Name Calling Research Articles

Discursive Strategies for Discourse Representations of ASUU-FGN Impasse in Nigerian Newspapers

This study provided discursive strategies which Nigerian newspapers employed to convey information about ASUU-FGN impasse to the news consumers. The discursive strategies succeeded in allotting discourse representations to ASUU and FGN in both positive and negative representations. The data for the study were collected from five Nigerian newspapers: Leadership, Punch, The Guardian, The Nation and Vanguard. The researcher selected one hundred published articles about ASUU-FGN impasse in the month of June, 2024 when the industrial disharmony between the two parties was hot. The researcher purposively sampled one hundred and thirteen data from ten randomly selected articles out of the one hundred published articles for the analysis. The researcher used Van Dijk's (2006) Socio-Cognitive Model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data. The study revealed that ASUU and FGN were represented with discursive strategies with their percentage: victimisation (23%), abuse (16%), populism (13%), euphemism (12%), counterfeit (10%), consensus (9%), dramatisation (7%), metaphor (6%), disclaimer (3%), and comparison (1%). ASUU was represented as threatener (The Nation, Punch, Vanguard). sufferer (The Nation, Punch) advocate (Leadership, Punch), slammer (Vanguard), troublesome (The Nation), striker (Punch), observer (Leadership, Punch), teacher of unemployable graduates (Punch), greed (The Nation), warner (Leadership), peacemaker (The Guardian), informer (The Guardian), protester (Vanguard), the oppressed (Punch), slacker (Punch), liar (Punch). FGN was represented as renegade (Punch, The Nation), filibuster (The Guardian), oppressor (The Guardian), abandoner (Leadership), breacher (Leadership), proliferator (Vanguard), and dictator (Punch). The study concluded that naming calling arises where conflicts exists. The study therefore recommended that the two parties should imbibe ideas of honouring agreement to allow name calling cease and peace reign.

Gemoy and Samsul: How The Propaganda Won The 2024 Indonesian Election

This study aims to determine the forms of political buzzer propaganda ahead of the 2024 election on Twitter/X. The research method used is a qualitative approach using content analysis and the type of data used is secondary data in the form of tweets or uploads that themed the 2024 presidential election. The data was inputted manually using Microsoft Excel and then analyzed systematically using the SPSS 25 program. The chi square test result is .001, which means that there are significant differences between candidates in the forms of propaganda. Tweets discussing Prabowo-Gibran were the most propaganda-laden which included name calling, transfer, testimonial, card stacking, and bandwagon, with the exception of plain folks, which is propaganda that shows the efforts of the presidential and vice presidential candidates' closeness to the public, in this category, candidate pair number three, namely Ganjar-Mahfud, is significantly higher than other candidate pairs, and gliterring generalities, namely propaganda with positive connotations on the presidential and vice presidential candidate pairs being discussed, in this case candidate pair number one Anies Imin is significantly higher than other pairs. Name-calling was the most significantly utilized in tweets discussing Prabowo-Gibran, compared to other form of propaganda in tweets discussing the other two candidate pairs. This highlighted the importance of spinning the unfavorable attributes to become a favorable one.

Women, Biblical Texts and COVID-19 in Zimbabwe: Navigating the Mental Health Terrain

From its onset in Zimbabwe, COVID-19 disrupted the mental health of many Zimbabweans. Its quick transmission and viciousness caused fear and panic as people tried to ensure their safety from infection. When lockdown was first declared as the death toll slowly climbed up, it became clear that a number of people would suffer from mental health problems mainly because of isolation, failure to take care of the sick loved ones as well as stigmatization of those who got infected and recovered. In most cases, name calling resulted from ignorance of how to treat those who had recovered from the disease. While recovery was celebrated, the recovered patients were labelled as ‘vaya vakamborwara neCOVID’ (those ones who once suffered from COVID) or ‘pamba peveCOVID-19’ (the home of the COVID-19 sufferers, sic). As infection cases soared and hope seemed to be lost, many people turned to religion. The genderedness of the pandemic became clear as women suffered the most, both as carergivers for the sick as well as from Gender-based Violence (GBV). In such cases, the deployment of biblical texts took centre-stage in most Zimbabwean societies and beyond as women tried to make meaning of their situation. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to investigate how biblical texts were deployed by women for the sake of taking care of their mental health in a threatening environment. The intention is to establish the many ways that religion becomes a useful resource in pandemic contexts particularly for the mental wellbeing of women in Zimbabwe. This is largely a qualitative paper which utilizes in-depth interviews of women in Harare’s Central Business District (CBD). The African Womanist Approach informs the study.

