Names Of Geographical Objects Research Articles

DERUSSIFICATION AND DECOMMUNISATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES WITHIN THE KHMELNYTSKYI REGION

Statement of the scientific and practical problem. Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has caused significant changes among Ukrainian citizens and raised issues that play an important role in the formation of national identity. Since the 2000s, the Russian criminal authorities and Russian propaganda have been developing the concept of the "Russian world" to keep Ukraine subordinate to the imperial non-state. Therefore, the preservation of the geographical and cultural heritage of the aggressor country is unacceptable in times of war. Relevance and novelty of the study. The processes of decommunisation and derussification in Ukraine today are closely interconnected, as Russians are the bearers of neo-imperialist and colonial tendencies. In the history of our country, resistance to colonialism has had its own peculiarities and stages in each century, so it is quite logical that during the period of full-scale aggression against Ukraine, this process has become nationwide. Ukraine has adopted a number of laws condemning the communist and national socialist regimes and prohibiting the propaganda of their symbols, which covers a wide range of objects: names of settlements, streets, squares, monuments, taverns, facade boards, etc. Their presence in our country undermines the upbringing of modern Ukrainians, who should be educated on national and European values. The dominance of hostile geographical names and culture in any form is completely unjustified, having been forcibly imposed in the past. Imperial policy has deep roots and permeates Ukrainian education and upbringing. Therefore, today we are witnessing a completely natural reaction of Ukrainian society, which seeks to purge itself of the carriers of Russian and communist influence on a larger scale. Relation of the article’s topic to important scientific and practical tasks. The article deals with issues within the framework of the scientific topic: "Decommunisation and Derussification of Geographical Names in Ukraine" of the Department of Geography and Methods of Teaching it at the Ivan Ohienko National University of Kamianets-Podilskyi. For more than 70 years, the Soviet government tried to destroy any historical, cultural, and linguistic diversity in Ukraine. For a long time, the names of geographical objects in Ukraine honored people who had nothing to do with our country. The process of renaming intensified after 2014, when the annexation of Crimea and the occupation of Donetsk and Luhansk regions took place. The war launched by the Russian Federation in February 2022 necessitated the need to renounce any ties with the aggressor. Changes in geographical names have covered the expanse of Ukrainian settlements. Derussification is a fairly new process and does not yet have a clear definition. The draft amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On Geographical Names" stipulate that derussification is intended to prohibit the assignment of names to geographical objects in Ukraine that glorify, perpetuate, propagandize, or symbolize the Russian Federation. It is interesting to note that after Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, several foreign countries, such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia, Sweden, and Canada, renamed streets and squares where the aggressor country’s diplomatic missions are located. These streets are now named "Ukrainian Heroes", "Free Ukraine", or "Heroic Mariupol". This shows that even accidental renaming can have significant symbolism and support for Ukraine. The formation of place names is a complex and ongoing process. It often depends on the socio-political situation and bears the imprints of different historical epochs. Key words: decommunisation, derussification, decolonisation, renaming, geographical name, settlement.

TOPONYMIC LANDMARK IN URBANONYMY OF BELARUS AND FRANCE

The article substantiates the relevance of a comparative study of urbanonyms in Belarus and France, formed from the names of geographical objects. Both general and nationally specific thematic groups of names characteristic of the two systems
 have been established. The field structure of the subsystem of toponymic urbanonyms and the core-peripheral relations inherent in it are described; it has been demonstrated that the systems of urbanonyms of Belarus and France, formed from the names of toponymic landmarks, are characterized as typologically similar (thematic commonality of groups of names; partial coincidence of the field structure of systems and the representation of texts of culture) and nationally specific features (differences in the composition of identified groups and texts of culture realized by names, unequal quantitative ratio of groups as a reflection of differences in national nominative priorities). Extensive illustrative material shows that the system of street names in Belarusian and French cities has individual features and at the same time is an example of the sustainable embodiment of the main historical tendencies of the urbanonym nomination as a whole.

