Plant Names Research Articles

The Worcester Herbal Glossary: Edition and Commentary

Abstract This study offers the first full edition of a late thirteenth-century herbal glossary preserved in Worcester, Cathedral Library, F 157, as well as a preliminary commentary of textual problems and analogues. This glossary (henceforth: Worcester Herbal Glossary) originally included around 130 Latin plant names with English equivalents; a few entries are lost today because of a lacuna in the manuscript. So far, only a partial – and at times inaccurate – edition of the glossary appeared in Floyer and Hamilton (1906: 184–185). Since then, this lexicographic collection of plant names has been almost wholly ignored by scholars. Remarkably, the Worcester Herbal Glossary seems to originate from a substantial batch of entries from the chapter on the names of herbs in Ælfric’s Glossary. This batch was expanded by means of other material which must have circulated in the Early Middle English period. This additional material parallels entries found in other botanical glossaries of the period – such as that preserved in London, British Library, Harley 978 – and, above all, finds striking analogues in the Middle English recension of the Salernitan medico-botanical glossary known as Alphita (Mowat 1887).

(267–269) Proposals to define description and amend the definition of diagnosis in Article 38

(267–269) Proposals to define description and amend the definition of diagnosis in Article 38

A comprehensive review on the medicinal usage of Podocarpus species: Phytochemistry and pharmacology.

Plants of the Podocarpus species belong to the Podocarpaceae family and are largely distributed in the southern hemisphere. Beside the commercially and ecologically valuable, plants of the Podocarpus species are also used in traditional medicines in some countries for treating asthma, fever, venereal diseases, eye diseases, etc. AIM OF THE STUDY: In recent decades, the identities and pharmacological activities of phytochemicals extracted from Podocarpus plants have been widely studied. However, there have been no comprehensive and systematic reviews. This article aims to systematically review the latest research on the putative mechanisms underlying pharmacological actions of phytochemicals from the Podocarpus species, as well as to lay a foundation for promoting the development of plant resources from this genus, further drug research, and product development. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Elsevier and CNKI databases was conducted using the keywords "Podocarpus", "traditional usage", "phytochemistry", "pharmacology", "nagilactone", etc. Related papers published among July 1964 to February 2023 were collected to summarize the research progress. All plant names were determined through the "The Plant List" (http://www.theplantlist.org/). To date, 262 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from 26 Podocarpus plants; among these, norditerpene bilactone is the main pharmacologically active component. Norditerpene bilactones are reported to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-tyrosinase, neuroprotective, anti-plasmodial, anti-mutagenic, and anti-atherosclerotic properties as well as other pharmacological activities, which support its traditional uses. Extensive studies on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Podocarpus species lead to discovery of a series of hopeful leading compounds with unique chemical structure, especially the nor- and bis-norditerpenoid dilactones with four isoprene units. These compounds have been proved to possess various pharmacological activities. This review will provide a reference for further research and promote the idea of combining modern research with traditional medicinal applications of Podocarpus plants.

Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines: Concerns and future prospects.

The use of herbal medicines for prophylaxis, prevention, and treatment of various ailments is rising throughout the world because they are thought to be safer than allopathic treatments, which they are. However, several investigations have documented the toxicity and adverse drug reactions (ADR) of certain formulations and botanicals if not consumed wisely. The goal of the current study is to address herbal medication pharmacovigilance (PV) modeling and related considerations for improved patient safety. Also, focus is laid on the comprehensive and critical analysis of the current state of PV for herbal medications at the national and international levels. Targeted review also known as focused literature review methodology was utilized for exploring the data from various scientific platforms such as Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Springer, PubMed, Google Scholar using "pharmacovigilance, herbal medicine, traditional medicine, ADR, under reporting, herb toxicity, herb interactions" as keywords along with standard literature pertaining to herbal medicines that is published by the WHO and other international and national organizations etc. The botanical names mentioned in the present article were authenticated using World Flora Online database. The historical developments paving the way for PV in regulatory setup were also discussed, along with various criteria's for monitoring herbal medicine, ADR of herbs, phytoconstituents, and traditional medicines, herb-drug interactions, modes of reporting ADR, databases for reporting ADR's, provisions of PV in regulatory framework of different nations, challenges and way forward in PV are discussed in detail advocating a robust drug safety ecosystem for herbal medicines. Despite recent efforts to encourage the reporting of suspected ADRs linked to herbal medicines, such as expanding the programme and adding community pharmacists as recognized reporters, the number of herbal ADR reports received by the regulatory bodies remains comparatively low. Since users often do not seek professional advice or report if they have side effects, under-reporting, is anticipated to be significant for herbal medications. There are inadequate quality control methods, poor regulatory oversight considering herbs used in food and botanicals, and unregulated distribution channels. In addition, botanical identity, traceability of herbs, ecological concerns, over-the-counter (OTC) herbal medicines, patient-physicians barriers requires special focus by the regulatory bodies for improved global safety of herbal medicines.

