Nagar District Research Articles

Relationship between socio economic profiles of dairy farmers with extent of adoption of improved dairy farming practices in Kumaon division of Uttarakhand.

Livestock sector contributes 4.11 per cent GDP. According to United States Department Agriculture 2018, 80 million households were engaged in dairy farming and majority of them are small scale, marginal farmers. The dairy farming has been considered as a potential means of employment and socio-economic development for people in rural areas. Uttarakhand trails behind from highest milk producing states due to less growth rate in milk production focused should be given to the improved dairy farming to increase milk production and development of dairy industry. The present study was conducted in Kumaon division of Uttarakhand state to find out the relationship between socio economic profile of dairy farmers with their extent of adoption of improved dairy farming practices. Udham Singh Nagar district was selected as for the study. Total 100 respondents from these villages were selected. It was resulted that respondents with higher education, higher land holdings, higher dairy farming experience, higher annual income, higher milk production higher social participation, higher risk preference and higher economic motivation tends to have more extent of adoption of improved dairy farming practices as they are found to have a significant and positive relationship with extent of adoption of dairy farming practices.

Agronomic Practices Adopted by Farmers in Kharar Division SAS Nagar, Punjab, India

The agriculture industry in India contributes over 20% of its GDP, which is a significant amount to the national economy. 70% of India's population is dependent on it for existence. Agriculture is a crucial sector of the Indian economy, making up around 20 percent of its GDP. Agronomic techniques include everything a farmer does from seed to seed, from planting seeds to collecting and storing them. The study was conducted in Kharar block of SAS Nagar district of Punjab. Shakrullapur, Rora, Bibipur, Batta, and Fatehpuri Therhi were the villages selected. A questionnaire was developed to conduct interviews with the farmers. After gathering information from respondents, it was organized and put through the necessary statistical tests for analysis. 97 percent of respondents cultivate rice, while all cultivators produce wheat in their fields, according to the data collected. In addition, 28% of farmers cultivate maize from these crops, while 76% grow sorghum and berseem as fodder crops. Additionally, it was shown that farmers use more fertilizer, chemicals pesticides, and seeds than is advised. Wheat and paddy had an average yield of 30 q/ha and 65 q/ha, respectively.

Regional Disparities in Agriculture Development in Haryana during Post Liberalisation Era

The main objective of the present study was to examine the district-level regional disparities in the agriculture development of Haryana. The study computed an agricultural development index using the Wroclaw taxonomic method, selecting 23 key agricultural indicators. The finding confirmed that the agricultural disparities had widened over the period in Haryana, where Yamuna Nagar and Kurukshetra districts had a high level of agricultural development. In contrast, Mahendragarh, Nuh, Rewari, and Bhiwani lagged in agricultural development. In addition, northern Haryana was prosperous in agricultural development, except for Panchkula and Panipat districts and the southern state had fallen behind in agricultural development, except for Palwal and Faridabad. The government should focus on lagging indicators in low and low-middle-developed districts to achieve balanced regional development

Concentration and Diversification of Crops in Ambedkar Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh, India

People have relied on agriculture as their primary source of income all over the world. More than half of the population of India depends on agriculture for employment and livelihood. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of food grains because of its fertile Gangetic plains, canal irrigation, and government and private tube wells. Social, economic, political, and technological factors also decide crop production in different parts of the state. In this study, calculation and analysis of crop concentration and crop diversification in Ambedkar Nagar district have been done for 2000 and 2018 to investigate the changing relations between land, humans, and the environment. Crop concentration is calculated using Jasbir Singh's method, whereas crop diversification is calculated using the Gibbs and Martin method. Crop concentrations of crops like rice, wheat, and pulses are increasing, while crop concentrations of sugarcane are decreasing. Crop concentration in Ambedkar Nagar district shows changing trends from 2000 to 2018, crop diversification also follows the same pattern. The high crop concentration of food crops and the high crop diversification index show that agriculture is still the primary occupation and source of income and livelihood in the district.

Spatial distribution of radon contamination in hot springs water and its cancer and non-cancer risks in the Hunza-Nagar valley, Pakistan.