From Name to Myth (Based on Russian Cultural and Literary Tradition)

This paper analyzes the cases wherein a previously unknown and unique mythological character (with his/her specific behavior, “personal” traits, appearance, origin, etc.) is generated by a cultural linguistic sign or a fragment of text. This research is based on the Russian cultural and linguistic tradition, mainly in its dialectal version (the language of Russian peasants). Its sources include data published in the late 19th–early 21st century in dictionaries of Russian dialects and, primarily, the unpublished field materials of the Ural Federal University Toponymic Expedition, covering data from the Russian North, the Urals, and the Volga region. According to their nature or origin, the names of characters studied in this paper derive from two types of linguistic signs: (1) Names based on usual forms of standard vocabulary that can be both proper and common nouns; the former may refer to various categories, such as toponyms (names of geographical objects), chrononyms (names of calendar dates), hagionyms (names of saints), names of icons, etc. (2) Names originating from a text, usually folkloric; these are word combinations or phrases that only act as a single unit within their “parent” text. Sometimes, but less often, these consist of one word that is of key importance in the source text. Such a phrase or word can migrate outside the “parent” text or genre, expanding their lexical combinability and changing their syntactic regime to become a name of a mythological character. It takes two sources of motivation for a new character to emerge—a linguistic (a word that seeks a new context) and a cultural one (a semiotically intense context, such as a situation associated with danger, prohibition, omens, aggression, or magical practices). The combination of these incentives is not uncommon, so the stock of mythology used for names is being constantly renewed.

Lexical-semantic Grouping of Toponymous Names in Chinese and Kazakh Languages

Toponymic names, like other field names, are constantly updated and changed according to the process of social development. They are the internal system in the vocabulary of the national language that describes the territory of a certain country, the names of geographical objects. The local people gave names according to the various characteristics and signs of the places where they settled. Names are also given according to the occupation and economic conditions of that country. That is why many toponymic names have a certain meaning. As personal names, toponyms are not units that represent only geographical names, but also units rich in historical and cultural connotations. The semantics of toponyms, in addition to information about a specific object, also shows the relationship of a person to that object or name.This article analyzes the lexical-semantic features and grouping of Kazakh and Chinese toponymic names. Also, the peculiarities of toponymic names in Kazakh and Chinese languages are considered, and it is shown that lexical-semantic grouping plays an important role in revealing the meaning of toponyms. The purpose of the study is to compare toponymic names in Chinese and Kazakh languages and group them according to their lexical-semantic features. As a result, Chinese toponymic names are figurative and metaphorical, while Kazakh toponyms represent real facts, persons, etc. was found to show.The study of Kazakh and Chinese toponymic names not only enriches the theoretical knowledge in this field, but also contributes to the deepening of knowledge about the cultural exchange and development, national values of the two countries, as well as a comprehensive understanding of toponymy.

Фольклорные персонажи в топонимах Шотландии: лингвокогнитивный аспект

The article is devoted to the study of Scottish toponyms with names of folklore characters. The purpose of the research is to establish what knowledge about folklore characters is reflected in Scottish toponymy, and what nomination mechanisms are involved in their development. The article deals with Scottish toponyms containing the names of geographical objects, and names of folklore characters. The source of empirical material is Scottish toponymic dictionaries, works of foreign researchers and Internet resources. The methods of searching for particular toponymic units, cognitive matrix, lexico-semantic and etymological analysis, as well as cultural analysis are used to accomplish the purpose. in the course of the research we considered toponyms, the internal form of which contains the names of giants Saxa and Herman and the names of mythical creatures – faeries, boggles and brownies. In the cognitive bases of the considered toponyms there is cognitive context folklore characters and characteristics of the concept of place: inhabitant, quality and event. The place-names are formed through metaphorical and metonymic transfers. the cognitive bases of the considered toponyms reflect such knowledge about folklore characters as their habitat, abilities of folklore characters and related actions and events occurring at the place. Metaphorical and metonymic transfers are based on the comparison of knowledge about the external properties of the character and the geographical object and knowledge about feelings caused by what happens at the object, as well as on the correlation of the name of the folklore character, the quality of the object acquired due to the folklore character, and the name of the object.

