Color Naming Research Articles

The SICO Color Naming Project

How can interior design educators develop closer ties to industry? How do we develop mutually beneficial relationships, which respect the integrity of academic intellectual freedom and contribute to the development of disciplinary knowledge while providing useful services to industries competing in a market-driven economy? The SICO Color Naming Project was a successful university-industry collaboration that used design knowledge and methods as the basis for an innovative, result-driven process. It explains how an industry need led to the development of a new way to name colours, and how colour affectivity played a key role in the project, providing a catalyst for the naming process. During this process, a multidisciplinary team worked together to develop a novel framework for designing coherent, structured, and emotionally resonant links between colours and names. This paper describes the phenomenologically grounded strategy used to manage the design process and guide the team through the naming of 2400 colours in two languages.

CONCEPTUAL SEMANTICS OF RED COLOR WORDS

The article provides a conceptual and semantic analysis of the name of the red color. The purpose of the article is to identify the conceptual meaning of red color in Kazakh culture. To achieve this goal, the article was analyzed by lexicographic, conceptual methods. It is established that the red color, in addition to coloring, is the main symbol of the manifestation of metaphysical concepts, historical events, is in poetic, aesthetic cognition an attribute of rejuvenation, difficulty, hot temper, etc. It is proved that words combined with «red» are carefully selected and have a wide range of compatibility. Since red is one of the most saturated colors, it is not characterized by slowness, weakness, calmness, but rather is actively used in depicting the qualities of dexterity, strength, equanimity, irritability, sharpness. Red color is active in the manifestation of the concepts of danger, excitement, passion, strength, aggression, and sometimes luck. This means that it has a wide application in the transmission of not only emotional, but also physiological reactions. Since red is a saturated color, its ability to surprise the environment is reflected in the language in the same way. This was determined as a result of a conceptual analysis of the word «red». The lexical, terminological, poetic, ethno-cultural periphery of the word «red» is defined. Judgments related to the concept of «red» in universal and Kazakh cognition were also compared.

Peach Fuzz: Conceptual Engineering of Color Categories

This article explores the products of conceptual engineering in contemporary media communication and mass culture. The analysis examines the mechanisms and communicative consequences of intentionally creating color categories. The shade known as peach fuzz, selected by the Pantone Institute as the color of the year 2024, is used as a case study. It is shown that in the case of the color of the year, the transmission of the conceptual idea involves two channels simultaneously (visual and verbal), each in two different forms. The author notes that the visual channel is used to ostensively present the shade with specific chromatic characteristics and to develope a complex visual image on this basis. Special attention is paid to the verbal channel, which is utilized in the form of intentionally constructed color designations and supporting stories (conceptual myths). It is concluded that from the perspective of color communication, verbal and visual texts serve fundamentally different functions. The visual representation shows how the viewer should see the color, while the verbal explanation clarifies why this shade is needed. It is demonstrated that the image embedded in the color name sets the desired connotation, which can transform the perception of the shade by adding necessary meanings to it. The verbal story defines a cognitive “point of view” for introducing a new category into an existing color system.

Spontaneous eye movements reflect the representational geometries of conceptual spaces

Functional neuroimaging studies indicate that the human brain can represent concepts and their relational structure in memory using coding schemes typical of spatial navigation. However, whether we can read out the internal representational geometries of conceptual spaces solely from human behavior remains unclear. Here, we report that the relational structure between concepts in memory might be reflected in spontaneous eye movements during verbal fluency tasks: When we asked participants to randomly generate numbers, their eye movements correlated with distances along the left-to-right one-dimensional geometry of the number space (mental number line), while they scaled with distance along the ring-like two-dimensional geometry of the color space (color wheel) when they randomly generated color names. Moreover, when participants randomly produced animal names, eye movements correlated with low-dimensional similarity in word frequencies. These results suggest that the representational geometries used to internally organize conceptual spaces might be read out from gaze behavior.

ALAT PERAGA ELEKTRONIK BERBASIS ARDUINO DENGAN KELUARAN CAHAYA DAN SUARA UNTUK PENGENALAN WARNA BAGI BALITA

Recognizing the color of an object is a basic thing that must be taught to toddlers. This research aims to design and realize a color recognition teaching aids for toddlers, designed using an electronic device based on an Arduino Uno microcontroller with output in the form of audio sound and light. This tool consists of: an object in the form of a colorful plastic ball, an input device in the form of a TCS230 color sensor, a processing and controlling device in the form of an Arduino Uno microcontroller, and output devices in the form of a DC servo motor, RGB LED strip, and loudspeaker. Based on the results of measurements and tests that have been carried out, the Arduino Uno microcontroller can function to control all input and output devices. The TCS230 color sensor successfully detected the color pixel value (RGB) of the object, and issued wavelength information in the form of frequency quantities. The DC servo motor can move to direct the object to the mouth of the slide pipe. The loudspeaker can produce audio sounds according to the name of the object's color. RGB LED strips can emit light according to the color of the object. Overall, the results of the design and realization, measurement and testing of color recognition teaching aids for toddlers are in accordance with what was planned.