Radon (222Rn) is a ubiquitous radioactive gas and could threaten human life due to its potential for cancer and non-cancer risks. This study examined the measurement of 222Rn concentration and associated health risks in the hot springs of Hunza-Nagar valley. For this purpose, the hot springs water of Hunza and Nagar districts and the background sites were analyzed for 222Rn concentration using the RAD7 detector (Durridge Company, USA). The average concentrations of 222Rn were 46.1 ± 0.94, 65.3 ± 0.45, and 5.47 ± 0.25Bq/L in the Hunza district, Nagar district, and background sites, respectively. Results showed that 222Rn concentrations of hot springs water were multifold higher than the background sites. 222Rn concentrations for hot springs water in Hunza-Nagar valley had surpassed the maximum contamination level set by the US environmental protection agency (USEPA). Humans' annual mean exposure dose rates of various age groups were calculated for the estimated lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) and non-cancer risks. The total annual mean exposure doses from 222Rn in water (EwTotal) values were (187 ± 3.80, 265 ± 1.84, and 22.2 ± 1.02μSv/a) for infants (143 ± 2.92, 203 ± 1.40, and 17.0 ± 0.78μSv/a) children, and (138 ± 2.80, 196 ± 1.35, and 16.4 ± 0.76μSv/a) adults in the Hunza district, Nagar district, and background, respectively. Among the age groups of humans, infants showed a higher risk than others. Results showed that hot springs water consumption surpassed the world health organization threshold of 100μSv/y for chronic or non-cancer and USEPA 0.1 × 10-3 for ELCR risks.The concentration of 222Rn showed a positive correlation (> 0.68) with hot springs' water temperature and pH suggesting a common origin.

Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater resources in the Upper-Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study tries to delineate groundwater zones in the Upper-Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, India based on its suitability for the use of domestic and irrigation purposes considering the physico-chemical parameters of groundwater samples (n ∼ 70) using Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) and Composite Groundwater Quality Index for Irrigation (CGQII) methods, respectively. The Upper-Doab region of Uttar Pradesh is bounded by the mighty rivers of Ganga and Yamuna in the east and west respectively. In the southwest, the region shares the boundary with the national capital of Delhi, which has led to an increase in the growth of urbanization and industrialization in the region. These factors have a visible negative impact on the groundwater scenario of the region. Hydrogeochemical investigation reveals that the ionic dominance in the groundwater samples is in the order of HCO3 > Cl > SO4 > NO3 > F and Na > Mg > Ca > K. Chemical history of groundwater samples using piper-trilinear diagram shows that Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Na-HCO3 type of groundwater is mostly found in this region. Gibb’s plot reveals that rock-water interaction was dominantly controlling the ionic composition of the groundwater in the unconfined aquifer environment. Further, the bivariate plot of (SO4 + HCO3) vs. (Ca + Mg) reveals that the weathering of calcite and dolomite minerals present in the aquifer environment has largely attributed chemical character to the groundwater of the region. The groundwater zoning concerning its domestic and agricultural use reveals that the groundwater of Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, and Gautam Buddha Nagar districts have poorer quality of groundwater due to high electrical conductivity and higher concentration of nitrate which has a higher anthropogenic link. The evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation using a single index value i.e., CGQII makes this study different from the other hydrochemical investigations under similar hydrogeolocal aquifer conditions in the region. The study suggests that corrective measures like, strict implementation of untreated discharge of industrial effluents to the water or groundwater directly, creating awareness among farmers for lesser use of chemical fertilizers, and regular groundwater monitoring systems for quality analysis must be considered for a sustainable future of the region.

Studies on isolation, identification and characterization of Rhizobium species from Nallamalla Forest area of Mahabub Nagar district, Telangana State

Studies on isolation, identification and characterization of Rhizobium species from Nallamalla Forest area of Mahabub Nagar district, Telangana State

Integrating an algorithmic and health systems thinking approach to improve the uptake of government antenatal nutrition services in Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh (India), 2018 to 2021.

