Naked Oat Research Articles

Vitexin and isovitexin levels in sprouts of selected plants

Vitexin and isovitexin have many biological activities and they are important nutraceuticals. The aim of this study was to compare different species of sprouts used in human nutrition as to their suitability as sources of vitexin and isovitexin, and the influence of light on their content of them. Seeds of industrial hemp, proso millet, naked oat, hulled oat, fenugreek, linseed, common buckwheat, and flax were used for production of sprouts. The contents of vitexin and isovitexin were determined by HPLC. Buckwheat contained the highest, and statistically significant, amounts of both vitexin (3548 mg/kg) and isovitexin (5579 mg/kg); and thus is one of the important sources of these compounds. Daylight is crucial for the formation of both of these C-glycosylflavones.

The Agricultural Planting Structure Adjustment based on Water Footprint and Multi-objective optimisation models in China

Aimed at solving the practical problems of the water resource shortage and the unreasonable agricultural planting structure in north China, this research looked at adjusting agricultural planting structure to save water. The agricultural structure of Zhangjiakou was optimised in terms of saving agricultural water, reducing pollution and increasing economic output. Taking “reduction of irrigated land + effective utilisation coefficient of irrigation water + planting structure adjustment” as the optimal path, the optimal agricultural planting structures were determined for water-saving scenarios of 15%, 20% and 30%. (1) Vegetables have the largest economic contribution, reaching 58.94%. Potato has the second-highest economic contribution and the largest water footprint, reaching 2461.41 × 106 m3. (2) Potato, vegetables and corn, with the larger TN pollutant accounting for 36.44%, 18.20% and 17.18%, were the main crops whose planting scales that needed to be reduced, while oil plant, fruit, naked oat and bean were the main crops whose planting scale could be increased. (3) From a comprehensive comparison of the amount of water saved and the benefits to the environment, the 15% water-saving plan was the best, and the cumulative reduction of pollution was 766.40 t. It is essential to adopt a combined approach of reducing irrigated land reduction, controlling crop scale and using water-saving irrigation methods to develop green and efficient water-saving practices and along with the implementation of precision agriculture techniques.

English

The leaf hydraulic behavior has a significant role on species survival because plants often encounter drought. The effect of age and drought on the leaf water potential (ѰL), leaf hydraulic conductance (KL), stomatal density (SD) and size (SS), evapotranspiration (E), net photosynthetic rate (Pn) stomatal conductance (gs) and their post drought recovery in naked oat is not understood. This study investigated these facts in two naked oat cultivars, Yanmai (Ym) and Dingyou7 (Dy7). The plants were grown in pots and kept well-watered (WW) for the first ~30 days after sowing (DAS) after that for Experiment 1) the plants were kept in a rainout shelter; in a growth room and kept WW throughout. Experiment 2) the plants were grown at 40% drought to determine the effect of drought on the SD and SS. Experiment 3) the plants were grown in 40% field water capacity (FC) for ~25 days then, they were recovered from drought stress and ѰL, KL, SS, SD, E, Pn, and gs were determined. Under the drought, Ym lost KL whereas; Dy7 could maintain KL and higher midday ѰL and lower SD than Ym. The cultivar Dy7 showed maximum recovery of KL, ѰL, Pn, gs and E than Ym upon re-watering. The loss and recovery of KL, ѰL, Pn, E, gs and SD is controlled genetically in naked oat cultivars in combination with the environmental factors and the cultivar Dy7 has potential to enhance drought resistance in crops plants by genetic crop breeding. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Fatty acid profile of new oat cultivars grown via organic and conventional farming