(261–266) Proposals to amend the Code to update regulations of the nomenclature of fossils

(261–266) Proposals to amend the <i>Code</i> to update regulations of the nomenclature of fossils

Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Bryophytes: 14

SummaryThe following two names of bryophytes are recommended for conservation: Oreas Brid. against Oreas Cham. &amp; Schltdl. and Ptychomitrium against Ulophyllum. Also, the vascular plant name Distichia Nees &amp; Meyen is recommended for conservation against the bryophyte name Distichia (Brid.) Brid. Conservation of the name Plagiomnium against Orthomnion and Orthomniopsis is not recommended. The name Riccia sinuata is recommended for rejection. Furthermore, two publications by Stephani are reommended to be added to the list of suppressed works for new generic names in Appendix I of the Code. The Committee considers Parisia Broth. and Parrisia Shalisko &amp; Sundue not confusable.

(2957) Proposal to conserve the name Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) Fraser‐Jenk. against D. affinis Kinahan (Pteridophyta: Dryopteridaceae)

(2957) Proposal to conserve the name <i>Dryopteris affinis</i> (Lowe) <scp>Fraser‐Jenk</scp>. against <i>D. affinis</i> Kinahan (<i>Pteridophyta</i>: <i>Dryopteridaceae</i>)

(284) Proposal to add a Note after Article H.9.1 to clarify that a statement of the names of parent species is sufficient for valid publication of the name of a nothogenus

A number of nothogenera in the past and in recent years have been published with a statement of the species that make up the cross rather than just the parent genera. A recent example is the name ×Leontoroides B. Bock (in Bull. Soc. Bot. Centre-Ouest 42: 274. 2012), which was published as “× Leontoroides kaiseri (J.Murray) B.Bock - comb. nov. - [Leontodon hispidus L. × Scorzoneroides pyrenaica (Gouan) Holub]”. Although there is no separate entry for the nothogenus and parent genera, the nothogeneric name has been considered validly published simultaneously with the nothospecies combination, because the parent generic names are part of the parent species names cited. From the statement of the parent species and the condensed formula of the nothogenus there can be no doubt that the parent genera are Leontodon L. and Scorzoneroides Moench. Although we stress that this is bad practice, it seems unnecessarily strict to consider such names as not validly published, forcing the authors to publish both names again with an explicit statement of the parent genera. Because this mostly applies to horticultural names, there is often little interest or incentive to publish such names, so they remain technically not validly published. Indication of a type, even though not explicitly required for monotypic genera in Art. 40.3 of the Shenzhen Code (Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018), is important for the application of a non-hybrid generic name. The equivalent for nothogenera does not apply, however, because whichever species within the parent genera are postulated, the application of the nothogenus remains the same (Art. H.9 Note 1). Therefore, this proposed Note will have no nomenclatural impact, whereas not allowing this will require the republication of numerous nothogenera and, because this issue has not been routinely recorded in the International Plant Names Index (IPNI; https://www.ipni.org/) or elsewhere, it will be destabilizing to require that retrospectively. “Note 1bis. A statement of the names of the parent species of a nothogenus, or of the names of the parent species of any of its included taxa, is sufficient to validly publish the name of a nothogenus, if the full names of all parent genera appear among the species names, when there is no separate statement of the names of the parent genera.”

Microtoponyms natural origin of the village of Velyki Didushychi (Stryi district, Lviv oblast)

The author analyzes the lexical-semantic features of naturogenic microtoponyms of the village of Velyki Didushychi (Stryi District, Lviv Oblast). As a result of the study of 281 microtoponyms, 8 semantic groups of microtoponyms were identified: names denoting different types of elevations, reduced relief, the stems of which characterize the flatness of the area, the shape, color of the microterritory, fauna, and characterize the structure or properties of the soil, formed from water realities and plant names. In each thematic group, the meaning of motivational stems is outlined, and their etymology is clarified. On the basis of calculations, it was found that the most significant share in the analyzed onomasticon of the village is occupied by the terminology for the designation of water realities and microtoponyms, formed on the basis of phytoterminology, which is connected with the natural location of the settlement between two rivers, forest areas and the presence of a large number of small water basins, which became the basis for the creation of 29 and 34 proper names of monolexical, compound and prepositional structure to designate 11 and 13 microobjects, respectively. Within these groups, the largest number of names was recorded from the appellatives kalybania / stav and luh – 6 and 9 nominations. It was found that the propriatives for marking the reduced relief, of which there are 12 units in the mentioned village, are also productive. The thematic groups that are less productive or unproductive in the studied territory are outlined, among which the microtoponyms, the stems of which characterize the flatness of the area, are the least quantitatively represented.