THE FUNCTIONS OF TOPONYMS IN THE EPIC “YEDIGE” (ON THE MATERIAL OF KAZAKH, KARAKALPAK AND TATAR NATIONAL VERSIONS)

This paper identifies the artistic features and functions of toponyms as a historical fact in the epic “Yedige”. The materials of the study are the Kazakh, Karakalpak, and Tatar national versions of the epic poem “Yedige”, which are the carriers of the historical memory of the Turkic peoples. The purpose of this study is to consider toponyms in the epic “Yedige” not only as witnesses of historical events but also as landmarks in time and space. The main methods of research are descriptive, comparative, and comparative-historical methods. It was revealed that the names of real geographical objects are used in the epic “Yedige”, the description of which still corresponds to reality. This indicates that most of the events that are described in the studied national versions of the epic are to a large extent echoes of actual historical events that took place in the distant past of the Turkic peoples in the era of the Golden Horde. On the other hand, the names of geographical objects in the epic can also have a mythological basis, sometimes the fruit of the imagination of the storytellers themselves. The study of the connection between toponymy and folklore, which contains historical realities, cultural values, and national originality of the Kazakh, Karakalpak, and Tatar ethnic groups, allows us to discover a unique worldview in the folklore and linguistic picture of the Turkic people.

Актуальные проблемы передачи наименований российских топонимов на иностранные языки

After analyzing a number of international and national regulatory documents in the field of names of geographical and other objects, as well as the practice of applying the requirements of these documents, the authors concluded that the main method of geographical objects’ names transmitting, as well as those of streets, squares, stops, road and city signs, and of other inner-city objects in foreign languages (letters of the Latin alphabet) is currently adopted transliteration. On the one hand it can simplify spelling them with Latin letters, but, on the other hand inscriptions unreadable in any language are created, since their pronunciation is unknown. In connection with participation in international economic and other activities, holding mass events with foreign representatives, the problem of writing and adequate reading the names of geographical and other objects in other languages (letters of the Latin alphabet) has aggravated. The authors see the solution of the mentioned task in creating a specialized multilingual database through including transcribed names in it, i. e. converted according to pronunciation into English, then into the official languages of the United Nations and German. This will require enormous work, which should involve translators, philologists, cartographers and local historians; in addition, it will be necessary to revive the work of the department of geographical names in the head scientific organization in the industry of geodesy, cartography and names of geographical objects.

Изучение топонимов в школе

The article is devoted to the issues of learning toponyms at school. The relevance of the topic is determined by the effectiveness of using toponyms to form students' cultural competencies, to achieve their personal, meta-subject and subject results. Practice shows that the names of geographical objects always arouse great interest among students. Methods used in the study: analysis of scientific and methodological literature on this topic; study and generalization of the experience of teachers working on this topic; observation of the educational process. The results of the work are identification of the most effective methods of using toponyms in the lessons of the Chuvash language and literature for the implementation of educational and educational tasks, compilation of a questionnaire for collecting toponyms, development of methodological recommendations for the organization of research activities of students on this topic. The practical value of this work is determined by the possibility of applying its results by teachers in the classroom and outside of school hours. The author comes to the conclusion that studying the names of geographical objects helps to achieve the planned results, develop cultural competence, learn the history and culture of the native land, realize that language is not only a means of cognition and communication, but also a form of expression of national culture.

Региональная ономастическая лексика в лингвокультурологическом освещении

The article considers the possibility of implementing an integrated approach to the representation of a toponym in reference systems and databases, taking its linguistic and cultural specifics into account. It is shown that their informative field contains both linguistic and encyclopedic information, it is revealed that various information is encoded in the basics of toponyms: historical, geographical, social, cultural, ethnographic, linguistic aspects. Based on the material of the toponyms of Smolensk region, which are included in the electronic information system "Toponymy of Russia", created at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the implementation of an integrated approach in the presentation of a meaningful plan of toponyms is demonstrated. Cultural codes, which are contained in toponyms and reflect the national and cultural specifics of geographical names are characterized: anthropomorphic, faunal, spiritual, industrial (landscape), topomorphic (hydromorphic), emotional and characteristic, and cases of combining different codes in one toponym are described. Special attention is paid to cultural codes reflected in toponymic units with the names of geographical objects of the Russian-Belarusian border area. As a result of the conducted research, it is proposed to include information about cultural codes in the description of toponyms and present it as a separate parameter in the information system "Toponymy of Russia", which will allow users to expand their knowledge about the nominated object and its national and cultural specifics.