The color metaphor of the coronavirus

INTRODUCTION. The perception of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 through a color or coloristic metaphor by representatives of student youth is of particular linguistic interest. The aim of the study is to identify coronavirus color metaphors in student discourse, which are one of the most productive ways of associative transfer, based on deep, archetypal human relations with the world.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The method of associative experiment is used to determine the color metaphors of the coronavirus. The results of the experiment are interpreted on the basis of a phenomenological approach using the method of questioning and quantitative analysis.RESULT AND DISCUSSION. Metaphorical models with the source sphere “color” are revealed; the psychology of color in individual consciousness and its influence on the psychoemotional state of an individual in the post-pandemic period are comprehended; a classification of metaphors is proposed; the causes of the obtained color associations are analyzed.CONCLUSION. It is revealed that spectral colors cause the most associations with coronavirus, the most popular among which are red, green and black. Most color associations are associated with cold colors that evoke, inspire and express sadness, sadness, despondency, and their various variations. The analysis of creative color names is carried out. The data obtained have theoretical and applied value, as they record attitudes and emotions regarding the general disaster after its expiration, thereby creating new meanings in the color designation and in the characterization of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, contributing to the creation of a prosperous educational environment.

Stroop task response times: The bilingual advantage

Bilingual individuals often must focus on one language while suppressing interference of another language and may therefore develop a specialized capacity to selectively attend to the language currently being used, a form of cognitive control. For this investigation, monolingual and bilingual individuals completed a 40-item modified Stroop task. In this task, participants were shown incongruent visual stimuli, with the names of various colors presented in a different ink color. Participants were instructed to respond verbally by naming the ink color instead of reading the written color word. Investigators scored verbal responses for accuracy and measured speed of response. Additionally, investigators measured duration of selected responses. Results demonstrate that monolingual and bilingual individuals were similarly accurate on the task. However, on average, bilingual speakers were faster at responding than monolingual speakers. Further, bilingual speakers were less variable in response time with responses that were shorter in duration than monolingual speakers. These results are discussed with reference to theories of differential brain development and cognitive function in individuals who simultaneously acquire more than one language.

History constrains the evolution of efficient color naming, enabling historical inference

Color naming in natural languages is not arbitrary: It reflects efficient partitions of perceptual color space [T. Regier, P. Kay, N. Khetarpal, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 1436-1441 (2007)] modulated by the relative needs to communicate about different colors [C. Twomey, G. Roberts, D. Brainard, J. Plotkin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 118, e2109237118 (2021)]. These psychophysical and communicative constraints help explain why languages around the world have remarkably similar, but not identical, mappings of colors to color terms. Languages converge on a small set of efficient representations.But languages also evolve, and the number of terms in a color vocabulary may change over time. Here we show that history, i.e. the existence of an antecedent color vocabulary, acts as a nonadaptive constraint that biases the choice of efficient solution as a language transitions from a vocabulary of size [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] terms. Moreover, as efficient vocabularies evolve to include more terms they explore a smaller fraction of all possible efficient vocabularies compared to equally sized vocabularies constructed de novo. This path dependence of the cultural evolution of color naming presents an opportunity. Historical constraints can be used to reconstruct ancestral color vocabularies, allowing us to answer long-standing questions about the evolutionary sequences of color words, and enabling us to draw inferences from phylogenetic patterns of language change.

The influence of happiness and anxiety on emotional Stroop effect

The emotional Stroop effect is defined as a delay in reaction time or an increase in error rate while naming the color of emotional words compared to neutral words. The aim of this study was to examine how happiness and anxiety influence the emotional Stroop effect. According to the principle of emotion congruence, information processing is facilitated when its emotional valence matches the individual's mood. In the context of the emotional Stroop task, this implies that emotionally congruent words should be processed more easily, leading to a reduction or even elimination of the emotional Stroop effect. Conversely, processing incongruent stimuli should be more challenging and the impact of word meaning on color naming should be more pronounced. Based on these considerations, the hypothesis was proposed that emotional Stroop effect would be stronger when using stimuli incongruent with the participant's emotional state. We administered the emotional Stroop task with neutral, happy, and threatening words, music for mood induction, and the EmoS-15 questionnaire to assess mood induction effectiveness. The hypothesis was partially confirmed, as the emotional Stroop effect, assessed by error rates, was greater for stimuli incongruent with the emotional state.