Reexamination of Mu Dan and the tree peony

The name of the Chinese medicinal plant peony (Mu Dan) was discussed widely in many studies, but has not been fully substantiated to date. This paper examined the history of the tree peony in China and reviewing early relevant medical literature by drawing on the results of historical studies, early literacy works and the cultivation time of ornamental peonies. The paper found that the Chinese plant named Mu Dan was normally referred to as the Ardisia species before the early Tang Dynasty. The plant names and physical items in terms of medicinal materials were not equivalent but one-to-many in most cases. This research attempts to provide a basis for further research.

The big four of plant taxonomy - a comparison of global checklists of vascular plant names.

Taxonomic checklists used to verify published plant names and identify synonyms are a cornerstone of biological research. Four global authoritative checklists for vascular plants exist: Leipzig Catalogue of Vascular Plants, World Checklist of Vascular Plants, World Flora Online (successor of The Plant List, TPL), and WorldPlants. We compared these four checklists in terms of size and differences across taxa. We matched taxon names of these checklists and TPL against each other, identified differences across checklists, and evaluated the consistency of accepted names linked to individual taxon names. We assessed geographic and phylogenetic patterns of variance. All checklists differed strongly compared with TPL and provided identical information on c. 60% of plant names. Geographically, differences in checklists increased from low to high latitudes. Phylogenetically, we detected strong variability across families. A comparison of name-matching performance on taxon names submitted to the functional trait database TRY, and a check of completeness of accepted names evaluated against an independent, expert-curated checklist of the family Meliaceae, showed a similar performance across checklists. This study raises awareness on the differences in data and approach across these checklists potentially impacting analyses. We propose ideas on the way forward exploring synergies and harmonizing the four global checklists.

Naming of plants in Nyamwezi and Sukuma societies of Tanzania

Since research has shown that the classification of plants into noun classes varies from one Bantu language to another (Legère, 2020), the present article contributes to the formation of the canonical noun classes for plants in the Nyamwezi and Sukuma languages in Tanzania. The data was gathered in Mwanza, Shinyanga, Simiyu and Tabora regions mainly through elicitation, revealed that the language has developed a lexicon of plant names based on four word formation strategies: (i) assignment of plant names to canonical tree noun classes 3/5 and 5/6, event for reduplicated, compounded and borrowed nouns; (ii) compounding of verbs and nouns to derive plant names; (iii) reduplication of verbs and nouns to derive plant names, and (iv) lexical borrowing from Swahili and English. The abundance of nouns in classes 5/6 suggests innovation in that classes 3/4 are being replaced by classes 5/6. Also, the paper shows that under the compounding, reduplication and phrasal mechanisms of nouns formation, many plant names express: (a) the structure and physiology of the plants, e.g. scent, softness or hardness; (b) physical environment where plants flourish, e.g. on mountain tops; (c) the berries and tubers produced by the plants; (d) the (gender) sex of the plants, and (e) the scent/smell produced by the plants. Based on the findings, it becomes plausible to establish that the Nyamwezi and Sukuma people employ both linguistic resources and physical and natural environment in assigning names to plants. This is a testimony that plants have formed a central part in the ethno-cultural practises of this community.

The names of the Arab-Persian plants according to Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani “Georgian Dictionary” (5)

There is a vocabulary of oriental origin, the plant names that are sorted by the author, next to the word according to species (tree, grass, flowers) in Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani’s "Georgian Vocabulary". As with other lexical units, Sulkhan-Saba points to the origin of different plants (Persian, Arabian, Tatar, not Georgian, other language, etc.), some are left without reference and the author considers them as a Georgian word. The aim of the work is to identify the names of Arab-Persian origin plants in Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani’s "Georgian Vocabulary", to indicate their etymological origin and ways of settlement in Georgian language. This paper is the fifth part of our study. The names of plants beginning with the consonants of the Georgian alphabet ‘L’; ‘M’; ‘N’, which are confirmed by the Eastern, in particular, Arabic-Persian etymology. These words ara: Lilufar - Nymphala lutea, Limo/limoni - Citrus limon; Lobio - Phaseolus; Masha - Vigna radiata; Mukhudo - Cicer; Nargizi - Narcissus; Nardi - Nardostachys jatamansi (Himalaya Tagara).&nbsp; In this regard we studed Georgian-Eastern linguistic relations. All lexical items checked in the etymological dictionaries of the respective languages and dialects, we determined and used the phonetic regularities that are bases of the phonetic conclusions of the vowels and consonants between the words of the unrelated languages.