The research on the toponymy of Urgench district and naming of geographical objects

The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the names of geographical objects” adopted on October 12, 2011 plays an important role in the legal regulation of relations in this area, the restoration of centuries-old traditions of our people. For centuries, it has played an important role in the economic, social and cultural life of the oasis in the Lower Amudarya region. In the second half of the 16th century, after the Amudarya changed its course and began to flow into the Aral Sea, the city of Gurganch (now Old Urgench) was left without water. That is why, the mass media, exhibition and advertising officials, and the general public need to be active in promoting large-scale work on the regulation of place names.

ОНІМІЗАЦІЯ І ТРАНСОНІМІЗАЦІЯ ЯК СЛОВОТВІРНІ АКТИ В НАЗВОТВОРЕННІ М. КРОПИВНИЦЬКОГО

The article considers onomastic word-forming acts in Marko Kropyvnytsky’s drama – onimization, transonymization and onymotransonimization. Onomastic word formation is a specific branch of linguistic cognition, which is still under scientific discussions. The state of study of this question is sharply dissonant with the available and obvious facts of existence of similar word-forming processes, especially in drama. All onyms found in Marko Kropyvnytsky’s works are defined by the term literary onomastic or poetonims. It is necessary to distinguish between poetonims, created by the author himself, and that which is taken to the work of art in, so to speak, the finished form, that is, existed before, but moved to another onomastic class – poetonims. In the second case we are dealing with the phenomena of onimization, transonymization and onymotransonimization. The title name of the luminary of the Ukrainian theater is specific, because the researched propriatives are based not only on individual words and combinations of tokens, but on whole paremic expressions that are onimized by a ready-made phrase set. Transonymization in the work of Marko Kropyvnytsky is presented more often. This process was revealed, first of all, during the transition of anthroponims to the class of poetoanthroponims. Usually the author uses the accepted names, patronims, and comes up with his own surnames, although it is no exception that some surnames also already existed. Therefore, in such cases, transonymization is more about names and patronims. In the context of the studied word-forming processes, the following division of poetonims in M. Kropyvnytsky’s drama is defined: vitopoetonims are the names of living nature objects in artistic contexts, in particular the names of people; topopoetonims – names of geographical objects in artistic contexts; ideopoetonims – ideonims in fiction. In addition to these wordforming acts, there is also a suffixal way of creating names and surnames and phonetic changes in the roots of words are revealed. Although the onomastics of the playwright’s work is not frequent and significant in number, it fully represents not only the known onomastic material, but also purely authorial nomenclature.

Географические ошибки: их виды, причины, пути и способы устранения

This article examines the features of making geographical mistakes in the contexts of school education, preparation and passing the Unified State Exam. The relevance of the research is determined by the necessity to analyze the mistakes made by school graduates at the Unified State Exam (USE) in geography, in order to provide additional educational material for geography school teachers and eliminate gaps in the knowledge, skills and abilities of schoolchildren. Besides analyzing such mistakes the research was aimed at considering the geographical mistakes made by schoolchildren, as well as reasons for them and ways of elimination. The following principal research methods were used to achieve this aim: theoretical analysis of geographical, psychological and pedagogical literature on the problem under study, statistical, and pedagogical analyses. The authors have highlighted common types of geographical mistakes. All the recurrent mistakes made by schoolchildren at the exam can be divided into four groups associated with: work on cartographic material, misunderstanding of cause-and-effect relationships, misformulated conclusion or incorrect analysis, and incorrect spelling or pronunciation of the names of geographical objects. The following conclusions on the reasons of geographical errors were made: low demand for the 6-8 grades educational material in senior grades; lack of knowledge of geographical terms; misunderstanding of the role of geographical location for the development of the territory; the laws of development of nature and social economic processes and phenomena. The results obtained have certain significance for both future graduates planning to take the Unified State Exam and considering field of geography as their future profession, and geography teachers in comprehensive schools.