Automated Facial Authentication Attendance System

Abstract: This research paper introduces a novel approach to automate attendance tracking in educational institutions through the implementation of a Face Recognition-based attendance system using Python. Traditionally, attendance management has relied on manual processes, prone to errors and time-consuming activities such as roll-call or name calling. The primary objective of this project is to revolutionize attendance management by developing an automated system that utilizes facial recognition technology. By leveraging modern advancements in computer vision, this system aims to streamline the attendancetaking process, enhancing efficiency and accuracy while reducing administrative burdens.Implemented within the classroom environment, the system captures student information including name, roll number,admission number, class, department, and photographs for training purposes. Utilizing OpenCV for image extraction and processing.The workflow involves initial face detection using a Haarcascade classifier, followed by facial recognition utilizing the LBPH (Local Binary Pattern Histogram) Algorithm. Upon recognition, the system cross-references the captured data with an established dataset to automatically mark attendance. Furthermore, to facilitate easy record-keeping, an Excel sheet is dynamically generated and updated at regular intervals with attendance information, ensuring seamless integration with existing administrative processes. This research provides a practical solution for attendance management and also helps in broader discourse on leveraging emerging technologies for optimizing educational and organizational workflows

The Decaying of International Institutions - Politicised Inaction and Whataboutism

Whataboutism has destroyed the political, economic, media and social spheres of human life. It has made sure that there is no fruitful exchange of ideas or distribution of knowledge but it has converted debates and discussions into futile exercises of shaming, name calling and generating sensationalism. This paper sets a premise based on Public, Nationalist and Neo-liberal events to point out the development of the ideology of Whataboutism. Through an in-depth literary and objective review of political changes in the International institutions the paper works to establish a cause and effect relationship between the internal disintegration of International bodies and Whataboutist narratives in the public forum. The paper focuses on three institutions - United Nations (political disposition), and International Court of Justice (legal disposition), to show the overall collapse of the International world order, leaving the local geographical bodies with power vacuums and broken financial tracks. It attempts to draw a parallel between the League of Nations and United Nations to show the signs and markings of obsoletion and inaction. To present the gravity of the situation, the paper also supplies subject matter from three important geo-political situations - namely Israeli-Palestinian Crisis, Yemen Crisis and the Sudan-Darfur conflict for the United Nations jurisdiction.

How Italians Transgress: A Survey on Rough Sexual Behaviors in a Sample of Italians

Surveys of the Italian population typically assess general sexual behaviors (e.g., oral, vaginal and anal intercourse). However, little is known about other sexual behavior such as rough sexual behaviors, choking and slapping. Thus, an online cross-sectional survey of 4618 Italian participants was conducted. In the past month, the most prevalent sexual behaviors were solo masturbation (93.6%), partner masturbation (80.0%), oral sex (71.4% received, 75.9% performed), penile–vaginal intercourse (75.7%) and anal intercourse (12.5% received, 7.1% performed). Regarding rough sexual behaviors, the most common behaviors performed were spanking (23.3% received, 55.5% performed), choking (13.2% receive, 60.0% performed), slapping (30.1% received, 20.9% performed) and name calling (44.5% received, 37.0% performed). Our results suggest a gender difference where men and transgender/non-binary individuals perform more rough sexual behaviors compared to women. Moreover, regarding the role of consent in behaviors such as choking and slapping, our results highlight the importance of sexual and affective education to implement sexual assertiveness. In conclusion, this study adds knowledge to the limited literature on this topic, especially with respect to the Italian population.