The fat content, fatty acid composition, and atherogenic and thrombogenic indices were determined in five new oat cultivars grown under organic and conventional cropping systems at two experimental localities. The total fat content in the dehulled grain samples ranged from 4.8 to 6.0%. Naked oat Patrik had a significantly higher fat content than the hulled oat cultivars. Linoleic acid (37.8–40.0%), oleic acid (34.8–38.5%), and palmitic acid (17.1–19.8%) were the most abundant fatty acids in the evaluated oat cultivars. The sum of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids ranged from 36.1 to 39.7%, 40.17–42.7%, and 19.4–22.4% of the total fatty acids, respectively. The content of fat, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids, similar to that of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, was significantly affected by the environmental conditions (locality), whereas that of palmitic acid and saturated fatty acids was affected mainly by cultivar. The effect of the cropping system was insignificant. All evaluated oat cultivars had favourable atherogenic (0.23–0.27) and thrombogenic (0.41–0.49) indices. Thus, they could be a good source of nutritionally valuable oil.

Scientific justification for the composition and technology of a phospholipid-plant food complex

One of the promising and effective ways to make food products functional today is to use complex functional food ingredients (FFI), in particular, a phospholipid-plant food complex. Scientifically-based selection of ingredients provides balanced in terms of vitamin and mineral composition, capable of providing a corrective effect on the physiological systems of the body. FFI technology has been developed, consisting of fat-free rapeseed phospholipids, dry extracts of germinated seeds of naked oats and Melissa officinalis, succinic acid. The global trend in the food industry is the conversion of biologically active substances into a nanoform the main advantage of which is an increase in their digestibility. Amphiphilic molecules of long-chain phospholipids in an aqueous medium can spontaneously form liposomes that have prospects for use in food technologies as stabilizers of labile biologically active substances. Naked oats are well balanced in the composition of essential amino acids. The maximum number of free amino acids and short-chain peptides was found with a shorter seed germination time (up to 12 hours). The nutrient content of extracts of germinated seeds of naked oats and Melissa officinalis was determined. A range of concentration of ingredients at which antioxidant and immunomodulating properties of the complex are manifested is proposed. It is recommended to include in the daily food ration 40-60 g of a complex, both independently and as a part of foods. The purpose of the complex is to increase the body’s resistance to stress, primarily for people performing prolonged physical exertion in difficult climatic or environmental situations.

Community structure of fungal pathogens causing spikelet rot disease of naked oat from different ecological regions of China

Spikelet rot disease (SRD) is an emerging disease of the grain surface of naked oat in China that affects both grain yield and quality. The typical symptom is discoloration from the black structures of the causal fungi. Here, we investigated the fungal communities on the grain surfaces of cultivar Bayou 13 grown in ten ecological oat-producing regions of China, to identify the main pathogens of naked oat SRD. Our results showed that the growth of Alternaria spp. and Davidiella spp. exhibited a competitive relationship and was mainly affected by the elevations of all 10 ecological regions. The dominant pathogens were Davidiella spp. in Shannan Prefecture in Tibet and Haidong Prefecture in Qinghai Province and Alternaria spp. in the other eight regions. The ratios of black pathogens of interest to all pathogens in Shannan Prefecture and Haidong Prefecture were significantly lower than those of the other eight regions, thus indicating that SRD mainly occurred in regions below 2000 m (elevation). We isolated black fungal pathogens from grain surfaces and deduced that they were Alternaria spp. by sequence comparison. The blackened appearance of the grain surfaces was more evident under spray inoculation with a spore suspension of Alternaria than under the control in greenhouse experiments. The recovered pathogen was the same as the pathogen used for inoculation. We thus concluded that Alternaria alone causes naked oat SRD and mainly infects naked oat in regions below 2000 m, which provides a basis for the recognition and management of SRD of naked oat.

Calibration and Experimental Validation of Contact Parameters for Oat Seeds for Discrete Element Method Simulations

Highlights The static friction coefficient and rolling friction coefficient of oat seeds were calibrated by the discrete element method. Two representative oat varieties were selected. The hollow cylinder method and sidewall collapse method were used together to reduce the test error. Abstract . Hulless and shelled oat are two types of oat with major differences in physical appearance. To study the contact parameters between the two different oat seed types, these parameters were delineated with the discrete element method and graphic image processing technology. Using plexiglass as the contact material, the experiments used two different angle of repose measurement methods—hollow cylinder and collapse sidewall devices, to perform bench and simulation experiments on the two different oats. Under different measurement methods, bench experiments measured the angles of repose of the two oat seed types at 33.19°, 33.82° and 22.45°, 23.57°; the static friction coefficient and rolling friction coefficient were the experimental factors, and the angle of repose was the experimental indicator in the simulation. The steepest climbing experiment determined the optimal range of the experimental factor, and the regression equation between the static friction coefficient, rolling friction coefficient and angle of repose was established by a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination experiment. Finally, the angles of repose measured by the bench experiment with the two different measurement methods were treated as target values, the coefficient of static friction and the coefficient of rolling friction were solved; the coefficient of static friction between hulless oats was 0.36, and the coefficient of rolling friction between hulless oats was 0.052; the coefficient of static friction between shelled oats was 0.24, and the coefficient of rolling friction between shelled oats was 0.036. The obtained contact parameters between seeds were input into EDEM, the simulation and bench experiment results were verified. The difference between the simulation results and the actual values was within 3%. The angle of repose of oats after calibration was close to the actual situation, and the calibration results had high reliability and provided a referencefor the measurement of contact parameters between other agricultural crop seeds. Keywords: Calibration, Contact parameters, Discrete element method, Oat.

Uporaba DNA markerjev za genetsko identifikacijo navadnega (Avena sativa L.) in golega ovsa (Avena nuda L.) pri preverjanju sortne pristnosti

The usefulness of genetic identification of varieties for seed quality analyses becomes important, when we suspect the presence of another variety, species or even genus, based on morphological seed traits in the purity analysis and germination test, With genetic analyses, the doubt about the authenticity of the naked oats (Avena nuda L.) variety 'Kamil' was successfully solved. There were atypical seeds with chaff among the samples of this variety, so it was not possible to confirm with certainty, whether these were seeds of the same species/variety or impurities of common oats (Avena sativa L.). Based on the seed phenotype of the 'Kamil' variety (two independent samples 284 and 285), four sub-samples were prepared (284AN, 284AS, 285AN, 285AS); AN label was the sub-sample with naked seeds and AS label was the sub-sample with chaffed seeds. In addition, another variety ('Noni') and four accessions of common oats (ACC378, ACC379, ACC380, ACC381) from the Slovene Plant Gene Bank were included as common oat standards. A total of 36 plant samples of Avena sp. were included in the genetic differentiation. Using a set of six highly informative SSR markers and the results of diversity parameters at individual loci and paired genetic comparisons, we were able to confirm that the analysed sub-samples belonged to the same variety, i.e. 'Kamil'. In addition, despite the morphological similarity, the chaffed seeds of naked oats variety ‘Kamil’ were sufficiently (genetically) different from the analysed variety and/or accessions of common oats.

Effect of natural selenium-enriched rice flour addition on product properties of fresh extruded rice-shaped kernels (FER) based on naked oat (<i>Avena nuda</i> L.)

Effect of natural selenium-enriched rice flour addition on product properties of fresh extruded rice-shaped kernels (FER) based on naked oat (<i>Avena nuda</i> L.)

Effect of water feed rate and temperature on physicochemical and viscosity properties of fresh extruded rice-shaped kernels (FER) containing naked oat, rice and defatted flaxseed flour

Effect of water feed rate and temperature on physicochemical and viscosity properties of fresh extruded rice-shaped kernels (FER) containing naked oat, rice and defatted flaxseed flour

Влияние продолжительности экструдирования на показатели качества текстуратов из зерна злаковых культур