Onomastic Space of Animated Films about Russian Heroes by the Studio of Animation Cinema “Mill”

The article is devoted to the study of the system of proper names in the texts of animated films with a folklore precedent basis. The relevance of the research is due to the need to study media texts that translate folklore imagery in linguocognitive and linguostylistic aspects. The material for the research is character and voice-over texts of animated films about Russian heroes: “Alyosha Popovich i Tugarin Zmey” (2004), “Dobrynya Nikitich i The Zmey Gorynych” (2006), “Ilya Muromets I Solovey Razboynik” (2007). The complex of names of geographical objects, the naming system of anthropo- and zoomorphic characters is considered, the precedent base for the formation of the onomastic space of animated films is determined, and the ways of introducing new components to the proper names system of this content are characterized. Special attention is paid to the description of intertextual links of the polycode content under study with works of epic genres of Russian folklore and with other sources. The scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the verbal component of the studied animated films is currently insufficiently studied, and their proper names system becomes the subject of linguistic analysis for the first time.

ON THE NEED TO COLLECT, PRESERVE AND STUDY DISAPPEARED NAMES OF SETTLEMENTS

The article deals with the problem of collecting, preserving and researching the disappeared names of localities in the subjects of the Russian Federation, which for centuries have become an integral part of the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of our country. The author believes that only a comprehensive analysis of the past oikonyms in nominational, lexical-semantic, historical-cultural, historical-ethnographic, local history aspects will restore the linguistic and cultural systems of different time periods in different microareals of the Russian Federation. The author comes to the conclusion that in order to preserve the historical memory of the disappeared names of geographical objects, local researchers need the support of regional state authorities and local self-government.

TOPONYMS OF ANTHROPONYMIC ORIGIN ON THE MAP OF WRANGEL ISLAND

The paper considers the names of geographical objects of Wrangel island, motivated by anthroponys. Specialized toponymic reference books, memoir and essay literature, cartographic materials and toponymy provided by the informant were used as the source of the material. The analysis of the selected material allows us to trace the characteristic features of various historical periods of the island's development over a relatively short period of time, reflected in such an important element of culture as toponymy. The considered material indicates that the most important period for the development of the island was the period of the 1920 s - 1950 s. Based on the analysis of the above material, it is concluded that toponymy can serve as both an illustration and a direct source of very specific historical information related to a limited area of territory.

About existence of coniferous belt on the northern slopes of Shipchenska mountain in the past

The names of geographical objects on a particular area are peculiar store for conservation of historical-geographical information. Typical versatility of the toponymic system gives possibility for usage of different approaches for analysis of it, including spatial analysis. Information for state of natural environments and their changes is coded in the toponymic system. Historical localization of landscapes with coniferous vegetation on the northern slopes of Shipchenska Mountain (Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria) on toponymic basis is presented in the article. Some conclusions about probability for existence of coniferous belt in the past are formulated. The study is an initial attempt to build a link between toponymy and onomastics on the one hand and historical geography of landscapes on the other. The used approach has some weaknesses and could be used successfully in combination with the results of other studies such as paleobotanical, paleoecological, etc.

Экстралингвистические условия формирования русского топонимикона Приенисейской Сибири (на материале памятников деловой письменности XVII века)

The article describes a fragment of the toponymic system of the Yenisei Siberia in the period preceding the appearance of Russian first settlers in this territory. The relevance of the work is determined by lack of research of the initial state of the toponymic system of the Yenisei Siberia, the reconstruction of which is possible only with the help of preserved manuscript monuments, as well as by the need to describe the toponymic space of a single region from the first fixation in written sources to the present state. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the reconstruction of the initial stage of the formation of the toponymic system of the Yenisei Siberia is for the first time carried out on the material of unpublished handwritten documents of the 17 th -18 th centuries, which recorded not only the actual Russian place names, but also the names of geographical objects dating back to the languages of the autochthonous population of Siberia. Special attention is paid to the typical features of place names belonging to different linguistic groups of the indigenous population. It is shown that the presence of pre-Russian toponymy is one of the extralinguistic conditions for the formation of the Russian toponymic system. It is proved that the study of toponymy of pre-Russian origin allows to recreate an objective picture of the formation of the toponymic system of the Yenisei Siberia and thereby expand the understanding of the all-Russian and regional system of toponymic signs from the position of naming resources.