NAMES OF PLANTS AND THEIR HEALING EFFECTS IN MEDICINAE EX HOLERIBUS ET POMIS BY GARGILIUS MARTIALIS

Introduction. The present text is analyzing parts of the Latin treaty dedicated to the healing nature of plants. The text Medicinae ex Holeribus et Pomis by Gargillius Martialis is a compilation of names of plants and their effects on human body. We could try to identify a relation between the plant’s name and its use regarding the disease in relation with its qualities. The treaty occupies an important place in the medial ancient literature as it gives a picture for the knowledge of herbs and their classification as mediations. Purpose. The text aims to discuss some plants names used in the treaty for depicting their characteristics and qualities and how they could serve for healing a certain disease. Materials and methodology. The descriptive method is used in comparison with translation of the names in modern English. Citations from the original text are inserted in Latin to illustrate the what characteristics are typical for to each plant and what are the effects provoked in the body. Results. Latin names of plants refer to modern names that predominantly originate of Latin or Greek. The fact is that these plants are still popular and the relation of their medical use in the past and modern studies about them reveals the historical developments of classification and use. Conclusions. The text of Gargilius Martialis is witnessing some very important things about names of plants, theirs cultivation and use. Nevertheless, medial methods and treatments rely on experience and observation, we are likely to admit that a scientific approach is present, because this work is an analytical study of pharmaceutical properties.

Ethnopharmacology Study of Traditional Herbs as Anti-dandruff and Anti-baldness in Amarasi District, Kupang Regency

Backgrounds: Hot weather in Indonesia can cause problems with hair and scalp health, including dandruff (seborrheic) and cause hair roots to become weak, making it easier for hair loss or alopecia to occur. The Amarasi people still do hair and scalp treatments with traditional plants. Objectives: This study aims to determine the ethnopharmacology of herbs as anti-dandruff and anti-baldness in Amarasi sub-district, Kupang district, including plant names, plant properties, plant parts, processing methods, usage methods and usage rules. Methods: This research is a qualitative descriptive study with an exploratory observational design. The data was obtained in the form of a survey by interviewing respondents with the help of a questionnaire. The sample in this study was a traditional healer (Hatra) who understood the use and use of anti-dandruff and anti-baldness drugs. Sampling was carried out using a purposive sampling techniq namely Hatra who were over 20 years old and had experience as a hatred for more than 3 years and above. The sample in this study was 17 traditional healers (Hatra). Results: result research shows that there are 18 plants consisting of 8 single plants and 16 herbs that are used and efficacious as anti-dandruff and anti-baldness. The plant parts used are leaves, fruit, seeds, sap/mucus, tube and oots. the method of processing plants for hair and scalp care by burning, splitting, fryinsqueezing and g, mashing, then, how to use it is washed, smearing, washedmassagingsaged. Rules for using plants 1-2 times a week. Conclusion: The Amarasi community has traditional plants and herbs that can be used as a treatment for scalp problems, including anti-dandruff, preventing hair loss and nourishing hair (anti-baldness). These plants based on research literacy studies conducted by previous researchers proved to have potential in the treatment of anti-dandruff and antibody.

Influence of refrigerated adsorption dehumidified drying towards the retention of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant properties of small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum): Performance comparison with convection, solar and fluidized bed dryer

Cardamom, known by the botanical name Elettaria cardamomum, is a well-known spice which is increasingly used in the field of cosmetics and industrial applications in the form of dried powders and oil. However, usage of cardamom is limited by its moisture content (around 80% in wet basis) and for effective oil extraction and usage, cardamom needs to be dried to a moisture content of less than 10% (in wet basis) prior to usage. Solar driers are traditionally used for cardamom drying and fluidized bed driers and tray driers are also used for industrial-level large-scale drying. During drying, loss of bioactive like phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants become inevitable. Under such a scenario, this study explores the performance of low-temperature, low-humidity dryers namely refrigeration adsorption dehumidified dryers (RADD), designed and developed by CSIR-NIIST, for retention of bioactives during drying. To assess and compare the RADD with traditional dryers, experiments were performed in a tray dryer, solar dryer and fluidized bed dryer and the results are compared with RADD. It was found that cardamom dried in RADD retained around 70–75% of total phenolic, flavonoid and anti-oxidant compounds, whereas retention in other conventional drying methods was in the range 35–60% only. Advanced analysis such as SEM, FTIR and GC-MS was also done to evaluate the morphological changes, functional group changes and difference in essential oil composition due to different drying methods. Considering the overall result it has been proved that RADD has several advantages over the conventional dryers (due to low temperature and low humidity inside RADD) and thus can be used for drying cardamom which will promise good quality cardamom with maximum retention or preservation of all the bioactives. Thus, RADD is found to be a promising alternative for fluidized bed dryers and also it performs better than other conventional drying methods.