Experiences, Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Bullying Among School-Going Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study from South India

Bullying victimisation affects an estimated 30% of individuals worldwide. While the prevalence and risk factors of bullying have been studied in India, comprehensive research on the phenomenon of bullying itself remains scarce. Our objective was to study the experiences, perceptions, and attitudes towards bullying among seventh to ninth-grade students. The study included all seventh to ninth graders (N = 205) from two schools in the Udupi district of South India. To collect information on bullying, we used the Bully Survey - Student Version with appropriate modifications for our context. The mean age of the participants was 13 (1.05) years, with 58% being females. Our findings showed that almost half of the students had bullying roles. Students attending private schools and residing in urban areas were more likely to be victims, bullies, and bully-victims. Seventh and eighth graders experienced higher rates of bullying, whereas ninth graders were more likely to engage in bully behaviours or be bully-victims. Verbal bullying, including name calling, playing jokes, and making fun of others, was more prevalent. No gender differences were observed in verbal or physical bullying. School teachers, staff, and parents were unaware of bullying incidents almost half of the time. Anti-bullying programs should consider these aspects of bullying to be effective.

Adapting a health facility HIV stigma-reduction participatory training intervention to address drug use stigma in HIV care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

BackgroundHIV prevalence among people who use drugs (PWUD) in Tanzania is 4–7 times higher than in the general population, underscoring an urgent need to increase HIV testing and treatment among PWUD. Drug use stigma within HIV clinics is a barrier to HIV treatment for PWUD, yet few interventions to address HIV-clinic drug use stigma exist. Guided by the ADAPT-ITT model, we adapted the participatory training curriculum of the evidence-based Health Policy Plus Total Facility Approach to HIV stigma reduction, to address drug use stigma in HIV care and treatment clinics (CTCs).MethodsThe first step in the training curriculum adaptation process was formative research. We conducted 32 in-depth interviews in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: 18 (11 men and 7 women) with PWUD living with HIV, and 14 with a mix of clinical [7] and non-clinical [7] CTC staff (5 men and 9 women). Data were analyzed through rapid qualitative analysis to inform initial curriculum adaptation. This initial draft curriculum was then further adapted and refined through multiple iterative steps of review, feedback and revision including a 2-day stakeholder workshop and external expert review.ResultsFour CTC drug use stigma drivers emerged as key to address in the curriculum adaptation: (1) Lack of awareness of the manifestations and consequences of drug use stigma in CTCs (e.g., name calling, ignoring PWUD and denial of care); (2) Negative stereotypes (e.g., all PWUD are thieves, dangerous); (3) Fear of providing services to PWUD, and; (4) Lack of knowledge about drug use as a medical condition and absence of skills to care for PWUD. Five, 2.5-hour participatory training sessions were developed with topics focused on creating awareness of stigma and its consequences, understanding and addressing stereotypes and fears of interacting with PWUD; understanding drug use, addiction, and co-occurring conditions; deepening understanding of drug use stigma and creating empathy, including a panel session with people who had used drugs; and working to create actionable change.ConclusionUnderstanding context specific drivers and manifestations of drug use stigma from the perspective of PWUD and health workers allowed for ready adaptation of an existing evidence-based HIV-stigma reduction intervention to address drug use stigma in HIV care and treatment clinics. Future steps include a pilot test of the adapted intervention.

Facial Recognition System with Attendance Tracking Using Python and Open CV

In educational institutions, businesses, and offices, attendance tracking stands as a crucial daily task. Traditionally performed manually, be it through name calling or roll numbers, there is a need for a more efficient solution. This project aims to revolutionize attendance management by implementing a Face Recognition-based system. Installed in classrooms, the system captures student details like name, roll number, class, section, and photographs, utilizing OpenCV for image extraction. As students approach the device, it takes and compares pictures with a trained dataset. The process involves face identification with a Haar cascade classifier, recognition using LBPH and automatic attendance labeling. An Excel sheet is generated and updated hourly, incorporating information from the class instructor. This approach aligns with the demand for modernization and efficient time management in attendance procedures.

