Nail Care Products Research Articles

네일 샵 종사자들의 직무 형태별 취급 유해화학물질

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the task-specific hazards of chemicals used by nail technicians in Daegu Metropolitan City. Materials: A total of 30 nail shops located in Daegu City were surveyed to investigate the major tasks and practices performed by nail technicians and the ingredients listed in nail care products used in shops. We also collected instructions for use and material safety data sheets(MSDSs) of nail care products and compared CAS Nos. of ingredients with the lists of chemicals regulated by the Industrial Safety and Health Act(ISHA) and Chemical Substances Control Act(CSCA). Results: A total of 125 chemical ingredients were found in 468 nail care products used at the 30 nail shops. The most frequently found ingredients were ethyl acetate(72%), followed by n-butyl acetate(71.8%), isopropanol(56%), benzophenone(51.1%), nitrocellulose(46.4%) and ethanol(45.3%). Comparing six tasks, the task of manicuring used the most products at 222 products containing 91 ingredients. Among the 125 ingredients, there are 31 chemicals with occupational exposure limits(OEL) designated by the Ministry of Employment and Labor(MoEL), eight categorized as carcinogens, one mutagen and two reproductive toxic chemicals. In terms of carcinogens, formaldehyde was identified as the only confirmed human carcinogen(1A). We found that there was one chemical with a permissible limit, one special management substance, 18 workplace monitoring substances and ten special health diagnosis substances regulated by ISHA. For CSCA, nine poisonous substances, six substances requiring preparation for accidents and one restricted substance were identified. Conclusions: Based on these findings, formaldehyde was identified as one of the chemicals that should most strictly be controlled for the protection of the health of nail technicians and customers. At the same time, it is necessary to distribute materials with detailed hazardous information of nail care products for nail shop technicians.

Identifying and understanding the role of key stakeholders in promoting worker health and safety in nail salons.

The nail salon sector is booming, predominantly with Vietnamese immigrant workers who regularly handle nail care products containing harmful chemicals. Based on lessons learned from an ongoing randomized controlled trial, occupational interventions need to incorporate inputs from different stakeholders, including salon owners, workers, and customers as well as governmental regulatory agencies.

Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate on pain intensity and quality of life in head and neck cancer patients suffering from cetuximab-induced rhagades during radioimmunotherapy: the support trial.

BackgroundCetuximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Skin reactions are the most common side effects of cetuximab. Rhagades of the tips of the fingers and toes, the heels and especially the interphalangeal joints are one of the most frightening and painful dermatological side effects that may develop from EGFR-inhibitor therapy. Rhagades are characterized by pain, severe tenderness and poor healing response. They are challenging to treat. Thus, rhagades often poses the most significant threat to the quality of life (QoL) for these patients. Ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate (ECA), an ethyl ester of the 2-cyano-2-propenoic acid, is often used as adhesive in a variety of different work settings in industry, i.e. as a component in nail-care products such as nail glue. In addition, ECA is used for various medical indications, such as for liquid bandages and for suture-less surgery. Wound healing can be accelerated with ECA. The purpose of the SUPPORT trial is to investigate the efficacy of ECA for the treatment of cetuximab-induced rhagades and to assess the clinical usefulness of the SUPO score, a new classification system for rhagades induced by EGFR-inhibitor therapy.Methods/DesignThe SUPPORT trial is an open-label, prospective, randomized, national multicenter intervention study to evaluate the effectiveness of ECA versus the standard treatment of each institution on the pain intensity and QoL in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer suffering from painful cetuximab-induced rhagades during radioimmunotherapy. Primary endpoint is the assessment of the pain intensity 24 hours after application of ECA or the standard treatment quantified by the visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary endpoints are the evaluation of QoL assessed by the EORTC-QoL-C30 questionnaire and the Dermatological Life Quality Index (DLQI).DiscussionDuring treatment with EGFR inhibitors it is necessary to recognize and manage side effects promptly to assure better patient QoL. The SUPPORT trial is the first randomized clinical trial evaluating a new treatment option for painful cetuximab-induced rhagades. Furthermore, the new SUPO score will be prospectively assessed in terms of clinical usefulness for classification of EGFR inhibitor-induced rhagades.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials NCT01693159.