The research on the influence of extrusion time in obtaining textured products from extruded wheat, barley and oats was based on the study and determination of optimal extrusion modes that affect the fat content and ash content in extrudates. Texturates obtained from extruded grains of wheat, barley and oats were taken as objects of research. Covariance analysis using time as a quantitative factor and the type of grain raw materials as a qualitative factor confirmed that both the transit time (p<0.001) and the type of raw materials (p<0.001) affect the fat content and ash content. Post-hoc tests (Duncan's test and Fisher's test) showed that all types of raw materials differ statistically significantly (p<0.001) in ash content during extrusion, except for variants of naked forms of barley and oats, statistically significant differences between which were not revealed. With an increase in the extrusion time, there is a decrease in the fat index in the extrudates of the main grain crops. The increase in the time spent by the grain in the extruder does not actually affect the change in the ash content, the ash content in the extrudates of grain crops changes slightly. The conducted studies allowed us to determine the extrusion time for each type of grain crops, at which the quality indicators improve. Thus, the optimal extrusion time for wheat and filmy barley is 9.1 seconds, naked barley 7.6, filmy oats 8.2, naked oats 6.3.

Identification of valuable varieties of oats for food purposes in the conditions of the South of Western Siberia

The article presents the results of a study of samples of glumaceous and hulless oat grown in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia for cereal properties. The features of assessing the quality of grain of various forms of oat are considered. The research was carried out in the grain quality laboratory of the Omsk ARC in 2018-2020. It was found that hulless forms of oat had an advantage in terms of protein content in grain, nature and yield of cereals in comparison with glumaceous varieties. The glumaceous samples formed a yield 29.6% higher than the hulless ones, and were also distinguished by a lower content of fine grain and a higher weight of 1000 grains. High variation coefficients were determined for the protein content in the grain, the nature and weight of 1000 grains. Correlation analysis revealed a close dependence of the yield of cereal on the nature of the grain, its size and the content of glumas for glumeacous forms, and for hulless with the nature of grain. The glumeacous varieties Uran and Mutika 1178 and hulless Tarsky golozerny, Inermis 1194 and 1189 are recommended for the production of high-quality cereals in the conditions of the South of Western Siberia.

The formation of separate physiological and biochemical parameters of naked oats under the action of the microbial preparation Melanoriz and stimulator of plant growth Agrolight

The formation of separate physiological and biochemical parameters of naked oats under the action of the microbial preparation Melanoriz and stimulator of plant growth Agrolight

Crop Diversity at the Landscape Level Affects the Composition and Structure of the Vegetation-Dwelling Arthropod Communities in Naked Oat (Avena Chinensis) Fields.

The expansion of agriculture and intensive mechanized production have resulted in the loss of habitats and biodiversity, which has led to the loss of ecological services such as the biological control of pests and diseases, and insect-borne pollination. Current studies mainly focus on the impact of small-scale crop diversity (such as intercropping) on ecological service but lack research on the effects of crop diversity at the landscape scale. In this study, vegetation-dwelling arthropods in naked oat (Avena chinensis) fields under different planting patterns were collected at different growth stages by standardized sweep netting sampling, and the differences in arthropod communities and temporal dynamics were analyzed. Taking this information as an example, the effects of crop diversity at the landscape scale caused by different planting patterns on arthropod communities were studied. It was found that herbivores were the most abundant functional group in the arthropod community in naked oat fields, accounting for 70.13% of the total abundance, followed by natural enemies, accounting for 23.45%, and, finally, other insects. The abundance and species richness of natural enemies in naked oat fields under diversified planting pattern were significantly higher than those under intensive planting pattern, while the abundance and species richness of herbivorous pests showed no significant difference between the two planting patterns. Planting patterns significantly affected the composition and structure of arthropod communities in naked oat fields. Significantly higher ratio of natural enemy to pest and more diverse natural enemies under the diversified planting pattern have shown better biological control potential and the significance of biodiversity protection.

First Report of Colletotrichum cereale Causing Anthracnose on Avena nuda in China.