"When Can I Call Home?" Coercive Control, Structural Isolation, and Functional Isolation Among Attendees of Residential Behavioral Modification Programs.

The "Troubled Teen Industry" refers to a network of federally unregulated programs marketed toward the behavior modification of teens through therapeutic intervention and elite education. The true nature and structure of these programs, however, remains relatively unstudied, with the consequences of program attendance largely unknown or based on anecdotal evidence. This study systematically analyzes 77 open-source testimonials of former program attendees for themes of coercive control and isolation. Thematic analyses revealed high rates of coercive control within these narratives. In total, 66 narratives mentioned themes associated with coercive control that were unrelated to isolation. Specifically, respondents experienced frequent psychological abuse, gaslighting, humiliation, and name calling. Additionally, a total of 69 narratives contained themes of coercive control specific to functional or structural isolation. The lack of privacy combined with fear of staff retaliation for disobedience lead to structural and functional isolation among program attendees, preventing program attendees from engaging in help-seeking behaviors. Study results provide critical information as to the functioning of these programs, the experiences of youth involved with these programs, and how youth involved may be affected. Such findings justify the dedication of resources to further research this population and encourages the development of federal policy regarding the functioning of these institutions.

Re-reading John 3:26–27: A comparative analysis of the politics of intolerance in Zimbabwe

The Gospel of John seems to show different thematic emphases that reveal socio-historical cultural tensions and a stressed community. The tensions between Jesus, the Pharisees and Jewish authorities, John and religious authorities, and John’s and Jesus’ disciples stressed the unsettled community. A disagreement existed on the divinity, identity and legitimacy of Jesus. The tensions bore character assassinations, name calling, denigration, crucifixion and tensions among followers. John 3:26–27 is an archetype of the friction. In the same vein, the independent and post-independent Zimbabwe exhibited political tensions, hate speech, denigration and violence since 1980. The tensions eroded confidence, unity and decision-making of the electorate. The violence and human rights abuses left visible trails of suffering and humiliations. The societal and political tension triggered unbecoming behaviours causing economic and ethical meltdown. This research seeks to unravel the mindset that aggravates violence to provide a reprieve theologically. The socio-historical reading juxtaposed with comparative analysis points to averting hate speech and songs that fuelled intolerance. According to this research, parochialism originates from citizens uniting behind promised futures and peace, a product of leaders participating in promoting peace. This unity helps propel tolerance, accountability and responsibility.Contribution: The study observes that citizens rally behind the promised future where leaders and ordinary citizens exhibit tolerance, accountability and responsibility. The leaders and the ordinary citizens can participate in amplifying intolerance, hate speech or character assassination. Vice versa, they can participate in controlling tensions and fights.

Time trends in sexual harassment exposure among adolescents in Norway between 2017 and 2021

Abstract Background Sexual harassment is linked to a range of negative psychosocial factors such as depressive symptoms, anxiety, self-harm, low self-esteem, and substance-use. Preventing and reducing sexual harassment is therefore important in a public health perspective. There is a large variety in the reported prevalence of sexual harassment among adolescents, and knowledge about the development over time is limited. The aim of this study is to study time trends in sexual harassment between 2017 and 2021 among adolescents (aged 16-19) in Norway. Methods This study is based on cross-sectional data from the Ungdata Survey carried out in upper secondary schools in Norway from 2017 to 2021. Adolescents completing the survey these years were respectively; 2017: n = 43 163, 2018: n = 30 400, 2019: n = 54 981, 2020: n = 17 467, 2021: n = 56 544. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square test were used to study changes in sexual harassment exposure across years according to sex, age and sexual experience. Logistic regression was used to study possible changes in the association between sexual harassment and depressive symptoms. Results Preliminary results indicated a stable trend in exposure to all types of sexual harassment (touching, sexual name calling and negative sexual rumours). Approximately 31 % of the adolescents had experienced one or more of the types of sexual harassment (2017 30.7 % - 2021 30.5%). The time trend was stable according to sex, age, and sexual experience. Adolescents exposed to sexual harassment had higher odds for depressive symptoms than adolescents not exposed to sexual harassment (ranging from OR: 1.4, 95% CI:1.2-1.6 to OR:2.3, 95% Cl: 1.8-2.9), and this association was also stable over the years. Conclusions The prevalence of sexual harassment among adolescents is high and surprisingly stable between 2017 and 2021. More knowledge about time trends in sexual harassment is needed, and new public health strategies to prevent sexual harassment should be developed. Key messages • The prevalence of exposure to sexual harassment among adolescents seems to be stable over time. • Being aware the negative public health consequences of sexual harassment more effort needs to be made in developing effective prevention strategies.

Examining approaches to encourage COVID‐19 vaccination on social media

AbstractFollowing the release of the first COVID‐19 vaccinations many people utilized social media to promote vaccination among their social circles. These attempts to persuade others to get vaccinated ranged from positive encouragement (e.g., emphasizing the prosocial benefits and positive outcomes) to shame and threats (e.g., name calling and threating to end friendships over vaccination status). The present study investigated how these different social media messages affected COVID‐19 vaccination intentions. In June 2021, shortly after vaccines had been made freely available to anyone over the age of 16 in the United States, unvaccinated participants read a manipulated Twitter message designed to be either encouraging or shaming. Message‐type did not significantly affect intentions to become vaccinated against COVID‐19; however, participants who saw the encouraging message reported that the post made them feel more likely to get vaccinated. Self‐efficacy was also manipulated but did not reveal any significant effects. Additional analyses suggest that having personal experience with COVID‐19 moderates reactions to these different messages. We discuss limitations and promising avenues for future research on the effects of social media messages on health behaviors.

Eksistensi Baitul Muslimin Indonesia Sebagai Organisasi Sayap Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan dalam Kinerja Persuasi Politik

The problems that adorn the world of politics in Indonesia are manipulative politics which tend to discredit political opponents. This article aims to examine Baitul Muslimin Indonesia as a wing organization of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP). This research was conducted using a qualitative analytical descriptive approach based on literature study. Primary data comes from books, journals and news. The theory used is Dan Nimmo's political persuasion perspective which includes the concepts of propaganda, advertising and political rhetoric. The results of this study prove that the existence of BAMUSI is a preventive measure against the many negative stigmas against PDIP. The propaganda practice carried out against PDIP is propaganda name calling. Even though it has a negative nuance, this propaganda is considered effective as a form of strategy to erode the credibility of political opponents. Nevertheless, the wing organization of this political party continues to strengthen the identity of its parent party. For example by making persuasive non-commercial advertising. And also the rhetoric of the PDIP's character is carried out without being negatively charged such as advisory (exhortive) rhetoric.

Questionnaire to assess the significance of history taking in assessment of otitis media with effusion in children

Background: There is a high prevalence of Otitis media with effusion (OME) with diagnoses of least 50% of children under the age of one, and 60% of children under the age of two. Complications have a significant impact on a child’s quality of life including hearing impairment, language acquisition delay, declining school performance, and behavioral problems. The objective of the study is to develop and test the reliability of a simple questionnaire based on common complaints given by caregivers of children with OME. Methods: 100 patients were included from the ENT Clinic at King Hamad University Hospital and categorized into preschool age (1-4 years) and School age (5-15 years). A bilingual binary questionnaire was developed (Cronbach’s Alpha: 0.89). Results: There were 22 preschool age patients, and 78 school age patients. Six complaints were significant where the child does not respond to name calling (p=0.031), needs to raise the TV volume (p=0.000), occasionally talks loudly (p=0.003), uses verbal communication for their needs (p=0.000), has episodes of clumsiness and dizziness (p=0.000), and doesn’t pronounce words correctly according to their age (p=0.008). Conclusions: Questionnaires based on complaints can aid the diagnosis of OME as caregiver’s assessment is often limited.