Allergy to Cosmetics

The term cosmetic has a broad definition and includes personal care products, hair care products, nail care products, and sunscreens. Modern cosmetics are safe for most users, and adverse reactions are very rare because the manufacturers invest heavily in safety, quality control, and product testing before releasing the product to the market. Despite these efforts, adverse reactions occur. Skin care products are major contributors to cosmetic allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), followed by hair care and nail care products. The most common allergens are fragrances and preservatives. The diagnosis of cosmetic allergy is established by reviewing the patient's clinical history and physical examination findings and confirmed with skin patch testing. Patch testing is the standard method for detecting allergens responsible for eliciting ACD. The purpose of this article was to review the prevalence, legislative laws, and role of patch testing in ACD.

Assessing safety and health knowledge and awareness of young cosmetology students using a Salon Safety Quiz

The New Jersey (NJ) Safe Schools Task Force on Cosmetology 2010–2012 developed a Salon Safety Quiz (SSQ) to assess baseline knowledge and awareness about safety and health (S&H) in salons, particularly concerning chemicals found in hair, nail and skin care products and ergonomics. A 25 question quiz was distributed to cosmetology students in Georgia (GA) and NJ. Most students selected correct answers regarding hygiene, personal protective equipment and S&H risks. Many students were able to identify procedures to prevent chemical exposures but only about 34% and 66% students in GA and in NJ, respectively, were aware that they should not provide pedicure services to customers with broken skin. While students answered some questions about ergonomics correctly, about 32% (GA) and 16% (NJ) of students thought high heels were appropriate occupational footwear. Moreover, 44% of GA students and 58% from NJ incorrectly reported fire extinguishers should be kept in back rooms. Future SSQ use as a learning tool or training pre-/post-test, not as a graded assessment, is recommended.

Policy Recommendations to Reduce Toxic Exposures for Nail Salon Workers

The nail salon sector is growing rapidly. Nail salon workers are predominantly Vietnamese immigrant women who are exposed to numerous harmful chemicals in nail care products. The situation is exacerbated by limited safety information, language barriers to information, and lack of government oversight. This brief discusses the health and safety issues faced by workers at the nexus of environmental and worker justice and the policy recommendations by which to address these issues from a public health and regulatory perspective. Although these policy recommendations pertain to California where the sector is largest, they also have far-reaching implications at the national level.

Policy Recommendations to Reduce Toxic Exposures for Nail Salon Workers

The nail salon sector is growing rapidly. Nail salon workers are predominantly Vietnamese immigrant women who are ex- posed to numerous harmful chemicals in nail care products. The situation is exacerbated by limited safety information, language barriers to information, and lack of government oversight. This brief discusses the health and safety issues faced by workers at the nexus of environmental and worker justice and the policy recommendations by which to address these issues from a public health and regulatory perspective. Although these policy recommendations pertain to California where the sector is largest, they also have far-reaching implications at the national level.

Natural surfactants used in cosmetics: glycolipids

Cosmetic surfactant performs detergency, wetting, emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersing and foaming effects. Adverse reactions of chemical synthesis surfactant have an effect on environment and humans, particularly severe in long term. Biodegradability, low toxicity and ecological acceptability which are the benefits of naturally derived surfactant that promises cosmetic safety are, therefore, highly on demand. Biosurfactant producible from microorganisms exhibiting potential surface properties suitable for cosmetic applications especially incorporate with their biological activities. Sophorolipids, rhamnolipids and mannosylerythritol lipids are the most widely used glycolipids biosurfactant in cosmetics. Literatures and patents relevant to these three glycolipids reviewed were emphasizing on the cosmetic applications including personal care products presenting the cosmetic efficiency, efficacy and economy benefits of glycolipids biosurfactant.