In 2018, the Government of Madhya Pradesh initiated the feasibility testing of integrating an algorithmic approach (assess, give, counsel, treat) to strengthen antenatal nutrition services in routine government-funded programmes coupled with a health system thinking approach to strengthen the health service delivery platform. Implementation phases included (1) an evidence review and stakeholder consultations (April 2018) and (2) a health systems strengthening preparedness phase (May-December 2018), including pilot testing in Vidisha district (January-December 2019) covering ∼54 100 pregnant women with 237 antenatal contact points through 241 government auxiliary nurse midwives/staff nurses. During 2020-21, feasibility testing was expanded to an additional 7 districts. We used programme registers of the Auxiliary Nurse Midwives Registers (2019-21) and National Family Health Survey data for 2016 and 2021 to show changes in the Vidisha district and 7 expansion districts. We compare the performance of Vidisha district with Ashok Nagar district, where no such intervention occurred. Comparing 2016 and 2021 data, the Vidisha district showed improvements in receipt of antenatal care in the first trimester (29 to 85%) and in four antenatal visits (17 to 54%). Using the difference-in-difference approach, a 42% net increase in first-trimester antenatal check-ups in Vidisha as compared to Ashok Nagar is observed. There was also an improvement in the maternal nutrition budget of the state from USD 8.5 million to USD 17.8 million during this period. The Vidisha initiative offers several lessons in time-effective workflow to deliver all constituents of nutrition services at various antenatal contact points through and via routine government health systems. Continued execution of the algorithm for screening, with longitudinal data on the management of all nutrition risks, will be critical to show its long-term impact on maternal morbidities and birth outcomes.

Understanding urban groundwater pollution in the Upper Gangetic Alluvial Plains of northern India with multiple industries and their impact on drinking water quality and associated health risks

Udham Singh Nagar district is having various industries like paint, textile, sugar, petrochemical, paper and automobile which produces different kind of contaminants including heavy metals in the environment and pollute groundwater. Therefore, in the present study, fifty groundwater samples were collected from this region and analyzed for 7 physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, nitrate), 4 metals (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium) along with 6 heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr). Heavy metal pollution level in the groundwater was assessed by calculating and analysing heavy metal pollution indices (heavy metal pollution indices -HPI, m-HPI; heavy metal evaluation index- HEI) and risk assessment parameters (hazard quotient - HQ and hazard index - HI). Multivariate statistical analysis was also done to identify the sources of heavy metals and categorize groundwater quality. Concentration of Fe, Mn and Cr in 14%, 16% and 18% water samples exceeded the desirable limit. Piper diagram suggested that majority of groundwater samples were Ca–Mg–HCO3 type. HPI calculation indicated that no groundwater sample fall under high category of pollution. HEI and m-HPI indicated that 90% and 82% groundwater samples were found suitable for potable purpose respectively while on the basis of m-HPI, 3 groundwater samples were found under the unacceptable category. Non-carcinogenic hazards were observed which might be due to high chromium content. According to principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), geogenic, anthropogenic and industrial activities were responsible for groundwater pollution. The values of HQ for Cr for both adult (13 samples) and younger people (9 sampling sits) surpass the unity. HI values indicated that groundwater samples from 14 sites were not suitable for drinking purpose. This is the first attempt of analyzing heavy metal pollution and health risk in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand.

Cost and Return Analysis of Tomato Cultivation in Haryana

The study was carried out in Yamuna Nagar, Kurukshetra, and Karnal districts of Haryana during 2021-22. A total of 210 tomato growers were interviewed to collect data to study the thorough cost and return analysis of tomato cultivation. Tomato cultivation was a profitable venture for farmers with a BC ratio of 1: 1.86. The per hectare cost of cultivation was worked out to be Rs. 305701.14 of which major contributors were rental value of land (24.96%), picking/harvesting charges (15.44%), transportation (11.61%) and nursery raising/seed (5.74%). The gross return, return over variable cost and net return per hectare were Rs. 569528.28, 412210.72, and 263827.14 on an overall basis. The production cost per quintal of tomato was computed to be Rs. 707.23 per quintal. It was suggested that farmers should take tomato cultivation with a business and market-oriented approach to compete with the challenges of the glut situation and opt cooperative approach in the production and selling of crops to avail maximum profit by reducing the cost of inputs and transportation and ultimately improving bargaining and negotiating power for better price availing.