ANGIOSPERMIC MEDICINAL PLANTS DIVERSITY OF GRAMBHARTI (AMARAPUR) VILLAGE, MANSA TALUKA, GANDHINAGAR DISTRICT, GUJARAT, INDIA

The present study deals with the diversity of Angiospermic medicinal plants of Grambharti (Amarapur) village, in Gandhinagar district during January 2023 to March 2023. Information regarding medicinal uses and local name of plants was collected through direct field survey and personal interview with the locals and knowledgeable persons and cultivators. Then identify the plant species and arranged according to Bentham and hooker’s classification system and prepare herbarium sheets.A total 96 Angiosperm plant species belonging to 46 families are recorded, in which 38 species belonging to 23 families are medicinal plant species. They are used in different disease. The study indicates that the area is very rich in traditional knowledge and a great diversity of medicinal plants which are offer a convenient strategy for promoting cultivation and conservation of variety of Angiosperm medicinal plants.

Female naturalists and the patterns of suppression of women scientists in history: the example of Maria Sibylla Merian and her contributions about useful plants

BackgroundThis work reunites many women naturalists who registered knowledge about native flora in scientific expeditions around the globe between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Since male naturalists are more recognized in this period of time, we aimed to list female naturalists that published plant descriptions and observations, focusing on the work of Maria Sibylla Merian and to analyze her trajectory as an example to discuss the patterns of the suppression of women scientists. A second aim was to inventory the useful plants described in Maria Sibylla’s Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium and find pharmacological evidence about the traditional uses described for those plants cited as medicinal and toxic.MethodsA survey of female naturalists was carried out by searching information in Pubmed, Scielo, Google Scholar and Virtual Health Library. Once Maria Sibylla published her book Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium by her own, without male co-authors, and also this book is one of the only to have text and illustrations altogether and there are reports indicating information on useful plants in this work, she and her book were chosen as subject of this research. All the information was tabulated by dividing the plants into food, medicinal, toxic, aromatic or other uses. Finally, with the combinations of the scientific name of medicinal and toxic plants with information about their popular uses, a search was carried out in databases in order to indicate current pharmacological studies that reported evidences about the traditional uses described.ResultsWe found 28 women naturalists who participated in scientific expeditions or trips, or in a curiosity cabinet, or who were collectors of Natural History between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. All these women illustrated botanical species and/or recorded their everyday or medicinal use or reported their observations in the form of a published work, letters or diaries. Also, the trajectory of Maria Sibylla Merian revealed that her scientific relevance has been neglected from the eighteenth century by mechanisms of suppression, most of the time by male depreciation, which can be seen as a pattern for suppression of women in science. However, Maria Sibyllas’ contributions have been valued again in the twenty-first century. In Maria Sibylla’s work, 54 plants were identified, 26 of them used for food, 4 of them aromatic, 8 medicinal, 4 toxic and 9 other uses.ConclusionThis study evidences that there are female naturalists whose work could be an important source for ethnopharmacological studies. Researching about women scientists, talking about them and highlighting the gender bias present in the scientific academy about the way the history of science is told is essential for the construction of a more diverse and richer scientific academy. The traditional use of 7 of 8 medicinal plants and 3 of 4 toxic plants reported was correlated with pharmacological studies, highlighting the importance of this historical record and its potential to direct strategic research in traditional medicine.

LEXICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PLANT AND RELATED NAMES

LEXICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PLANT AND RELATED NAMES

Training processes in the naming of medicinal plants in the Shipibo people

The objective of this research was to describe the names of medicinal plants in the Shipibo-Konibo language to establish the bases for the elaboration of a book that describes the use of plants from the Peruvian Amazon in the traditional medicine of such a tide that it is possible to demonstrate the relationship that exists between those names and the cultural vision of the Shipibo-Konibo people. Twenty-two Shipibo phytonyms were analyzed, and selected by convenience sampling, considering similar morphological structures and mainly medicinal uses. It was concluded that phytonyms could be simple or compound. The simple names originated thanks to borrowings from other languages in contact and the Shipibo worldview. In the case of compound names, the use of ‘rao’ and ‘jihui’ is constant in most of the names analyzed and distinguishes between plants whose use is medicinal (rao) and those that fulfill other purposes (jihui).