Color constancy in real-world settings.

Color constancy denotes the ability to assign a particular and stable color percept to an object, irrespective of its surroundings and illumination. The light reaching the eye confounds illumination and spectral reflectance of the object, making the recovery of constant object color an ill-posed problem. How good the visual system is at accomplishing this task is still a matter of heated debate, despite more than a 100 years of research. Depending on the laboratory task and the specific cues available to observers, color constancy was found to be at levels ranging between 15% and 80%, which seems incompatible with the relatively stable color appearance of objects around us and the consistent usage of color names in real life. Here, we show close-to-perfect color constancy using real objects in a natural task and natural environmental conditions, chosen to mimic the role of color constancy in everyday life. Participants had to identify the color of a (non-present) item familiar to them in an office room under five different experimental illuminations. They mostly selected the same colored Munsell chip as their match to the absent object, even though the light reaching the eye in each case differed substantially. Our results demonstrate that color constancy under ideal conditions in the real world can indeed be exceptionally good. We found it to be as good as visual memory permits and not generally compromised by sensory uncertainty.

TURKISH COLOR TERMS AS A LINGUISTIC CHOICE OF ALBANIAN SPEAKERS

: It has been ascertained that Turkish loanwords have an important place and status in the Albanian language. Color terms are an interesting part of this category of the Albanian lexicon, which plays an important role as a carrier of cultural and lingual inheritance. This paper studies color names and their meanings as well as their role as a linguistic choice of different varieties of the Albanian language. Lexicalization patterns of color naming in Albanian are examined with special emphasis on Turkish loanwords. The meaning, function, and role of Turkish loanwords are observed based on relevant dictionaries and the Albanian National Corpus. The attitude of Albanian speakers towards Turkish loanwords was investigated based on a survey conducted with students at the University of Prishtina. This study presents valuable data collected from different sources. Their analysis has shown that Turkish loanwords are used to name different categories of the color spectrum; they fit all lexicalization models of Indo-European languages, they can be the only term used to name the focal color category in different dialects, and the change in the meanings of these words has led to the emergence of new focal colors. Therefore, this paper argues that the existence of Turkish color terms in Albanian cannot be explained only with the universalist approach and that the relativist approach should not be ignored, due to the linguistic choice speakers make in different varieties of Albanian language.

Rapid color categorization revealed by frequency-tagging-based EEG

There has been much debate on whether color categories affect how we perceive color. Recent theories have put emphasis on the role of top-down influence on color perception that the original continuous color space in the visual cortex may be transformed into categorical encoding due to top-down modulation. To test the influence of color categories on color perception, we adopted an RSVP paradigm, where color stimuli were presented at a fast speed of 100 ms per stimulus and were forward and backward masked by the preceding and following stimuli. Moreover, no explicit color naming or categorization was required. In theory, backward masking with such a short interval in a passive viewing task should constrain top-down influence from higher-level brain areas. To measure any potentially subtle differences in brain response elicited by different color categories, we embedded a sensitive frequency-tagging-based EEG paradigm within the RSVP stimuli stream where the oddball color stimuli were encoded with a different frequency from the base color stimuli. We showed that EEG responses to cross-category oddball colors at the frequency where the oddball stimuli were presented was significantly larger than the responses to within-category oddball colors. Our study suggested that the visual cortex can automatically and implicitly encode color categories when color stimuli are presented rapidly.

Prodromal Cognitive Changes as a Prognostic Indicator of Forthcoming Huntington's Disease Severity: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study.

Cognitive changes in Huntington's disease (HD) precede motor manifestations. ENROLL-HD platform includes four cognitive measures of information processing speed (IPS). Our group is eager to seek clinical markers in the life stage that is as close as possible to the age of onset (ie, the so called prodromal HD phase) because this is the best time for therapeutic interventions. Our study aimed to test whether cognitive scores in prodromal ENROLL-HD mutation carriers show the potential to predict the severity of motor and behavioral changes once HD became fully manifested. From the global ENROLL-HD cohort of 21,343 participants, we first selected a premanifest Cohort#1 (ie, subjects with Total Motor Score (TMS) <10 and Diagnostic Confidence Level (DCL) <4, N = 1.222). From this cohort, we then focused on a prodromal Cohort#2 of subjects who were ascertained to phenoconvert into manifest HD at follow-up visits (ie, subjects from 6 ≤ TMS≤9 and DCL <4 to TMS≥10 and DCL = 4, n = 206). The main results of our study showed that low IPS before phenoconversion in Cohort#2 predicted the severity of motor and behavioral manifestations. By combining the four IPS cognitive measures (eg, the Categorical Verbal Fluency Test; Stroop Color Naming Test; Stroop Word Reading; Symbol Digit Modalities Test), we generated a Composite Cognition Score (CCS). The lower the CCS score the higher the TMS and the apathy scores in the same longitudinally followed-up patients after phenoconversion. CCS might represent a clinical instrument to predict the prognosis of mutation carriers who are close to manifesting HD.