Assessment of landuse changes on soil organic carbon in the SBS Nagar district of Punjab using geospatial technology

Assessment of landuse changes on soil organic carbon in the SBS Nagar district of Punjab using geospatial technology

Flood disaster and its management in Terai region with special reference to Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand, India

Flood disaster and its management in Terai region with special reference to Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand, India

Effect of Planned Teaching on Knowledge of Mothers Regarding Prevention of Vitamin A Deficiency among Under Five Children from a Selected Urban Area

Introduction: Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient. It enhances children’s immunity and protects against illness/morbidity and reduces death/mortality. Therefore, it is essential for child survival. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of mothers on Vitamin A requirements, sources, deficiency, and its prophylaxis among under five children before and after planned teaching program. Methodology: The data were collected from 100 mothers of under five children using semi structured questionnaire in the selected Anganwadi from Ahmed Nagar District. Results: The majority of the mothers belong to the age group of 21–40 (83%) and (41%) completed secondary education, Majority (58%) had two children. The knowledge mean score in pretest in the area of concept of Vitamin A was 1.78, whereas in post-test, it was increased to 3.39. Mean score analysis is done in different sections of questionnaire such as Sources of Vitamin A, requirement of Vitamin A and Vitamin A deficiency, and prevention and prophylaxis, and its found increased in post-test score in all respective areas. The overall mean score was 13.8 out of maximum score of 50 in pre-test and 31.8 in post-test which was statistically significant. Conclusion: As study shows the significance of the difference between pre-test and post-test 13.81–31.8, respectively.

P. J. ROHAM (1905-1991): LEADER OF THE UNDERPRIVILEGED

P. J. Roham alias Dadasaheb Roham was one of the greatest leaders of Ambedkarite Movement. He was a great social worker. He was actively participated in the Dalit Movement of Maharashtra. He was staunch follower and supporter of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and his movement. He followed and tried to spread the message of Babasaheb Ambedkar and his movement entire Nagar district. The objective of the present paper is to study the contribution of P. J. Roham in Ambedkarite Movement. The methodology of the paper is, historical, descriptive, analytical as well as qualitative. This study is of great significance to evaluate the contribution of P. J. Roham in Dalit Movement with special reference to Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra. The result shows that he is considered to be one of the great leaders of his time. In conclusion, his contribution towards Ambedkarite Dalit Movement is remarkable.

Suitable Site Selections for Artificial Recharge Structure in Bandalli Watershed. Chamaraja Nagar District, Karnataka, India Using Remote Sensing, and GIS Techniques.

Bandalli watershed is characterized as an arid to semi-arid region with little access to water. Water is essential for all life forms for human consumption, agriculture and industry. Artificial groundwater recharge is a process by which the groundwater scrounges is reduced at a rate almighty the augmentation rate beneath natural replenishment conditions. The work aims to understand the groundwater scenario in distinction to the geological point of view as the geology of the area concerned is the primary control of groundwater recharge and potentiality. The study began with gathering and analyzing necessary data for creating water balance and determining the best techniques for artificial recharge. The best artificial recharge sites in the vicinity have been validated. The present investigation is to find and select ideal sites for future zones to create a new shape using GIS (Geographic Information System) software version 10.8. To estimate the appropriateness of the site for artificial recharge, the model incorporated numerous criteria, various parameters slope, Lu/Lc, stream order, soil aspect and hydrology. Artificial recharge planning was calculated using runoff availability, aquifer dimension, priority locations, and local water table conditions. Most areas are undulating to recommend recharge structures, which will help the water table and the agricultural sector to augment the water harvesting to improve the groundwater.

Socio-economic profile: A tool for improving cultural and economic status of farmers from SAS Nagar (Mohali) district Punjab

The present study is based on preliminary information carried under socio- economic survey to assess the important information regarding agronomic practices, economic status and livestock production of farmers from SAS Nagar district of Punjab. Study was conducted on the basis of proper questionnaire from different villages. Nearly two hundred farmers were interviewed for assessing their socio-economic status of the respondent farmers. In this, we had prepared a questionnaire in which we had to gather all the information about the socio- economic profile of the farmer such as the income status, caste system, education status, family composition, cropping system, availability of implements and machinery, availability of loans, source of information, etc. Each item was analyzed and explained clearly to draw meaningful inferences. Better health facilities, availability of better seeds and provision of low-cost fertilizers are responsible for attractive farmers’ status. On interaction with all the respondent farmers, it has been found that the literacy rate is very high (90%). It was found that during kharif season, majority of them cultivated rice (80%). While in Rabi season, wheat was cultivated mostly (80%). Few of them cultivated sorghum (10%) and pearl millet (10%) for fodder use. On an interaction findings, revealed that the socio- economic status of the farmers can be improved by imparting technical knowledge to the farmers, increasing their education level and increasing their social participation. Lack of awareness in the field of disease and pest management, farming inputs were seen. Therefore, for the well-being of farming community new technologies like disease monitoring with available software technology and artificial intelligence should be applied for sustainable agriculture.

