Naked Baby Research Articles

Smells Like Teen Exploitation

The naked baby on the band Nirvana’s popular album, Nevermind, who is now in his thirties, sued Nirvana and other associated individuals in 2022 on the grounds that the cover of the album depicted child pornography. This note examines the validity of the lawsuit, as well as how “going viral” around the world can affect children, even before the Internet and social media. However, this note specifically assesses how social media can be detrimental on children and their development, especially when those children are social media influencers. Additionally, this note will discuss the current online privacy laws and how they can be improved to better protect one of our society’s most vulnerable population demographics.

Spatial variation and determinants of mother and newborn skin-to-skin contact care practices in Ethiopia: A spatial and multilevel mixed-effect analysis.

Skin-to-skin contact care practice is placing a naked baby on the mother's chest with no cloth separating them, in a prone position covered by a cloth or blanket. It improves the survival of newborns by preventing hypothermia, improving breastfeeding, and strengthening mother-to-child bonding. Nevertheless, it remains under-practiced in many resource-constrained settings. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to explore the spatial variation and determinants of mother and newborn skin-to-skin contact care practices in Ethiopia. The study was done using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. A weighted sample of 10417 mothers who gave live birth before the five-year survey was extracted for the analysis. Arc GIS version 10.3 and SaTscan version 10.0.2 were used for the spatial analysis. A multilevel mixed logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with skin-to-skin contact care practices of mothers and newborns. Finally, a statistically significant association was declared at a P-value of < 0.05. In this study, skin-to-skin contact care practice of mothers and newborns was non-random across Ethiopia with Moran's I: 0.48, p < 0.001. The most likely significant primary and secondary clusters were found in Addis Ababa (RR = 2.39, LLR = 116.80, p <0.001) and Dire Dewa and Harari (RR = 2.02, LLR = 110.45, p <0.001), respectively. In this study, place of delivery (AOR = 12.29, 95%CI:10.41, 14.54), rich wealth index (AOR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05,1.59), medium wealth index (AOR = 1.38, 95% CI:1.17, 1.68), having 1-3 antenatal care visits(AOR = 1.86,95% CI: 1.56, 2.29), having ≥4 antenatal care visits (AOR = 1.93,95% CI: 1.56, 2.39), initiating breastfeeding within the first hour (AOR = 1.75,95% CI:1.49,2.05) and media exposure (AOR = 1.20,95%CI 1.02,1.41) were factors associated with skin to skin contact care practice of mothers and newborns. This study concludes that the Skin-to-skin contact care practices of mother and newborn is not random in Ethiopia. Therefore, the implementation of essential newborn care packages should be regularly monitored and evaluated, particularly in the cold spot areas of skin-to-skin contact care practices. Besides, media advertising regarding the importance of Skin-to-skin contact care practices for mothers and newborns should be scaled up to increase the practices.

Maintenance of Breastfeeding during Hospital Stay: A Case Report

Skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding initiation within the first hour following delivery are key recommendations to promote breastfeeding (1). Early skin-to-skin contact begins ideally in the delivery room and involves placing the naked baby on the mother's bare chest. This intimate contact at this sensitive period is believed to evoke certain neurobehaviors for programming future physiology (2). Despite the scientific and technological advances in neonatal care, hospitalization of the following newborn delivery remains as one of leading causes that may interfere with mother-child bonding and maintenance of breastfeeding. The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine recommends that breastfeeding parent and their nursing baby be hospitalized together if either of them requires a hospital stay (3). Unfortunately, this goal cannot be achieved in every setting. Although there is an increased level of awareness and elevated efforts towards the promotion of breastfeeding and skin-to-skin care in nenatal intensive care units (NICU), mothers cannot participate in every single feeding session and baby bottles are generally used for the introduction of expressed milk in hospitalized infants (4). However, bottle feeding is reported to have an association with nipple confusion, and breastfeeding refusal and remains a barrier to maintenance of lactation (5). This paper describes a case study with efforts of a NICU team to maintain breastfeeding and reduce bottle feeding among hospitalized newborns in a tertiary hospital.

P.77 Skin-to-skin care during caesarean section in two obstetric units

Introduction: Skin-to-skin care (SSC) is defined as “contact immediately after birth holding the naked baby against mother’s skin, between the breasts, lasting for as long as the mother wishes.” [1] Mahmood I, Jamal M, Khan, N. Effect of mother-infant early skin- to-skin contact on breastfeeding status: A randomised controlled trial. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2011;21:605–10. Google Scholar NICE and WHO state that SSC should be immediate and without delay unless there is a medically justifiable reason. 2 NICE Caesarean section [CG132]. 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg132/chapter/1-Guidance#care-of- the-baby-born-by-cs Google Scholar , 3 World Health Organization & Unicef. Baby-friendly hospital initiative: Revised, updated and expanded for integrated care. URL: https://www.who.int/activities/promoting-baby-friendly - hospitals/ten-steps-to-successful-breasfeeding Google Scholar Maternal benefits include improved physiology, bonding and confidence handling their infant and less postpartum haemorrhage and depression. 4 Phillips, R. Uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews 2013;13:67–72. Google Scholar , 5 Bigelow A, Power M, MacLellan-Peters J. et al. Effect of mother/infant skin-to-skin contact on postpartum drepressive symptoms and maternal physiological stress. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2012; 41:369-82. Google Scholar Benefits to the infant include improved breast feeding and physiological stability, e.g. improved oxygenation, blood glucose control, thermoregulation and reduced stress hormones and crying. [4] Phillips, R. Uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews 2013;13:67–72. Google Scholar Practice of SSC during caesarean section is variable, especially during emergencies. The project aims were to determine the prevalence of SSC in theatre and to establish barriers.

EFFECT OF EARLY SKIN TO SKIN CONTACT ON STABILIZATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE OF PRETERM BABIES AND PERCEPTION ON SKIN TO SKIN CONTACT AMONG MOTHERS OF BABIES ADMITTED IN A SELECTED HOSPITAL, BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA

Early skin-to-skin contact (SSC) begins at birth and involves placing the naked baby, head covered with a dry cap and a warm towel across the back, prone on the mother’s bare chest to intimate contact inherent and evokes neurobehaviors ensuring fulfilment of basic biological needs. The objectives of the study were, to compare the body temperature of preterm babies in the experimental and control group in relation to early skin to skin contact and to assess the perception of mothers regarding skin to skin contact. Material and methods: The pre-experimental study only post-test control group designs with sixty samples were collected by a convenience sampling technique. Skin to skin contact was given to the experimental group for 20 minutes in an interval of 3 hours and 3times a day for 3 days and Post-test temperature was measured by using valid digital measuring instrument. The perception of mothers in experimental group towards skin to skin contact was assessed on 3 day in a questionnaire by using Likert scale.

The Courage to Dream: A Beginning Psychotherapist Encounters Bion

In this paper, a psychotherapy student is given an assignment to analyse one of her own dreams using Freudian dream theory. She struggles to engage with the task until she discovers the ideas of Wilfred Bion. The notions of alpha function and beta function offer a framework for the student to understand why she has had so much difficulty in staying connected to her dreams or delineating in a culturally appropriate way between what is reality and what is her dreamworld. The student questions whether her early life, taking place within the political and ideological conflict of apartheid‐era South Africa, may have influenced her ability to stay in reality, and wonders about her own ability to contain the affects of her children. She presents a vignette of a dream of her own in which she has to free a naked baby who is stuck in a wall in a bathroom. The writer and her therapist construct the dream as aligning with her own psychoanalytic work to integrate the very young part of herself. In coming to this understanding with the ideas of Bion, the student experiences her own reality in a more vivid and present way.

Harpocrates with a Pot: Egyptian Terracotta Figurines of Graeco-Roman Period from the Collection of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts

The article publishes and analyzes seven Egyptian Greek-Roman terracotta figurines depicting a child with a spherical vessel (pot) in his hands and representing Harpocrates – the child-god, the Greek version of the child-Horus. His figurines were made often in the form of a naked baby with a finger at his mouth and with a characteristic attribute – a “lock of youth” – on the side, often in Egyptian crown. Similar images are just one of the options of the iconography of Harpocrates. In the museum collections around the world there are significant number of terracottas depicting Harpocrates, not only with a pot, but also with cornucopia, and other attributes that demonstrate a wide range of iconographic features inherent in the images of the deities of the Egyptian pantheon of the Greek-Roman Period. All the items mentioned in the article are kept in the storerooms of the Department of Ancient Orient at the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (Moscow). Six objects come from the collection of Vladimir S. Golenishchev and entered the museum in 1911; one figurine was purchased in 1981 from the collector N. G. Ter-Mikaeljan. The majority of the terracotta figurines have not been published earlier. They allow us to address the features of Harpocrates’ iconography as a god-child, the themes of child deities in Ancient Egypt and the problem of coexistence of a popular religion with the official temple cults of Egypt in Ptolemaic and Roman Periods.

Skin-to-skin contact and what women want in the first hours after a caesarean section

ObjectiveTo explore women's experience of skin-to-skin contact and what women want in the first two hours after a caesarean. DesignAudio recorded interviews were conducted with women as a part of a larger video ethnographic research study where video recordings, observations, field notes, focus groups and further in-depth interviews were conducted. SettingA metropolitan hospital in Sydney, Australia. ParticipantsTwenty-one women who had a caesarean section were involved in interviews around six weeks postpartum. AnalysisThe transcribed interviews were thematically analysed. FindingsWomen wanted their baby to stay with them and have skin-to-skin contact, even if they felt apprehensive about providing this care. An overarching theme was, ‘I want our baby’. Several subthemes also emerged: ‘I felt disconnected when I was separated from my baby’, ‘I want to explore my naked baby’, ‘I want my partner involved‘, and ‘It felt right’. Key ConclusionsDespite the challenges of providing skin-to-skin contact in the operating theatre and recovery, health professionals and institutions should recognise the importance of advocating for what women want including keeping women, their partners and babies together and encouraging continuous maternal and infant contact and skin-to-skin contact.

In the Night Kitchen: What Are the Ingredients of Infantile Sexuality?

Building upon Frances Thomson-Salo and Campbell Paul’s own reference to the image from Maurice Sendak’s Caldecott-winning 1970 book In the Night Kitchen, Vaughan argues that the “joyful erotism” of Sendak’s “naked baby tumbling through the night” is central to the main point of the paper, namely, that sexuality is inseparable from other essential elements of vitality such as intensely pleasurable excited gratification, physical embodiment, and embeddedness in the mother–father–child relational matrix. She suggests that attempts at parsing and separating these inseparable ingredients of early eroticism from one another is as futile as trying to decide whether the egg, the flour, or the milk are the most important ingredient in making a cake. Instead, with this aside, Thomson-Salo and Paul demonstrate that vitality in all its forms is created in the joyful eroticism of early life experience in which sexuality, sensuality, emotionality, and connectedness meet. By understanding and celebrating the charged connection between parent and infant, the authors help the parents they work with to enjoy, stretch, and kindle the joyful excitement of early infancy that must always contain sexuality at its core. By creating in their infants the “quality of intensely pleasurable excited gratification,” parents help create new ways of being together and sharing the contours and shapes of an experience that are crucial to early development.

Does the Mother’s Posture Have a Protective Role to Play During Skin-to-Skin Contact? Research Observations and Theories

Skin-to-skin contact during the first hour following birth is the gold standard in breastfeeding. Although consecutive meta-analyses report no adverse effects, a recent review shows an increase in idiopathic sudden unexpected postnatal collapse (SUPC) in healthy term babies identifying three main risk factors: skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding, and baby lying prone. Concurrently, authoritative visual materials tacitly promote maternal supine postures illustrating the breast crawl, a form of birth skin-to-skin contact. The naked baby lies on top of his or her mother’s body, in close ventral contact with torso parallel to the floor—a position strongly associated with sudden infant death. Biological nurturing (BN) research, the first to examine maternal postural effects on breastfeeding success, suggests that a semireclined maternal position is optimal for breastfeeding initiation. The maternal body slope ensures that the baby lies tilted, a position known to promote oxygenation. The angle of maternal recline, a variable central to BN but hitherto ignored in the skin-to-skin and SUPC literature, is unrelated to dress level. This commentary develops a postural argument to increase understanding of the potential role played by the maternal body slope to reduce the risk of idiopathic SUPC.

The Internal Meanings of Dolls and Dolls' Images Expressed in Modern Fashion Show

The purpose of this study is to analyze the internal meanings of dolls and dolls’ images expressed in modern fashion show. Dolls are used as sacred object, decoration object, playing object, personified object or cherished object. The expression types of doll image in modern fashion are as following; substitutes of multi-ego, object of sexual desire, objectified creature, and medium of transcending fantasy. First, dolls image as substitutes of multi-ego had been expressed in magical expression, disgusting mask, transparent mannequin, expressionless, horror, conflict, loss of identity, exaggeration or escapism. Second, as object of sexual desire, dolls image are expressed as naked baby, ambiguous expression, naked body, voluminous body, emphasized specific bodypart, heavy makeup or wax doll of sexy actresses. Third, as objectified creature, dolls are human body in passive form. Human bodies are disassembled and reassembled as dolls. Such dolls reflect serious reality. They wrap up human like product and objectify it. Fourth, dolls image expressed as medium of transcending fantasy recollects youth age or expresses imagination on ambiguous virtual reality. Like this, dolls have value as creatures in various fields of modern fashion. Dolls contribute a lot in creating important inspiration. Dolls also expose internal mentality and represent ego. Externally, dolls express human shape becoming more and more materialized and objectified by advancing scientific technology in digital capitalistic society.