Empowering Coloring Program at Preschool Pelita, Tumbang Randang Village, Timpah Sub-District

In Desa Tumbang Randang, a significant number of children struggled to distinguish and correctly color pictures or sketches. Recognizing coloring as a crucial skill for kindergarten children, a Community Engagement (PkM) initiative was launched. This program aimed to enhance children's coloring abilities, focusing on image texture sensitivity, finger adaptation, sensory awareness, and vocabulary expansion through the introduction of colors and image types. The research assessed children's development before and after participating in guided coloring activities. Initial observations noted that some children were rarely involved in such activities. The project's dream was to enable children to competently apply color combinations. During the design phase, mentors physically guided the children's hands, teaching them to color within boundaries. The define phase involved observing each child's color combination skills and their ability to express these on paper. This initiative, running from August 7 to 11, 2023, also aimed to benefit parents, locals, and village officials. It was conducted by IAKN Palangka Raya students through a cross-program educational approach. The results indicated improvements in the children's abilities to color pictures, compare and combine colors, and articulate color names using colored pencils. Additionally, the children exhibited increased independence and self-confidence, as evidenced by their artwork displayed on walls, celebrating their creative achievements.

Колороніми як репрезентанти буття українців у романі «Чотири броди» Михайла Стельмаха

This article delves into the idiostyle of Mykhailo Stelmakh's novel "Four Fords". In recent times, Stelmakh's work has been largely overlooked, often dismissed as belonging to the realm of Soviet literature. However, this overlooks the rich inner content and nation-building character of his literary heritage. Stelmakh's prose embodies the cultural values of the Ukrainian people, which are revealed in the work through the use of specific vocabulary. To this end, the semantic load of color names in the novel is examined as a representation of Ukrainian existence, comparing their interpretation in Ukrainian and Spanish languages. The study notes that in fiction, neutral vocabulary acquires semantic weight through the use of colors that evoke certain associations in the reader. Traditionally, in the works of Ukrainian writers, white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, and brown colors prevail, which were chosen for this research. The associative palette of black color names in Stelmakh's novel "Four Fords" has many variations, among which black color prevails as a marker of tragedy, loss, sorrow, and evil. There are also options for using black as part of the Universe, which exists in harmony with white according to the pagan beliefs of the Ukrainians. White color has a traditional semantic load: it personifies purity, peace, and wisdom. Red, yellow, blue, and green colors have a congratulatory semantic meaning in most episodes of the work. The occasional image of red wheat personifies the continuation of life, victory over death. It is emphasized that Stelmakh's novel "Four Fords" presents a model of Ukrainian society based on the principles of mythological perception of the world. The philosophy of the Ukrainians is represented by color names, which can be conditionally divided into two groups that personify life and death. Depending on the context, ambivalent coloristic images acquire expressive metaphorical meanings, which is a characteristic feature of the author's idiostyle.

Developmental Changes in Stroop Task Performance among Individuals with High-Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders.

This study aimed to assess age-related changes in Stroop Color and Word test indices in individuals with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (HF-PDD) and compare their performance with typically developing (TD) individuals. There were a total of 125 participants (57 TD, 68 HF-PDD), aged 6-24. Stimuli were displayed on computer screens, and participants verbally responded with response times recorded via voice key function. Single regression analysis revealed age-associated trends in Stroop test indices for both groups, indicating shorter response times and reduced Stroop interference with age. The age at which the best Stroop test results were obtained ranged from 220 to 260 months for TD and from 195 to 201 months for HF-PDD. While color naming and word reading tasks showed no significant group differences, color word naming task response times were significantly longer for the HF-PDD group. Around 30% of HF-PDD participants scored over two standard deviations above the TD mean. Both TD and HF-PDD groups exhibited age-related changes in Stroop task performance, which were fitted by a quadratic regression curve. Prolongation of the color word naming task in the HF-PDD group suggests that approximately 30% of individuals with HF-PDD have difficulty with stereotype suppression. J. Med. Invest. 71 : 254-259, August, 2024.

The Influence of Manipulating and Accentuating Task-Irrelevant Information on Learning Efficiency: Insights for Cognitive Load Theory.

The paper endorses Cognitive Load Theory and offers insights into the characterization of the mechanisms underlying extraneous cognitive load and their impact on basic learning. Students were asked to learn associations between eight base-code words and eight digits, based on an example, and to rapidly apply their new knowledge in a test section. Two groups of 60 university students participated in two experiments. The study was implemented as two distinct experiments, one using color names (e.g., blue, yellow) and the other using color-related word concepts (e.g., sky, banana) for stimulation. Each experiment had two conditions that manipulated the location and salience of task-irrelevant color information (extraneous cognitive load) and its congruity with the digits' corresponding base-code words. Findings indicated extraneous cognitive load has the potential to both sustain and undermine learning processes by varying the overall cognitive load, with gains and costs in learning efficiency resulting from essentially different processing scenarios.

Tomatoes Are Red: The Perception of Achromatic Objects Elicits Retrieval of Associated Color Knowledge.

When preparing to name an object, semantic knowledge about the object and its attributes is activated, including perceptual properties. It is unclear, however, whether semantic attribute activation contributes to lexical access or is a consequence of activating a concept irrespective of whether that concept is to be named or not. In this study, we measured neural responses using fMRI while participants named objects that are typically green or red, presented in black line drawings. Furthermore, participants underwent two other tasks with the same objects, color naming and semantic judgment, to see if the activation pattern we observe during picture naming is (a) similar to that of a task that requires accessing the color attribute and (b) distinct from that of a task that requires accessing the concept but not its name or color. We used representational similarity analysis to detect brain areas that show similar patterns within the same color category, but show different patterns across the two color categories. In all three tasks, activation in the bilateral fusiform gyri ("Human V4") correlated with a representational model encoding the red-green distinction weighted by the importance of color feature for the different objects. This result suggests that when seeing objects whose color attribute is highly diagnostic, color knowledge about the objects is retrieved irrespective of whether the color or the object itself have to be named.

The Classic Stroop Asymmetry Works for Spoken as Well as Written Words

In modern versions of the Stroop task, participants view target words presented on a computer screen with pixels that are either congruent (e.g., “Red” in red pixels) or incongruent (e.g., “Red” in blue pixels) with the meaning of the target word. When participants report the target color, the difference in response time between congruent and incongruent targets (i.e., Stroop effect) is typically larger than when they report the target word (i.e., reverse Stroop effect); this is the classic Stroop asymmetry. For decades following Stroop’s experiments, the prevailing explanation for the asymmetry asserted that, for most people, word reading but not color naming has become automatic, so the target word should always become mentally accessible before the target color. Recent studies have argued instead that the advantage for the target word results not from automaticity but from a strong association between the identification task and verbal processing. To test the strength-of-association account, we developed Qualtrics scripts to deliver visual and auditory target words in Stroop and reverse Stroop tasks. The visually presented targets replicated the classic Stroop asymmetry, p &lt; .001, ηp2 = .27. The auditorily presented targets extended the classic Stroop asymmetry to the auditory domain, p &lt; .001, ηp2 = .18. These results support the argument that, for an identification task, the target’s semantic features enjoy an advantage over the target’s perceptual features regardless of the sensory modality to which the target is presented. In turn, this shows that task demands are more important than automaticity in mental processing.

«Мүнйетүл-гүзат» жазба ескерткішіндегі есім сөздердің лексикалық ерекшеліктері

The traditions of comparative study of Turkic languages, creation of dictionaries, and teaching the Kipchak language to representatives of other nationalities constitute one epoch in the land of the Mamluks. Monuments belonging to this era have different purposes and contents. The article analyzes the lexical specificity of the nominal words on the monument "Munyetul-Gyuzat", belonging to the period of the Mamluk Kipchaks. Somaticisms and names of species and colors in the text are compared with modern Kazakh and Turkic languages. Mamluk Kipchaks make up a significant part of the monuments of Kapshak writing in general. During the period of the Mamluk Kipchaks, dictionaries, works, and grammatical works were written to study the language. This heritage is directly related to the Kipchak language. It is important in studying the history of the formation of the Kazakh language, both the oral speech of the Kipchaks in the Middle Ages and literary variants of the language. "Munyetul-Guzat" is a work dedicated to the art of war. This monument has not yet been fully studied in linguistics. As for the history of the Kazakh language, the study of the vocabulary of this text is important for linguistics.