Comparative analysis and landslide susceptibility mapping of Hunza and Nagar Districts, Pakistan

Comparative analysis and landslide susceptibility mapping of Hunza and Nagar Districts, Pakistan

SPATIAL MAPPING AND CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF COVID-19: A CASE STUDY OF UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

Abstract. In public health, the representation and analysis of the incidence of the disease play an important role in assessing the regional disparity and health infrastructure. The geographic information system is one of the best methods to do so. This paper aims to visualise the spread of COVID-19 and perform cluster analysis. The prospective Poisson space-time scan statistic was utilised to detect clusters of COVID-19 at the district level in the Uttar Pradesh state of India. The spatial mapping was performed to assess the situation of COVID-19 and related factors. The log-likelihood ratio and relative risk were calculated monthly from May to December 2020. As per the results, the size and location of clusters kept changing with being more concentrated in Lucknow, Kanpur, Gautam Buddha Nagar districts and NCR regions. The significance of these clusters was less than 0.001. The detection of these clusters helped understand the overall dynamics of the disease spread. The number of confirmed cases declined in most districts, with only a few being at higher risk and needing more attention and resources. It was concluded based on the analysis that the areas of higher economic activities and population density with higher access to hospitals and testing had a larger number of cases and were the regions of hotspots. The findings can help to create health awareness, monitor situations in real-time and evaluate the steps taken to assess their efficacy.

Current status of the intake of iron folic acid in pregnant females receiving treatment from various urban localities at Kanpur district

Background: Anemia is one of the most common conditions related to pregnancy. Anemia is most frequent during pregnancy due to insufficient intake of proper diet and IFA regimen. Supplementation of IFA for 100 days during 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of antenatal anemia. We assess the effect of IFA supplementation with daily dosing and their outcome in urban localities of Kanpur district. Aim of this study was to assess the current status of intake of IFA in pregnant females.Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out in Kanpur Nagar district. Total 56 pregnant women of 2nd and 3rd trimester were assigned to daily intake of IFA for 100 days of age 15-45 years. Outcomes were measured by assessment of hemoglobin level and daily intake of IFA. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the study cases from 2 ward and 4 blocks in Kanpur district.Results: In this study it was found that, in total 56 sample size of pregnant women of 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy 37 have taken IFA in which 8 patients were anemic who have taken IFA for 100 days and 19 havee not taken IFA in which 12 cases were anemic.Conclusions: Study cases who has taken IFA during 2nd and 3rd trimester have better hemoglobin level and have low risk of anemia related pregnancy however complete course of IFA to antenatal period should must. The study cases which have not received any amount of IFA have higher chances of being anemic. Antenatal IFA supplementation must be ensured by ASHA workers to subcenter, CHC and PHC to pregnant women and provide sufficient knowledge about benefits of IFA.

Characterization of the groundwater quality in Udham Singh Nagar of Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand

The Udham Singh Nagar district is affluent in fertile land and water resources and even favoured for industrial advancement, resulting in a rapid increase of industrialization and urban growth, which are the inevitable causes of groundwater contamination. In recent years the increased rate of urbanization and Integrated Industrial Estate (IIE) in Pantnagar, Kashipur and Sitarganj area (of the district) have increased the demand for groundwater. Proper groundwater resource planning and monitoring on a regional scale are required to cope with the pace of rapid urbanization and industrialization along with dire irrigation needs. To suffice this strategy, the spatial distribution of water quality shall determine the sustainable approach to be implemented in an area. This research aims to assess the hydrochemical quality of the groundwater in Udham Singh Nagar district (areal extent 3055 Km2), Uttarakhand. The groundwater samples collected from the aquifer have shown anomalous values of Total Hardness (TH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Magnesium (Mg2+), Iron (Fe), and Lead (Pb2+) on undergoing major elemental analysis, which confirms degradation in the groundwater quality. Moreover, the Piper Trilinear Diagram (PTD) has identified groundwater's hydrochemical facies and characterization. Based on the interpretation of TDS, most groundwater samples < 500 mg/L of dissolved solids, making it desirable for drinking. Therefore, this phenomenon attributes to suitable drinking water present in the aquifer of Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand.