consumers considered natural and why they consider certain ingredients as “not natural.” A national U.S. survey of 1,051 consumers (primary food purchases: 43% male, 57% female) was analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi‐squared tests. No ingredient, except for sea salt, was found to be natural by more than 70% of respondents. Familiarity with an ingredient was instrumental in consumers' determination of naturalness. Healthfulness and chemical sounding names also played a role in whether a product or ingredient was considered natural or not. “Natural” is not a single concept and, thus, is difficult to define.Practical applicationsUnderstanding how consumers make decisions about whether a food is “natural” or not is key to understanding how new products are formulated and then perceived by consumers. This study identifies several major issues associated with food ingredients making food seem “not natural.” Most of the issues are associated with a lack of understanding or knowledge or the perception that healthfulness drives naturalness (e.g., if I think it is “healthy” to eat, then it must be natural. The information will better help sensory and other scientists understand perception of their products in a time of consumer confusion.

Associative thinking as a leading method for determining intervals by ear

Associative thinking as a leading method for determining intervals by ear

Al-Akhlaq (Ethics) Perceptions in Islam: A Textual Interpretation through Imam Muhammad Al-Ghazali

Islam contains a general code of conduct; there is neither much doubt nor disagreement on this. That Islam as both a religion and way of life encompasses all religious issues and affairs affecting human’s life is also a fact unchallenged by those of consummate mind. One important aspect of all facets of Islamic discussions, that upon which all arguments sprout and agreements are either diverged and/or reached, that which for its effectiveness also relies on intellectual foundation, is al-Akhlaq (the Ethic). Ethic cum conduct is pertinent in Islamic religious facets. It could be interpreted in many ways and forms; its perception differs from one to the other, and sometimes within an individual, but seldom from one religion to the other. This is an area on which the paper is concentrated. This paper thus seeks to explore the meaning of ethics and the perceptions it has in Islam through the major writings of Imam Muhammad al-Ghazaali, an undeniably sounding ethical name among all noble Muslim scholars. It is also the aim of the study to expatiate the importance of ethic in jurisdiction according to al-Ghazaali. The study commonly employs qualitative library approach in collecting and analyzing the data. The study maintains that al-GhazÉlÊ’s concept of ethics, if carefully applied on most contemporary issues, suffice and proffer long-lasting solutions to various problems intellectually, mechanically, and technically facing the Muslim nations.

Do women know whether their hospital is Catholic? Results from a national survey

ObjectivesCatholic healthcare limits access to common reproductive care. We assessed what percentage of US women seeking care at Catholic hospitals are aware of their hospital's religious affiliation and identified variables associated with correct identification. Study designWe conducted a national survey of women ages 18–45 (response rate 50%). The survey asked participants what hospital they would go to for reproductive care and what the religious affiliation of that hospital was. We verified responses as correct or incorrect against a known Catholic hospital list. We used bivariate analysis and logistic regressions to evaluate factors associated with correct identification. ResultsSixteen percent of women reported a Catholic hospital as their primary hospital for reproductive care. Among women whose primary hospital was Catholic, 63% [95% confidence interval (CI): 54.5–70.7] correctly identified this, compared to 93% who correctly identified their hospital as non-Catholic (95% CI 91.4 - 95.0). Two thirds of respondents who misidentified their Catholic hospital's affiliation reported that their hospital was secular (66%), and 48% of those women felt sure or very sure of their incorrect response. Factors associated with correctly identifying Catholic hospitals included hospital with a religious-sounding name [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.80; 95% CI: 1.07–7.34], respondent older age (aOR=3.77; 95% CI: 1.35–10.56), metropolitan residence (aOR=3.35; 95% CI: 1.01–11.10) and income over $100,000 (aOR 4.95; 95% CI 1.35 - 18.17). ConclusionOver one third of US women who named a Catholic hospital as their primary hospital for reproductive care are unaware it is Catholic. Women are more likely to correctly identify a hospital as Catholic when that hospital has a religious sounding name. ImplicationsPatients need accurate information in order to make decisions about where to seek reproductive healthcare. Our results suggest that women are often unaware of their hospital's religious affiliation. Efforts are needed to increase hospital transparency and patient awareness of the implications that arise when healthcare is restricted by religion.

What Is "Natural"? Consumer Responses to Selected Ingredients.

Interest in “natural” food has grown enormously over the last decade. Because the United States government has not set a legal definition for the term “natural”, customers have formed their own sensory perceptions and opinions on what constitutes natural. In this study, we examined 20 ingredients to determine what consumers consider to be natural. Using a national database, 630 consumers were sampled (50% male and 50% female) online, and the results were analyzed using percentages and chi-square tests. No ingredient was considered natural by more than 69% of respondents. We found evidence that familiarity may play a major role in consumers’ determination of naturalness. We also found evidence that chemical sounding names and the age of the consumer have an effect on whether an ingredient and potentially a food is considered natural. Interestingly, a preference towards selecting GMO (genetically modified organisms) foods had no significant impact on perceptions of natural.