Early Skin‐To‐Skin Contact for Mothers and Their Healthy Newborn Infants

<h2>Newborn Care Paper Presentation</h2><h3>Objective</h3> To assess the effects of early skin‐to‐skin contact (SSC) on breastfeeding, physiological adaptation, and behavior in healthy mother–newborn dyads. <h3>Design</h3> Systematic review and meta‐analysis. <h3>Setting</h3> N/A. <h3>Sample</h3> Thirty‐four randomized controlled trials involving 2,177 participants (mother–infant dyads). The search strategy included the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (September 2011), the Cochrane Neonatal Group's Trials Register (June 2011), and Medline (1976‐2011). Selection criteria included randomized controlled trials comparing early SSC with usual hospital care. <h3>Methods</h3> We independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information. <h3>Results</h3> Data from more than two trials were available for only 10 outcome measures. We found statistically significant and positive effects of early SSC on breastfeeding at 1 to 4 months post birth (13 trials, 702 participants) (risk ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06 to 1.53, and a trend toward significance (<i>p</i> = .06) in breastfeeding duration (seven trials, 324 participants) (mean difference [MD] 42.55 days, 95% CI –1.69 to 86.79). SSC infants were more likely to have a successful first breastfeeding (two trials, 54 participants) (MD in IBFAT scores 1.79, 95% CI 0.24‐3.35). Late preterm infants had better cardio‐respiratory stability with early SSC (one trial, 31 participants) (MD 2.88, 95% CI 0.53‐5.23). SSC infants cried for a shorter length of time (one trial, 44 participants) (MD –8.01, 95% CI –8.98 to –7.04). The overall methodological quality of trials was mixed, and there was high heterogeneity for some outcomes. Limitations included methodological quality, variations in intervention implementation, and outcomes. <h3>Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice</h3> Mother–infant separation post birth is common in Western culture. Early SSC begins ideally at birth and involves placing the naked baby, head covered with a dry cap and a warm blanket across the back, prone on the mother's bare chest. This time may represent a psychophysiologically sensitive period for programing future physiology and behavior. The intervention appears to benefit breastfeeding outcomes, cardio‐respiratory stability, and infant crying, and has no apparent short‐ or long‐term negative effects. Further investigation is recommended. To facilitate meta‐analysis, future research should be done using outcome measures consistent with those in the studies included here. Published reports should clearly indicate if the intervention was SSC with time of initiation and duration and include means, standard deviations, and exact probability values.

Skin-to-Skin Contact After Cesarean Delivery

The effectiveness of skin-to-skin contact (SSC) after vaginal delivery has been shown. After cesarean births, SSC is not done for practical and medical safety reasons because it is believed that infants may suffer mild hypothermia. The aim of this study was to compare mothers' and newborns' temperatures after cesarean delivery when SSC was practiced (naked baby except for a small diaper, covered with a blanket, prone on the mother's chest) with those when routine care was practiced (dressed, in the bassinet or in the mother's bed) in the 2 hours beginning when the mother returned from the operating room. An experimental, noninferiority adaptive trial was designed with four levels of analysis: 34 pairs of mothers and newborns, after elective cesarean delivery, were randomized to SSC (n = 17) or routine care (n = 17). Temporal artery temperature was taken with an infrared ray thermometer at half-hour intervals. Compared with newborns who received routine care, SSC cesarean-delivered newborns were not at risk for hypothermia. The mean temperatures of both groups were almost identical: after 30 min, 36.1 degrees C for both groups (+/-0.4 degrees C for SSCs and +/-0.5 degrees C for the controls), and after 120 min, 36.2 degrees C +/- 0.3 degrees C for SSCs versus 36.4 degrees C +/- 0.7 degrees C for the controls (no significant differences). Time from delivery to the mothers' return to their room was 51 +/- 10 min. The SSC newborns attached to the breast earlier (nine SSC newborns and four controls after 30 min) were breast-fed (exclusively or prevalently) at discharge (13 SSCs and 11 controls) and at 3 months (11 SSCs and 8 controls), and the SSC mothers expressed high levels of satisfaction with the intervention. Cesarean-delivered newborns who experienced SSC within 1 hour of delivery are not at risk for hypothermia.

Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants.

Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Moore E.R., Anderson G.C. & Bergman N. (2007) Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Systematic Review Issue 3, Art. No: CD003519. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003519.pub2. Date of most recent substantive amendment: 03 April 2007. The full review report, including references, can be accessed using the digital object identifier, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003519.pub2. What are the effects of early skin-to-skin contact (SSC) on breastfeeding, behaviour and physiological adaptation in healthy mothers and their newborn infants? Cochrane review containing a meta-analysis of trials. Separation of mothers from their babies at birth has become standard practice, despite mounting evidence that this may have harmful effects. Early skin-to-skin contact begins at birth and is defined as placing the naked baby, covered across the back with a warm blanket, prone on the mother’s bare chest. Thirty randomized or quasi-randomized clinical trials involving 1925 mothers and their infants were included in the review. The methodological quality of the included studies was described by the authors as ‘marginally adequate’. In 22 of the included reports the method of randomization was not adequately described, and in all 30 studies there was potential for provider performance bias. Meta-analysis was performed when possible. Outcomes related to breastfeeding were measured in 16 studies and it was found that early SSC resulted in statistically significant and better overall performance on all measures of breastfeeding status at 1- to 4-months postbirth and in improved breastfeeding duration. In two studies, infants held with SSC were more than twice as likely to breastfeed successfully during their first feeding following birth than those who were held swaddled in blankets. 86% of mothers who held their infants with SSC strongly indicated that they would prefer the same type of postdelivery care in the future. However, only 30% of mothers who held their newborn swaddled in blankets said they felt the same way about their postdelivery care. Six trials showed that early SSC increased maternal attachment behaviour and the results of four trials indicated that there was increased affection from the mother during breastfeeding. In one study, infants who received early SSC cried for a shorter period of time. No adverse effects of early SSC were reported. Early SSC between mothers and their newborn infants improves both maternal and infant outcomes, with no reported short- or long-term adverse effects. The timing of SSC can be important; in the first 2 hours following birth most infants are very alert. If they receive SSC immediately after birth and remain undisturbed and unmedicated, infants will often self-attach to the nipple at approximately 1 hour following birth. To ensure that the infant’s temperature remains within a safe range, SSC should be uninterrupted and the infant should be dried well and covered across the back with a warmed blanket. The baby’s head needs to be covered with a dry cap and this should be replaced if it becomes damp. The report recommends: Further high-quality studies are needed in this area and future researchers should report clearly on all aspects of the trial, including ‘the method and timing of random assignment, allocation concealment scheme, measures used to control for selection bias, context, timing, and modality of outcome measurements, and means and standard deviations for the interval or ratio level outcome variables examined’. In studies investigating the benefits of breastfeeding confounding factors in successful, long-term breastfeeding, such as the mother’s prenatal breastfeeding intention and the assistance of an experienced nurse for the first breastfeeding, should be controlled for. Improvement is also needed in the evaluation of maternal attachment behaviours, as there is inconsistency in the way in which this variable is defined and measured. Keywords: breastfeeding, Cochrane review, newborns CARUANA E. (2008) Review Summaries: Moore E.R., Anderson G.C. & Bergman N. (2007) Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Journal of Advanced Nursing62(4), 439–440.

Aufzucht von Chilemeerespelikane ( Pelecanus occidentalis thagus) im Vogelpark Walsrode mit Vergleichen zu anderen publizierten Erfahrungen mit Pelikanen

The probable world first captive breeding success in Chilean Brown Pelican ( Pelecanus occidentalis thagus) in captivity is reported. Two chicks were hand reared at Walsrode Birdpark, Germany in 2006. Parents were imported in October 2005 and were wild birds that had been injured and subsequently rescued. All 10 adult birds demonstrated detrimental and chronically handicaps. First eggs were laid in January 2006. Eggs were incubated artificially at 37.1 °C and 56% rel. humididty. Two chicks hatched after 33 days of incubation. First feeding was made one day after hatching in the morning. Food was given 5 times a day. Until the 8th day after hatching, exclusively cut naked baby rats were fed. For stimulating the digestion and providing a good intestinal flora Lactobacillus powder was used and food was warmed up before application. After 8 days the diet was changed to fish. For development see figures. Worth to mention is the black-purple colour of the freshly hatched chicks which became successively paler with age. Also the development of the feather areas is characteristic for this (sub)-species. Taxonomy is discussed with some morphological arguments that are typical for subspecies. Nevertheless, some indications of possible breeding barriers between subspecies could support the suggestions for species status. Hatching and rearing data are compared with dates from other zoos and species of pelicans. The good development of the Walsrode birds based on the data and methods described leaves this article useful as a reference guideline for hand rearing pelicans.