The Beat

The Beat

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Methoxyisopropanol and Methoxyisopropyl Acetate as Used in Cosmetics

Methoxyisopropanol and Methoxyisopropyl Acetate, commonly known as propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), respectively, have fragrance, solvent, and viscosity-decreasing functions in cosmetics, although only Methoxyisopropanol is in current use at concentrations ranging from 4% to 35%. Methoxyisopropanol is easily absorbed into the bloodstream upon inhalation or ingestion. The acetate ester is readily metabolized to Methoxyisopropanol in the body, which is excreted unchanged in the expired breath or in the urine as free or conjugated Methoxyisopropanol, or as the primary metabolite propylene glycol. In acute oral toxicity studies, the LD(50) values of Methoxyisopropanol were 4.6 to 9.2 g/kg in rats, with similar low acute toxicity in other animal species. Inhalation exposures of rats, mice, and rabbits to 3000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol for 6 h per day for 9 days to 13 weeks produced increased relative liver weights, signs of central nervous system (CNS) depression, and in some cases, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, or hepatocellular hypertrophy, but the kidneys were unaffected. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for 13-week inhalation exposures to Methoxyisopropanol was 1000 ppm in rats and rabbits. In a 90-day dermal exposure study using rabbits, 10 ml/kg undiluted Methoxyisopropanol produced narcosis and increased kidney weights and the NOAEL was 7.0 ml/kg. Chronic (2-year) daily inhalation exposures of rats and mice to 3000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol produced signs of liver toxicity (rats and mice) and some evidence of renal toxicity in rats. The only observation at 1000 ppm was dark foci of the liver in male rats. For female rats and male and female mice, the NOAEL of this chronic inhalation study was 1000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol. Methoxyisopropanol and Methoxyisopropyl Acetate were found to be nonirritating to slightly irritating and non-sensitizing in rabbit and guinea pig skin. Repeated applications of undiluted Methoxyisopropanol to the eyes of rabbits produced transient slight to moderate irritation. Pregnant rats exposed to 200 or 600 ppm Methoxyisopropanol by inhalation on gestation days 6 to 17 had no effects on maternal health or normal fetal development. Adult male rats exposed to these concentrations had no effects on the reproductive organs. Pregnant rats and rabbits exposed to 500 to 3000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol by inhalation during gestation had no significant embryotoxic or fetotoxic effects, althougth CNS depression and reduced body weight gain were observed in the 3000 ppm group. In a two-generation inhalation study using rats, continuous inhalation of 3000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol produced CNS depression, prolonged estrous cycles, reduced fertility indices, reduced pup weights and pup survival, and delayed sexual development, with a NOAEL for reproductive and developmental effects of 1000 ppm. In a continuous breeding protocol using mice, 2.0% Methoxyisopropanol in drinking water produced reduced growth, reduced relative epididymis weight, reduced relative prostate weight, and increased liver weight (females only) in offspring, with a NOAEL at a 1% concentration. Exposure of mice or rats to 300 ppm to 3000 ppm Methoxyisopropanol by inhalation produced no signs of carcinogenicity. Methoxyisopropanol was negative for mutagenicity or genetic toxicity in the bacterial reverse mutation assay (<or= 5000 microg/plate), the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay (<or= 0.1 M), V79 Chinese hamster lung assay (>100 mM), and in the Siberian hamster embryo assay (concentrations not reported). In other assays, 100 mM Methoxyisopropanol increased sister chromatid exchanges in V79 cells. In human inhalation exposure studies of 1 to 7 h duration, 50 to 75 ppm Methoxyisopropanol vapor had an objectionable odor; 150 ppm was slightly irritating to the eyes and throat; 250 ppm produced eye irritation, lacrimation, blinking, rhinorrhea, and headache; 300 ppm was mildly irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat; 750 ppm was extremely irritating; and 2050 ppm produced extreme discomfort with severe lacrimation, blepharospasm, and painful breathing. None of the concentrations tested impaired motor coordination or performance on neurological tests. The irritating effects subsided within 15 min to 24 h of removal from the inhalation chamber. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended an 8-h time-weighted average for occupational exposure of 100 ppm. A margin of safety of 500 was determined, based on a calculated exposure from the normal use of nail polish remover products (100% absorption) and the NOAEL for reproductive toxicity. The absorption of Methoxyisopropanol through the nail is likely to be low, suggesting this margin of safety is conservative. Because Methoxyisopropanol is volatile, exposure by inhalation is possible, but the odor becomes objectionable at 50 to 75 ppm in air. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded that Methoxyisopropanol and Methoxyisopropyl Acetate are safe for use in nail care products in the practices of use and concentration as described in this safety assessment.