Same threats, different platforms? Female journalists’ experiences of online gender-based violence in selected newsrooms in Namibia

Concerns about the disproportionate levels of online gender-based abuse experienced by female journalists when compared to their male counterparts have attracted sizeable scholarly attention in the last few years. Extant studies have highlighted that female journalists experience online forms of harassment such as name calling, body shaming, trolling, verbal abuse, sextortion, non-consensual sharing of intimate images, manipulation of photos, cyberstalking, doxing, hacking, receiving unwanted, offensive sexually explicit emails or messages, and inappropriate advances on social media platforms, in the line of duty. Although these findings are true in some of the newsrooms in the global North, there is a disconcerting absence of systematic studies looking at the experiences of female journalists in selected newsrooms in Africa in general and Namibia in particular. This article seeks to fill this lacuna by empirically investigating the extent to which online gender-based violence is deep-seated social problem in selected Namibian newsrooms. It deploys the intersectional approach to analyze the online gender-based violence experienced by female journalists in Namibia. Drawing our data from interviews with female journalists in selected Namibian newsrooms, overall, our findings suggest that cases of online gender-based violence against female journalists are still negligible when compared to other contexts, it is happening, nonetheless. This emerging phenomenon is largely underreported. Furthermore, it is occurring in an environment devoid of legislative, institutional, and newsroom-specific mechanisms aimed at ensuring the safety of female journalists. Namibian female journalists are facing unique online gender-based violence, which contributes immensely towards self-censorship and retreating from the public sphere.

Aicardi-Goutières syndrome type 7 in a Chinese child: A case report

IFIH1 is a protein-coding gene. Disorders associated with IFIH1 include Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) type 7 and Singleton-Merten syndrome type 1. Related pathways include RIG-I/MDA5-mediated induction of the interferon (IFN)-α/β pathway and the innate immune system. AGS type 7 is an autosomal dominant inflammatory disorder characterized by severe neurological impairment. In infancy, most patients present with psychomotor retardation, axial hypotonia, spasticity, and brain imaging changes Laboratory assessments showed increased IFN-α activity with upregulation of IFN signaling and IFN-stimulated gene expression. Some patients develop normally in the early stage, and then have episodic neurological deficits. The 5-year-old girl presented with postpartum height and weight growth retardation, language retardation, brain atrophy, convulsions, and growth hormone deficiency. DNA samples were obtained from peripheral blood from the child and her parents for whole-exome sequencing and test of genome-wide copy number variation. Heterozygous mutations in the IFIH1 gene were found. Physical examination at admission found that language development was delayed, the reaction to name calling was average, there was no communication with people, but there was eye contact, no social smile, and no autonomous language. However, the child had rich gesture language and body language, could understand instructions, had bad temper. When she wants to achieve something, she starts crying or shouting. Cardiopulmonary examination showed no obvious abnormality, and abdominal examination was normal. Bilateral muscle strength and muscle tone were symmetrical and slightly decreased. Physiological reflexes exist, but pathological reflexes were not elicited. We reported the clinical characteristics of a Chinese child with a clinical diagnosis of AGS type 7, which expanded the mutational spectrum of the IFIH1 gene.

From MPOX to the next epidemic: Words matter when talking about equity-deserving groups.

From MPOX to the next epidemic: Words matter when talking about equity-deserving groups.