Heat and mass transfer from a baby manikin: impact of a chemical warfare protective bag.

A chemical warfare (CW) protective bag for babies, younger than 1 year, has been evaluated in respect of thermal load. Heat and water vapour dissipating from the baby make the climate in the protective bag more demanding than outside. The thermal strain on a baby was estimated from heat and mass transfer data using an electrically heated baby manikin and a water-filled tray. Furthermore, a theoretical baby model was developed based on relations valid for heat and mass transfer rates from a cylinder and flat surface. Convective and radiative (dry) and evaporative heat transfer coefficients calculated from this model agreed well with the measured values. The maximum heat dissipation from a baby was calculated for combinations of air temperatures (22-30 degrees C) and relative humidities (70-90% rh). The results indicate that a naked baby can dissipate about 100% more heat than is produced during basal conditions when the bag is ventilated (70 1 min(-1)) and the ambient climate is 30 degrees C and 90% rh. If the ventilation rate is 40 1 min(-1), the margin is reduced to 50%. Clothing reduces the margin further. Ventilating the bag with 70 1 min(-1), a dressed baby can dissipate only 10-20% more heat than is produced during basal conditions in a climate (27 degrees C and 80% rh) that is obtained in a crowded shelter after about 24 h of occupation.

Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants.

Early skin-to-skin contact involves placing the naked baby prone on the mother's bare chest at birth or soon afterwards (< 24 hour). This could represent a 'sensitive period' for priming mothers and infants to develop a synchronous, reciprocal, interaction pattern, provided they are together and in intimate contact. Routine separation shortly after hospital birth is a uniquely Western cultural phenomenon that may be associated with harmful effects including discouragement of successful breastfeeding. To assess the effects of early skin-to-skin contact on breastfeeding, behavior, and physiology in mothers and their healthy newborn infants. The Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group and Neonatal Group trials registers (December 2002), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2002), MEDLINE (1976 to 2002). Randomized and quasi-randomized clinical trials comparing early skin-to-skin contact with usual hospital care. Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We contacted study authors for additional information. We collected adverse effects information from the trials. Seventeen studies, involving 806 participants, were included. We found statistically significant and positive effects of early skin-to-skin contact on breastfeeding at one to three months postbirth (odds ratio (OR) 2.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10 to 4.22), breastfeeding duration (weighted mean difference (WMD) 41.99, 95% CI 13.97 to 70.00), maintenance of infant temperature in the neutral thermal range (OR 12.18, 95% CI 2.04 to 72.91), infant blood glucose (WMD 11.07, 95% CI 3.97 to 18.17), infant crying (OR 21.89, 95% CI 5.19 to 92.30) and summary scores of maternal affectionate love/touch (SMD 0.73, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.11) during an observed breastfeeding within the first few days postbirth. We found no statistically significant benefit of early skin-to-skin contact for other major clinical variables: breastmilk maturation, maternal chest circumference, infant heart rate. Limitations included the methodological quality of the studies, variations in the implementation of the intervention and outcome variability. Early skin-to-skin contact appears to have some clinical benefit especially regarding breastfeeding outcomes and infant crying and has no apparent short or long-term negative effects. Further investigation is recommended. To facilitate meta-analysis of the data, future research in this area should involve outcome measures consistent with those used in the studies included here. Published reports should also clearly indicate if the intervention was skin-to-skin contact and include means, standard deviations and exact probability values.