Amended Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Drometrizole as used in Cosmetics1

Drometrizole is used in cosmetics as an ultraviolet (UV) light absorber and stabilizer. In an earlier safety assessment, the available data were found insufficient to support the safety of this ingredient, but new data have been provided and assessed. In voluntary industry reports to the Food and Drug Administration, this ingredient is reported to be used in noncoloring hair care products, and in an industry use concentration survey, uses in nail care products at 0.07% were reported. Drometrizole has absorbance maxima at 243, 298, and 340 nm. Drometrizole is used widely as a UV absorber and stabilizer in plastics, polyesters, celluloses, acrylates, dyes, rubber, synthetic and natural fibers, waxes, detergent solutions, and orthodontic adhesives. It is similarly used in agricultural products and insecticides. Drometrizole is approved as an indirect food additive for use as an antioxidant and/or stabilizer in polymers. Short-term studies using rats reported liver weight increases, increases in the activities of enzymes aminopyrine N-demethylase, and UDP glucuronosyl transferase, but no significant effects were noted in the activities of acid hydrolases or in hepatocyte organelles. Although Drometrizole is insoluble in water and soluble in a wide range of organic solvents, a distribution and elimination study using rats indicated that some Drometrizole was absorbed, then metabolized and excreted in the urine. Drometrizole and products containing Drometrizole were nontoxic in acute oral, inhalation, and dermal studies using animals. No increase in mortality or local and/or systemic toxicity were observed in a 13-week oral toxicity study using dogs; the no observed effect level (NOEL) was 31.75 mg/kg day(- 1) for males and 34.6 mg/kg day(-1) for females. In a 2-year feeding study using rats, a NOEL of 47 to 58 mg/kg day(- 1) was reported. Developmental studies of Drometrizole in rats and mice found no teratogenic effects and a NOEL of 1000 mg/kg day(- 1) was reported. Drometrizole was not genotoxic in Ames tests, a mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, or somatic mutation assays observing interphase nuclei and chromosomal aberrations using Chinese hamsters. There was no evidence of dominant lethal effects in studies using mice or rats. Drometrizole at a 1% concentration was minimally to moderately irritating to rabbit eyes, if followed by rinsing, but mildly to severely irritating in unrinsed eyes. A nail product containing 0.03% Drometrizole, however, was nonirritating to unrinsed rabbit eyes. A nail polish containing 1.0% Drometrizole was nonirritating to rabbit skin and Drometrizole was negative for sensitization in two Magnusson-Kligman maximization tests in guinea pigs. In clinical tests, Drometrizole at 1% was nonirritating in a single-insult patch test. No irritation or eczematous reactions were observed in 300 patients (with or without dermatosis) treated with daily applications of Drometrizole for 8 weeks. In a 3-year clinical therapeutic trial conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of two UV absorbing preparations containing up to 5% Drometrizole, two hypersensitivity reactions were observed during 445 applications. Although there are case reports in which Drometrizole was considered the sensitizing agent, clinical tests of cosmetic products containing 0.03% to 1.0% Drometrizole produced no irritation, sensitization, photosensitization, or phototoxicity in a total of 436 subjects. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel assumes that Drometrizole is used in both noncoloring hair care and nail care products at low concentrations. The available safety test data do not suggest any adverse effects associated with exposure to Drometrizole. This toxicologic profile, coupled with the low concentration of use and the unlikely dermal penetration of a chemical that is insoluble in water, support the conclusion that Drometrizole can be safely used in cosmetics.

IN VITRO PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION OF ACRYLAMIDE AND STYRENE FROM COSMETIC VEHICLES THROUGH FUZZY RAT AND HUMAN SKIN

ABSTRACTAcrylamide (ACR) and styrene (STY) are residual monomers that remain as impurities in polymers used in hair, nail, and skin care products. These residual monomers may be substantially absorbed through skin. Acrylamide is known to be a neurotoxin in humans and a carcinogen in animals, while styrene has been reported to cause neurotoxic effects in humans and animals and carcinogenic effects in rodents. Therefore, studies were conducted to measure the extent of ACR and STY absorption in fuzzy rat and human skin relevant to exposures from personal care products using in vitro diffusion cell techniques. [14C]-ACR was applied to skin in flow through diffusion cells for 24 h using an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion at doses of 2.2 and 13.3 μg/cm2 (fuzzy rat skin) and 0.2, 2.2, and 13.3 μg/cm2 (human skin). [14C]-ACR was also applied to human skin using a 2% polyacrylamide gel cream at a dose of 0.3 μg/cm2. [14C]-STY was applied to fuzzy rat and human skin using the O/W emulsion at a dose of 4.1 μg/cm2. The total amount of ACR or STY that penetrated into skin layers and receptor fluid at the end of the 24 h experiment was measured and expressed as the percent of applied dose penetrated. Absorption was defined as the amount of ACR or STY absorbed into the receptor fluid. At the both the 2.2 and 13.3 μg/cm2 dose levels using the O/W emulsion, ACR was rapidly absorbed through both fuzzy rat and human skin, with peak absorption occurring at 6 h. For fuzzy rat skin, total ACR penetrated was 52.9±1.3% at the lower dose level and 49.7±2.4% at the higher dose level. For human skin, total ACR penetrated was very similar with and 48.9±1.4% (0.2 μg/cm2 dose level), 49.5±4.4% (2.2 μg/cm2 dose level), and 60.6±12.1% (13.3 μg/cm2 dose level). The total ACR penetrated was reduced to 38.7±11.9% when ACR was applied using the 2% polyacrylamide gel cream (0.3 μg/cm2 dose level). The amounts of total STY that penetrated into fuzzy rat and human skin using the O/W emulsion vehicle were identical at 1.3% (4.1 μg/cm2 dose level). Although absorption of STY was relatively low, it was nevertheless rapid with peak absorption occurring at 6 h. Approximately 84–92% of the total ACR or STY penetrated was absorbed into the receptor fluid while only 8–16% of the total ACR or STY penetrated remained in the skin at 24 h. For these monomers, rodent skin satisfactorily simulated the barrier properties of human skin; there was no significant difference in ACR and STY absorption between fuzzy rat and human skin.

Nail cosmetics: allergies and irritations.

Recent precise figures are not available for the number of adverse reactions related to the use of nail care products. Reactions to nail cosmetic procedures may be divided into reactions at the site of application to the nail itself and ectopic reactions, when the hand transfers a small amount of nail cosmetic to other areas of the skin. Fingernail coatings encompass two types: coatings that harden upon evaporation (nail enamel, base coat, top coat); and coatings that polymerize (sculptured nails, light-curing gels, preformed artificial nails, nail mending and nail wrapping). The test battery enables us to distinguish allergic reactions from irritant reactions. Interestingly, some reactions, such as distant allergic contact dermatitis, are more frequent with nail enamel than with coatings that polymerize. On the other hand, the latter are greater offenders in the nail area. Nail hardeners may just be modified nail enamels containing nylon fibers, acrylate resin and hydrolyzed proteins. Others may contain up to 5% formaldehyde tissue fixative (which can have adverse effects on the nail), but are designed in the US to be applied only to the free edge of the nail while the skin is shielded. Caution is necessary in interpreting formaldehyde patch testing reactions.

Nail care products

Grooming and adornment of the nails has become very popular among women in modern society. It has been estimated that Americans spend more than $1.5 billion a year on nail care and nail cosmetics.1 Nail care ranges from simple buffing of the nails to a basic manicure to sculptured artificial nails. The nail is important not only for its cosmetic attributes, but also serves structural and functional purposes for the fingertip, such as assisting fine motor tasks, sensation of touch, and protection of the distal phalanx.2 The dermatologist sees a myriad of patients with nail problems. Nail disease may be caused by systemic illness or external factors, such as trauma and infection. Cosmetics applied to the nail by either a professional or by the patient at home may also cause nail disease. It is important for the dermatologist to be familiar with the products that are used on the nails and their potential adverse effects.3