“It Snows Year-Round Here”: A Counterstory about Mexican/Mexican American/Xicanx Students’ Experiences with Racism at a Predominantly White University in the Northeast

ABSTRACT Using critical race theory counterstorytelling, I tell a story about the experiences of Mexican/Mexican American/Xicanx (MMAX) undergraduate students at a private, predominantly white university in the Northeast. Drawing on in-depth interviews, participant observations, pláticas, and document analyses, I highlight the various ways MMAX students experience discrimination on campus. More specifically, discrimination and unsettledness are experienced by MMAX students through the following ways: 1) Racist Name Calling and Racial Slurs; 2) Discrimination by Professors; and 3) Class Discussions as Microaggressions. Through counterstories like this one, I argue that we can shed light on injustices while staying true to our ancestral ways of knowing and make our research accessible to communities historically excluded from academia.

Childhood, Youth and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe ed. by Tali Berner and Lucy Underwood

Reviewed by: Childhood, Youth and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe ed. by Tali Berner and Lucy Underwood Loretta Dolan Childhood, Youth and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe. Edited by Tali Berner and Lucy Underwood. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. xiii + 362 pp. Cloth $149.99, paper $149.99, e-book $109.00. This volume assembles eleven chapters that examine religious division and conflict as experienced by children and young people in early modern Europe. The extensive chronological coverage of the book starts in the 1420s and continues to 1800. This length of time is deemed necessary by the editors, who suggest that such an expanse is useful for highlighting continuity and change across the centuries. The eleven chapters are divided into three sections, although recurring themes of religious conflict are evident throughout the book. The first section focuses on how beliefs about childhood affected the religious ceremonies and rights of children as well as the lived religious experiences of children within minority communities. Tali Berner identifies the roles of children in important Jewish religious rituals, such as Passover preparations. Tali argues that these rituals were reserved specifically for children and highlight the place of religious education in the home. Anna French considers baptism in post-Reformation England. Key to French's discussion is the intersection of Protestant and Puritan beliefs on babies, childhood, and women regarding the act of baptism. A particular concern of the "Godly" puritans was the practice of emergency baptism by women, usually midwives. "Morally slippery" women were permitted by the Church of England to "deliver salvation to dying infants" (95). Children's agency can also be seen in this section, particularly in Naomi Pullin's discussion of the early Quaker household. Despite physical and mental persecution, children continued with meetings during their parents' imprisonment. Agency can also be seen to a lesser degree in Mary Clare Martin's chapter on children's denominational identity in the long eighteenth century. [End Page 162] Religious plurality is key here, with many children exposed to a number of religions throughout their childhood. The plight of persecuted families and their reaction to such persecution is discussed in the second section. As Lucy Underwood argues in her chapter, persecution shapes religious identity. In addition, the persecution can be observed in families through the recollections of earlier generations, as well as "unofficial persecution" by name calling (239). Both Susan Broomhall and Fiona McCall examine family separation, Broomhall through religious affinity and McCall through political loyalty in clerical families. Both authors emphasize the fragmentation of nuclear families and the challenge to paternal authority that occurred through children living without parents or in households other than their own. The final section considers how religious conflict and conversion directly impacted children's upbringing. Joel Harrington points out that in interfaith marriages, it was not uncommon for the boys to be baptized in the religion of their father and girls in the religion of their mother. Baptisms could be "amicable ecumenical moments" with godparents from different faiths (265). Conflict arose when children were placed with family or friends due to the death of parents and brought up in the religion of that household. This is a phenomenon discussed by Jesse Sadler, although her subjects appear to willingly adopt their new religion, unlike Harrington's, who were forced to accept religious conversion. Ahuva Liberles notes that forced conversion had grave consequences for inheritance rights. Converted Jewish children denied their inheritance would never return to the Jewish faith. Not all conversions were forced, as highlighted by Bernard Capp, but adolescents moving away from their childhood religion did lead to a challenge of parental authority. One of the strengths of this book is the variety of the sources used, which allows for a greater insight into how the religious upheaval of early modern Europe affected children across different religions. Berner, for example, examines a series of images intended for Yiddish books of customs known as Minhagim, which clearly demonstrate the importance of children in religious ceremonies. Additionally, letters such as those used by Broomhall convey not only the emotional cost of forced separation for religious minorities, but also the practical considerations of child-rearing. What could be more...