Naked oats (Avena nuda L.) is rich in protein, fat, vitamin, mineral elements and so on, and is one of the world's recognized cereal crops with the highest nutritional and healthcare value. In July 2019, leaf spot was detected on A. nuda in Zhangbei experimental station of Hebei Agricultural University. The incidence of disease is 10% to 20%. The symptoms were similar to anthracnose disease, the infected leaves had fusiform or nearly fusiform yellowish-brown spots, yellow halo around the spots. Numerous acervuli with black setae diagnostic of fungi in the genus Colletotrichum were present on necrotic lesions. To identify the pathogen, ten symptomatic leaves were collected, and only one disease spot was isolated from each leaf. Small square leaf pieces (3 to 5 mm) were excised from the junction of diseased and healthy tissues with a sterile scalpel and surface disinfested with 75% alcohol for 30s, 0.1% corrosive sublimate for 1 min, rinsed three times in sterile water. Plant tissues were then transferred on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Two fungal isolates were obtained and purified by single-spore isolation method. All fungi have the same morphology and no other fungi were isolated. The aerial mycelium was gray black. The conidia were colorless and transparent, falcate, slightly curved, tapered toward the tips, and produced in acervuli with brown setae. The length and width of 100 conidia were measured and size ranged from 1.86 to 3.84 × 8.62 to 29.81 μm. These morphological characteristics were consistent with the description of Colletotrichum cereale (Crouch et al. 2006). To further assess the identity of the species, the genomic DNA of two fungal isolates (LYM19-4 and LYM19-10) was extracted by a CTAB protocol. The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as well as, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT), and the beta-tubulin 2 (Tub2) partial genes were amplified and sequenced with primers ITS4/5, GDF/GDR, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, and T1/Bt2b, respectively (Carbone et al. 1999; Templeton et al. 1992; O'Donnell et al. 1997; Glass et al. 1995). The sequences of the ITS-rDNA region (MW040121, MW040122), the GAPDH sequences (MW052554, MW052555), the ACT sequences (MW052556, MW052551) and the Tub2 sequences (MW052552, MW052553) of the two single-spore isolates were more than 99% identical to C. cereale isolate CGMCC3.15110 (JX625159, KC843517, KC843534 and JX625186). Maximum likelihood tree based on concatenated sequences of the four genes were constructed using MEGA7. The results showed the strains isolated from A. nuda were closely related to C. cereale, as supported by high bootstrap values. A pathogenicity test of the C. cereale isolates was performed on first unfolding leaves of A. nuda. Koch's postulates were carried out with isolates by spraying a conidial suspension of 106 conidia/mL on leaves of healthy A. nuda. Four replicated pots were inoculated at a time, 10 leaves each pot, while sterile distilled water was used as the control. All treated plants were placed in a moist chamber (25°C, 16-h light and 8-h dark period). Anthracnose symptoms developed on the inoculated plants 7 days post inoculation while all control plants remained healthy. Microscopic examination showed the surface of infected leaves had the same acervuli, setae, and conidia as the original isolate. The pathogenicity test was repeated three times. C. cereale was previously reported as the causal agent of anthracnose on feather reed grass in US (Crouch et al. 2009). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. cereale as the causal agent of A. nuda anthracnose in China.

Продуктивність сільськогосподарських культур залежно від рівня їх удобрення на дренованих органогенних ґрунтах