The Bourgeois Family, Aboriginal Women, and Colonial Governance in Canada: A Study in Feminist Historical and Cultural Materialism

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Bourgeois Family, Aboriginal Women, and Colonial Governance in Canada: A Study in Feminist Historical and Cultural MaterialismJulia V. EmberleyJulia V. Emberley Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Signs Volume 27, Number 1Autumn, 2001 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/495670 Views: 100Total views on this site Citations: 19Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 2001 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Holly A. McKenzie, Colleen Varcoe, Dory Nason, Betty McKenna, Karen Lawford, Mary-Ellen Kelm, Cassandra Opikokew Wajuntah, Laverne Gervais, Jannica Hoskins, Jaqueline Anaquod, Jasmond Murdock, Rebecca Murdock, Katryna Smith, Jillian Arkles, Sharon Acoose, Kayla Arisman Indigenous Women’s Resistance of Colonial Policies, Practices, and Reproductive Coercion, Qualitative Health Research 32, no.77 (Apr 2022): 1031–1054.https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323221087526Min Hu, Mohammad Hajizadeh Mind the Gap: What Factors Determine the Worse Health Status of Indigenous Women Relative to Men Living Off-Reserve in Canada?, Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 365 (May 2022).https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01301-xPatricia Hania, Sari Graben Stories and the Participation of Indigenous Women in Natural Resource Governance, Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 32, no.22 (Nov 2020): 310–340.https://doi.org/10.3138/cjwl.32.2.03Melanie Samson Whose Frontier is it Anyway? Reclaimer “Integration” and the Battle Over Johannesburg’s Waste-based Commodity Frontier, Capitalism Nature Socialism 31, no.44 (Dec 2019): 60–75.https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2019.1700538Teresa Miranda Maureira, Susanne Stenbacka Indigenous Tourism and Processes of Resilience – About Communicative Strategies among Tourism Workers in Québec, Acta Borealia 32, no.22 (Oct 2015): 148–170.https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2015.1090204Julie Perreault La violence intersectionnelle dans la pensée féministe autochtone contemporaine, Recherches féministes 28, no.22 (Nov 2015): 33–52.https://doi.org/10.7202/1034174arSarah Quick “Frontstage” and “Backstage” in Heritage Performance: What Ethnography Reveals, Canadian Theatre Review 151 (Jul 2012): 24–29.https://doi.org/10.3138/ctr.151.24Kristina Aurylaite Living racial b/order in First Nations Canadian Novels: Richard Wagamese's Keeper'n Me and Lee Maracle's Ravensong, Journal of Borderlands Studies 25, no.11 (Mar 2010): 81–98.https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2010.9695753Sarah Newman Book Review: Macro-Economics: Making Gender Matter Gutierres, Martha (Ed.) (2003) London: Zed Books, Review of Radical Political Economics 41, no.22 (May 2009): 254–257.https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613409331462Darcy Leigh Colonialism, Gender and the Family in North America: For a Gendered Analysis of Indigenous Struggles, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 9, no.11 (Apr 2009): 70–88.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2009.01029.x Introduction, (Jan 2008): 1–28.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391302-001 Casino Roots, (Jan 2008): 29–58.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391302-002 Cultural Currencies, (Jan 2008): 59–94.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391302-003 Fungibility, (Jan 2008): 95–123.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391302-004 Rebuilding Sovereignty, (Jan 2008): 127–160.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391302-005 Sovereign Interdependencies, (Jan 2008): 161–191.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391302-006 Conclusion, (Jan 2008): 193–205.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391302-007 Notes, (Jan 2008): 207–251.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391302-008 References, (Jan 2008): 253–279.https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822391302-009

Jews in the Cathedral

FORUM window of our apartment in Cologne looks out on a chocolate factory on one side and a brewery on the other. Directly in front across the Roncalli Platz loom the filigree spires of the cathedral, thrusting up into the gray mist hanging over the city. When the aromatic waves of chocolate mixed with bratwurst and sauerkraut overcome me, I descend into the streets below and often pass by the cathedral look another set of stained-glass windows or one of the chapels. I am drawn a fifteenth-century painting of the adoration of the Magi by Stephen Lochner, a noted artist of the Cologne School. three Wise Men are offering gifts the Child Jesus, seated on the lap of his young mother, who is dressed in a slate-blue cloak fastened with a pearl-studded brooch. Unlike most medieval depictions, the three Wise Men do not represent the three continents, Europe, Asia, and Africa, but rather the three ages of man. old bald king in a red velvet chasuble genuflects before the plump naked baby on Mary's lap. middle-aged king on the right offers the child an ornate silver vessel. Standing the back in the shadows is the third king, a curlyhaired adolescent with a chalice of carved red jasper in his hand. A brilliant gold church wall, judging from the gilded tracery the top, serves as a backdrop. Floating angels hold a gold curtain embroidered with blue birds behind the mother and child, suggesting a throne. A few prominent city leaders are represented in the painting, which was commissioned by the city council in 1445 for its new chapel, erected on the ruins of a synagogue destroyed in 1424. Jews had been beaten and cruelly driven out of the city in 1423, having been blamed for poisoning the water wells and considered unworthy of living in the holy city of Cologne. destruction of the synagogue was intended prevent their return and herald the triumph of Christianity over Judaism. Pillars in the old synagogue provided a foundation for the gothic entrance the chapel, pointedly named St. Marie in Jerusalem. In light of this, it is odd find, on either side of the Virgin in the rear, four full-bearded figures wearing elegant Judenhute, the pointed hats Jews were required wear in medieval Germany. One of the figures on the left in a peaked hat of red brocade cradles the old king's fur hat, while the figure on the right is holding the wide-brimmed hat of the second king. They appear be nodding one another, not looking the baby. I am struck by the attitude and presence of the Jewish figures. fifteenth century was notorious for its intolerance; in a stained-glass window on the opposite side of the cathedral, an ominous figure with a hooked nose and a peaked Jewish hat is whipping Christ as he drags his cross toward Golgotha. As I learned from an exhibit the Jewish Museum in Frankfurt, this frightening stereotype of the Jew is prevalent in medieval painting. Lochner, however, depicts the Jews in his painting in a neutral, almost flattering manner. first I was studying these figures, I suddenly found myself surrounded by a class of German school children. Their teacher, a smiling woman in her forties wearing jeans and a parka, spoke in a soothing voice and drew the attention of her charges the sumptuously dressed men portrayed the back of the painting. You will notice the figures of Jews in the background, she observed. You may wonder why they are there. Two girls, arm in arm, directly behind me giggled while a slender blonde boy jabbed his taller classmate in the side. The artist wanted stress the fact that the Jewish religion is the basis of Christianity, she continued, gently drawing the blonde troublemaker closer her, to show the power of the Judeo-Christian tradition in the life of Cologne that time. Her emphasis on at that time reminded me that the few children I saw in German churches were usually touring the church rather than participating in services. …

Muscle spindle distribution of masticatory and prevertebral muscles with special reference to histological properties of pouch and biological significance in red kangaroo, Macropus rufus

The masticatory and prevertebral muscles of two embryos and four young including a newborn and the pouch of two mothers of the red kangaroo were examined microscopically. Furthermore, four older young of the red kangaroo were examined macroscopically to define the tooth eruption. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The initial muscle spindles are already observed in the prevertebral muscles of the newborn young of 21 mm in cranio-rump length (CRL), the number of spindles being 223 (right side) -110 (left side) in the longus capitis, 81 (r) -70 (1) in the longus colli, 31 (r) -39 (1) in the rectus capitis lateralis and 5 (r) -9 (1) in the rectus capitis anterioris. 2. The initial muscle spindles are observed in the masticatory muscles of the young of 68 mm in CRL and 28 g in body weight, which is much delayed than in the prevertebral muscles; the number of spindles being 33 (right) - 46 (left) in the masseter and 173 (r) - 187 (1) i n the temporal muscle. 3. The medial and lateral pterygoid muscles are devoid of the muscle spindles. The jaw opening muscles are also devoid of them. 4. In the frontal incisors there is seen the beginning of calcification of the dentine and enamel and in the molars there is seen the beginning of the dentinal calcification at the cuspal pulp in the older young of 125 mm in CRL and 86 g in body weight. 5. In the skin with less hair lining the inner surface of the pouch, abundant large sweat glands are well observed, especially surrounding the basal region of the nipple and in the pleat formation of the skin. 6. The lactiferous mammary gland is enlarged, the lobules being divided by the interlobular muscle fiber tissue and enwrapped by the muscular capsule. The milk is squirted by the glandular muscle contraction from the gland to the nipple, to which the baby attaches itself. 7. The musculature of the pouch wall is developed to form the sphincter muscle of the pouch orifice. The sphincter muscle would play an important role in conditioning the optimum temperature and moisture of the pouch for the naked baby inside the pouch. 8. The apocrine perfume would play an important role in guiding the blind baby on the journey to the pouch after birth and the apocrine product would also take an important part in maintaining the optimum humidity of the pouch to accommodate the baby. 9. During the long period of stay in the pouch, the masticatory and locomotive systems and their neuromuscular mechanism related to the herbivorous mastication become fully established and then the young leaves the pouch to feed on the animal's proper diet. The pouch is like an incubator for the immature baby.