Современный медиатекст в аспекте культурологии: образные наименования географических объектов

Современный медиатекст в аспекте культурологии: образные наименования географических объектов

Топонимы в фольклоре тувинцев (на материале героического эпоса и народных песен)

В работе выявляются закономерности функционирования топонимов в текстах тувинских героических эпосов, народных песен и частушек. Источниками для исследования выступили 38 текстов тувинского героического эпоса, в которых было выявлено всего 233 топонима. Из песенного фольклора материалом послужили как опубликованные, так и собранные авторами в экспедициях по Туве, Монголии, Китаю тексты народных песен и частушек на тувинском языке. Из них нами собрано свыше 1000 топонимов. Топонимы в фольклоре в целом условно подразделяются на две группы с соответствующими подгруппами — на вымышленные и реальные топонимические объекты.Выявлено, что в героических сказаниях используются в большинстве названия вымышленных топонимических объектов. Однако в некоторых текстах тувинских героических сказаний встречаются названия реальных топонимических объектов (один из них — гидроним Сүт-Хөл). Установлено, что названия географических объектов, использованные в героическом эпосе, основываются на мифологических воззрениях народа.Названия реальных географических объектов Тувы встречаются в народных песнях и частушках. Топонимы в героическом эпосе являются ориентиром во времени и пространстве, а в частушках и народных песнях помимо пространственной семантики, топонимы выполняют информативную функцию. В песнях-восхвалениях топонимы в функции сказуемых часто оформляются аффиксами принадлежности первого лица, винительного падежа. В своем песенном фольклоре тувинцы, восхваляя свою родину, выражали к ней свое личное отношение, искреннюю любовь посредством использования топонимов в содержании своих песен, таким образом можно считать, что воспет практически каждый уголок Тувы. Таким образом, топонимы в фольклоре не только являются ориентиром во времени и пространстве, но и способом передачи историко-культурных явлений.

CREATION OF A SPECILIZED TOPONYMIC GIS FOR AREAS OF DERUSSIFICATION, DESOVIETIZATION AND DECOMMUNIZATION

The main purpose of any geographical name is the fixation of a particular object or territory with a spatial reference on the earth’s surface. Regional toponymy is a priceless monument of spiritual culture of humanity, preserving the memory of the peoples about his past. Each name reflects the characteristics of the named object, causing the efficiency to attract them to various historical, geographical and linguistic problems. There’s a certain degree of variability – as separate names, and toponymic complex – not only in space but also in time. This is due to features of the historical development of ethnic groups and territories, and ongoing political changes. However, in 1972 the General conference of UNESCO adopted the Convention concerning the protection of world cultural and natural heritage, intended to prevent distortions and renaming of historical names. In this regard, an important and urgent task is preservation of names of geographical objects, widely known in the past, and currently existing as an integral part of the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of different regions of the Earth. In particular toponymy of certain regions of derussification, desovietization and decommunization as an object of multifaceted complex system of study should be dealt with, as well as analysis of toponyms subjected to these processes since their inception to the present time – preserved in historical sources, official documents and live speech, and in retrospective cartographic materials. In accordance with the comprehensive multidisciplinary focus of the study and toponymy in general, solving these tasks, as well as the promotion of scientific knowledge and information on the toponymy in the community, is designed to promote the development and creation of spatial databases for specialized toponymic GIS. Because toponymy as a separate territory is a system, its main structural and functional elements, interconnection and interaction, allow one widely to use the methods of geoinformation modeling and mapping.