Goal. Experimentally determine an efficient set of micro fertilizers and regulators of growth and development of crops, which will increase their yields on drained organogenic soils in the floodplains of the humid zone. Methods. Field, laboratory-analytical, mathematical, and statistical. Results. The introduction of regulators of growth and development of plants and micro fertilizers had little effect on the nutrient regime of organic soil. They had a positive effect on the productivity of perennial grasses, cereals, and vegetables. The introduction of growth regulators on the background of N90P45K120 under perennial grasses provided an increase in yield on average over 5 years from drugs Biolan — 2.7 t/ha of dry weight, Radifarm — 2.4, Radostym — 2.1, Regoplant, Emistym C, Reakom, Humisol , Plantafol — 0.5–2.0 t/ha of dry weight. A high increase in grass yields was also due to the application of micro fertilizers on the background of N90P45K120 — 0.6–1.2 t/ha of dry weight. Application of micro fertilizers for grain crops on unfertilized areas provided an increase in the yield of winter rye on 0.7–0.9 t/ha, winter triticale — 0.8–0.9, spring triticale — 0.6-0.7, oat: filmed — 1,4–1.5, naked 0.6–0.8 t/ha, and with the introduction of P45K120 increase was 0.4, 0.7; 0.8; 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of grain respectively. On average, over the years of research in unfertilized fields, the increase in the yield of carrots and beets from the application of Humisol and Reakom was 13.0-25.3% compared to areas without their addition. The introduction of growth regulators and micro fertilizers helped to improve the quality of the harvest. Conclusions. The application of growth regulators and microelements both on the background of applied macro nutrients and without them on drained organogenic soils provided an increase in the yield of perennial grasses, respectively on 1.1–2.7 and 0.6–1.2 t/ha and 1.3–2, 4 and 0.8–1.4 t/ha of dry mass. The increase in grain yield at the introduction of growth stimulants on the background of PK and without them was, respectively: winter rye — 0.4 and 0.5 t/ha; winter triticale — 0.7 and 0.8; spring triticale — 0.8 and 2.8; grain oats — 0.4 and 2.6 t/ha; naked oats 0.6 and 2.5 t/ha. The introduced growth regulators and microelements helped to improve the feed quality of perennial grasses.

Resistance of samples of naked oats to stem rust

The results of studying the resistance of samples of naked oats from the world collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources and varieties of local breeding work to stem rust lesion are presented. The study was carried out in 20172019 in a field experiment in natural conditions in Kemerovo region. The influence of meteorological factors during the vegetation period of naked oat plants on the degree of disease damage was noted: more intense lesion was observed in years with low air temperatures and excessive moisture supply during the period of seedling-ear formation and a large amount of precipitation during the period of filling and maturation of grain. The results of phytopathological analysis of 50 collection samples of naked oats revealed that mid-late samples are more affected by stem rust (74.9% on average for the group). The study (n = 50) revealed the effect of stem rust lesion on the resistance to lodging of crops (r = –0.5751 at R = 0.273), grain size (r = –0.7737 at R = 0.273), and yield of naked oat samples (r = –0.9387 at R = 0.273). Naked oats are highly susceptible to pathogen lesion, 84% of the samples showed very low resistance with a damage index of more than 65.1%. Samples with a low damage degree were identified, characterized by high yield rates, 1000 grain weight, resistance to lodging and smut fungi, and a low level of segregation of hulled grains: Pennline 9010 (USA), Numbat (Australia), Progress (Omsk region), Gehl (Canada), Piband (Leningrad region), g/o-327-1/16, g/o-441-1/17, g/o-444-7/17 (Kemerovo region).

Differences in Physiological Responses of Two Oat (Avena nuda L.) Lines to Sodic-Alkalinity in the Vegetative Stage

Sodic-alkalinity is a more seriously limiting factor in agricultural productivity than salinity. Oat (Avena nuda) is a salt-tolerant crop species and is therefore useful in studying the physiological responses of cereals to alkalinity. We evaluated the differential effects of sodic-alkalinity on two naked oat lines, Caoyou1 and Yanke1. Seedlings of the two lines were exposed to 50 mM alkaline salt mixture of NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 (18:1 molar ratio; pH 8.5) for 2 weeks in a soil environment. Sodic-alkalinity exposure led the assimilation of abundant Na+ at similar concentrations in the organs of both lines. However, Caoyou1 showed much stronger growth than Yanke1, exhibiting a higher dry weight, total leaf area, and shoot height under sodic-alkalinity. Further analysis showed that Caoyou1 was more sodic-alkalinity tolerance than Yanke1. This was firstly because of differences in the oxidative stress defense mechanisms in leaves of the two lines. Antioxidant enzyme activities were either slightly elevated (catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR)) or unaltered (superoxide dismutase (SOD)) in Caoyou1 leaves, but some enzyme (SOD, GPOX, GR) activities were significantly reduced in Yanke1. AnAPX1 transcript levels significantly increased in Caoyou1 under sodic-alkalinity conditions compared with Yanke1, indicating its better antioxidant capacity. Secondly, the related parameters of Mg2+ concentration, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity, and AnPEPC transcript levels in the leaves showed significantly higher values in Caoyou1 compared with Yanke1. This demonstrated the effective utilization by Caoyou1 of accumulated HCO3− in the irreversible reaction from phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate to produce inorganic phosphorus, which was elevated in Caoyou1 leaves under alkalinity stress. Overall, the results demonstrated that the greater sodic-alkalinity tolerance of Caoyou1 is the result of: (1) maintained antioxidant enzyme activities; and (2) a higher capacity for the phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate reactions, as shown by the higher PEPC activity, Mg2+ concentration, and total phosphorus concentration in its leaves, despite the lower soil pH.

Genetic diversity and genome-wide association analysis in Chinese hulless oat germplasm.

Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)-derived molecular markers reveal the distinct genetic population structure and relatively narrow genetic diversity of Chinese hulless oat landraces. Four markers linked to the naked grain gene (N1) are identified by genome-wide association study (GWAS). Interest in hulless oat (Avena sativa ssp. nuda), a variant of common oat (A. sativa) domesticated in Western Asia, has increased in recent years due to its free-threshing attribute and its domestication history. However, the genetic diversity and population structure of hulless oat, as well as the genetic mechanism of hullessness, are poorly understood. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of a worldwide sample of 805 oat lines including 186 hulless oats were investigated using genotyping-by-sequencing. Population structure analyses showed a strong genetic differentiation between hulless landraces vs other oat lines, including the modern hulless cultivars. The distinct subpopulation stratification of hulless landraces and their low genetic diversity suggests that a domestication bottleneck existed in hulless landraces. Additionally, low genetic diversity within European oats and strong differentiation between the spring oats and southern origin oat lines revealed by previous studies were also observed in this study. Genomic regions contributing to these genetic differentiations suggest that genetic loci related to growth habit and stress resistance may have been under intense selection, rather than the hulless-related genomic regions. Genome-wide association analysis detected four markers that were highly associated with hullessness. Three of these were mapped on linkage group Mrg21 at a genetic position between 195.7 and 212.1cM, providing robust evidence that the dominant N1 locus located on Mrg21 is the single major factor controlling this trait.

Effectiveness of using naked oat in compound feed for quails

The development of industrial poultry farming requires not only the breeding of new highly productive poultry breeds, but also the development of new rearing technologies and the improvement of standardized nutrition. Currently, in the field of feeding farm animals and poultry an important research area is the search for cheaper non-traditional and affordable feed products that can replace part of the grain in the poultry diet. It is very important to use local raw materials. One of these crops is naked oat, which has the highest energy content, the highest concentration of lysine and methionine among all cereals. The purpose of the researches was to determine the eff ectiveness of using naked oat in compound feed for quails. The results of the influence of complete nutrient-balanced compound feeds with naked oat on zootechnical and economic indicators in the rearing of quails have been presented in the article. It has been found that the live weight of quails in the experimental group has been increased by 3,06 %, while the average daily feed consumption has been increased by 1,83 %. Feed expenditures per 1 kg of live weight gain in the experimental group have been lower by 1,31 % due to the absorption of feed nutrients. According to the results of the balance experiment, the digestibility of raw protein has increased by 1,90, fat by 0,41 %, nitrogen-free extractive substances by 2,77 %. When calculating economic indicators, it has been found that the use of naked oat in compound feed for quails allowed to increase the yield of meat and revenue from its sale by 3,75 %. Despite an increase in the total cost of feed consumed by the experimental group by 2,27 %, the profi t has been received by 9,59 % more. The level of profi tability of quail meat production in the experimental group exceeded the indicator of the control group by 3,40 %.