Office dispensing: A responsible approach

Office dispensing is a value added service in the dermatologist's office. As dermatologists we can recommend products with known scientific validity that will enhance patient care and provide reliable therapeutic results. Patients enjoy the convenience of being able to purchase products in the office and appreciate the dermatologist who spends time outlining a daily skin care regimen. Office dispensing benefits the physician by forcing him or her to keep current on new innovations in skin care and serves as an effective way to develop your cosmetic practice. Antiaging products, moisturizers and sunscreens, cleansers, and acne products are the basics for any in-office dispensing operation. The addition of hair and nail care products constitutes more advanced dispensing. Despite the mutual benefits for both the patient and physician, office dispensing continues to be controversial. The American Medical Association is concerned that selling health-related goods in the office may compromise the patient-physician relationship. The American Academy of Dermatology continues to support the right of dermatologists to dispense products in their office as long as it is in the best interest of the patient, as it is with all other dermatologic care. Dermatologists must preserve the right to dispense by conducting themselves in a highly professional and ethical manner.

Learning to Create Ad Strategies for ‘Different’ Target Audiences

The demographic profile of the United States has undergone significant changes in the past 15 years. As result, aspiring advertising creative students are finding it increasingly important to know how to design culturally relevant messages to reach the myriad ethnic audiences whose numbers have burgeoned. Advertisers of products, as potential employers of our creative students, are acknowledging the increasing minority population and are recognizing the impact, differing needs, consumption patterns, backgrounds and buying patterns of these diverse markets. How then can we help prepare our advertising students to design effective messages when they are not members of the particular culture being targeted? Moriarty and Rohe discussed using cultural palette, or a range of symbols and colors, as well as layout and art styles that are culturally appropriate for particular communication (1992, p. 32) as sensitivity-enhancing exercise for graphic designers. Likewise, this paper presents focus group exercise for advertising creative and strategy development students that is designed to cultivate awareness and empathy for the ethnic consumers' purchase decision process. While we chose to look only at the African-American audience for this paper, this focus group project is applicable to all minority targets - as well as cultural, social, or age groups that are different from student population. Background Minority group members soon will outnumber the rest of the population in the top 10 metropolitan areas of the U.S. (Barney, 1991). particular, African-Americans are America's largest minority (Kinter, 1995; Goerns, 1992). Indeed, according to the 1990 census, the African-American population increased 13 percent between 1980 and 1990 from 26.5 million to 30 million (Berry, 1997; Dunn, 1992; American Demographics, 1991). Further, it is estimated that by the year 2000, African-Americans will number 33.8 million (Jewler, 1995). While African-Americans make up more than 40 percent of the poor in central cities, this ethnic group accounts for fewer than 30 percent of all low-income Americans (Barney, 1991). Plus, African-Americans wield an impressive $469 billion in annual spending power that is expected to increase to $889 billion within the next two years (Fawcett, 1995; Stewart,1998). Yet it is important to understand that half of all households are headed by females, and this group is most likely to live in cycle of poverty (Baker-Woods, 1995). Research conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that African-Americans are particularly brand loyal. fact, African-American households spend up to 11.4 percent more than the average U.S. household on such products as brand-name hosiery, clothes, and hair and nail care products (Schnuer, 1996). addition, black adults care deeply about their appearance and spend heavily on personal-care products. 1994, AfricanAmerican households spent 41 percent more than average on personal-care services for women ($532) and 24 percent more on services for men ($212). Black households spend more than average on items such as hosiery, accessories and jewelry. Yet, they spend significantly less than average on housing, appliances. furnishings, home maintenance, repairs and insurance (Fisher, 1996). These statistics suggest that the AfricanAmerican market is vital one for mainstream products; however, messages must be tailored to their specific needs. According to Jewler (1995), In the new marketplace where minorities have substantial economic and social clout, it's possible to reach minority consumers with general message, but reaching and selling are separate jobs (p. 298). Instead. today's messages must strive to reflect diversity so that consumers feel connected to the products they purchase (Stewart, 1998; Minority Markets Alert, 1998; Berman, 1997). Much of the research on marketing to minority groups provides few guidelines on just how to sell with effective targeted messages. …