Nagar District Research Articles

Assessing the impacts of climate change on high mountain land-based livelihoods: An empirical investigation in District Nagar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Land-based livelihoods in Pakistan's high mountain regions are highly vulnerable to climate change due to the complex interactions between people and their natural environment. This study uses a mixed-method approach to explore how climate change affects land-based livelihoods in the high mountain Nagar District, Pakistan. Data were collected using a structured household survey of 430 randomly selected farmers, supplemented by focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The findings reveal that 87.7 % of farmers have observed negative impacts of climate change, such as increased crop diseases, reduced water for irrigation, and lower crop yields. Bivariate results indicate that factors related to farming practices, such as farming experience and cropping zones, significantly influence farmers' perceptions of impacts. The study emphasizes the urgent need for targeted government intervention and agricultural planning to boost the resilience of farmers in Nagar District. It calls for improved irrigation, crop disease management, and support tailored to high-mountain farming practices. The research highlights the importance of developing adaptation strategies to protect vulnerable farming communities from climate change impacts and supports the need for effective autonomous adaptation measures. This research contributes to a better understanding of climate change impacts on high-mountain agriculture and emphasizes the need to safeguard vulnerable farming communities.

Research on Socio-Profile of Farmers of S.A.S. Nagar District, Punjab

The socio-economic traits of farm households in Punjab's rural districts were the focus of the current study. For this objective, information was gathered from 150 farm homes from the villages of S.A.S. Nagar district, Punjab. The findings showed that the Sikh religion and General Castes comprised the majority of farm households. Most people were found to be in the 30 to 70 age range, which is the most economically active. In all farm-size categories, the sex ratio was in favour of the females. The proportion of farm households living in the joint type of family was positively associated with the farm size. Most of the persons of the marginal and small farm-size categories were illiterate and with relatively low level of education as compared to the semi-medium, medium, and large farm-size categories. The proportionate share of earners was the highest for the small farm-size category and the lowest for the semi-medium farm-size category. About 92 percent of sampled farmers owned pucca houses. The proportion of sampled farmers who owned good condition houses, bathrooms and toilets were related to the farm size. About 93% of farmers contact the local input dealers for any information needed for crop cultivation. 90 % of farmers had mobile connection. It was found that most of the farmers had an internet connection (66%) for a majority of sampled farmers in the rural areas of Punjab.

Identification of groundwater recharge potential zone using geospatial approaches and multi criteria decision models in Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand, India

Groundwater is a valuable natural resource, which is extensively used in agricultural, industrial as well as daily activities of human beings. It is an essential source of freshwater need of half of the world’s population. In this study Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), along with Multi criteria decision models were used. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to determine the weights of various themes and their classes in the study to identify the groundwater recharge zones in Udham Singh Nagar district. Nine thematic maps/layers were created using GIS methods and employed for the demarcation of groundwater potential zone (GWPZ). It was concluded that around 82% of the area is very suitable (very good and good) for ground water recharge, which suggests that there is a significant amount of potential for artificial recharge systems to be implemented. This can help to augment the natural recharge process, improve water quality, and reduce the strain on existing water sources. Whereas only 18% (very poor and poor) of the area has low potential to groundwater recharge is still important to consider, as it may require different approaches or strategies to improve its suitability. Validation shows that, wells data; (n=38) have water level <5 mbgl (83%), whereas only (n=8) have water less >5 mbgl (17%). This area could be prioritized for more extensive data collection or monitoring to better understand its hydrogeological characteristics. The findings will indeed be helpful for decision-makers in selecting suitable locations for groundwater recharge structures.

A Study on the Socio-economic Factors Influencing Women’s Involvement in SHG Programmes in Ambedkar Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh, India

In the present paper, an attempt has been made to understand the socio-economic conditions of the SHG members and factors determining women’s participation in the SHG programme, utilizing pre-structured and pre-tested schedules to collect information from Ambekar Nagar district. Employed proportionate random sampling as well as purposive technique, 120 respondents were selected from two blocks i.e., Akbarpur and Bhiti based on higher number of SHGs. The data were analyzed with the help of suitable statistical tools like percentage, mean and binary probit models, to find the factors that effect the women’s participation in SHG programme. Results revealed that 40% of the respondents were illiterate, with the remainder having varying levels of education, predominantly at the primary level. Family size was primarily medium (5-6 members), and landholdings averaged 1.4 hectares, reflecting a predominantly agricultural setting. Livestock ownership, particularly buffaloes and goats, contributed significantly to household livelihoods. The study employed a probit regression model to analyze the determinants of women’s participation in SHGs, with factors such as age, family size, landholding, education, and net non-farm income examined. The results indicated that age and net non-farm income were statistically significant in influencing participation, with older women and those with higher non-farm income being less likely to engage in SHGs. Conversely, larger family size positively impacted participation. The findings suggest that rural development initiatives should prioritize younger women, expand education opportunities, and promote farm-based income generation to enhance SHG participation and, consequently, women's empowerment.

Rice yield prediction through integration of biophysical parameters with SAR and optical remote sensing data using machine learning models

In an era marked by growing global population and climate variability, ensuring food security has become a paramount concern. Rice, being a staple crop for billions of people, requires accurate and timely yield prediction to ensure global food security. This study was undertaken across two rice crop seasons in the Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand state to predict rice yield at 45, 60 and 90 days after transplanting (DAT) through machine learning (ML) models, utilizing a combination of optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data in conjunction with crop biophysical parameters. Results revealed that the ML models were able to provide relatively accurate early yield estimates. For summer rice, eXtreme gradient boosting (XGB) was the best-performing model at all three stages (45, 60, and 90 DAT), while for kharif rice, the best-performing models at 45, 60, and 90 DAT were XGB, Neural network (NNET), and Cubist, respectively. The combined ranking of ML models showed that prediction accuracy improved as the prediction date approaches harvest, and the best prediction of yield was observed at 90 DAT for both summer and kharif rice. Overall rankings indicate that for summer rice, the top three models were XGB, NNET, and Support vector regression, while for kharif rice, these were Cubist, NNET, and Random Forest, respectively. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the potential of the combined use of remote sensing and biophysical parameters using ML models, which enhances food security planning and resource management by enabling more informed decision-making by stakeholders such as farmers, policy planners as well as researchers.

Estimation of the crop evapotranspiration for Udham Singh Nagar district using modified Priestley-Taylor model and Landsat imagery

The main challenges for utilizing daily evapotranspiration (ET) estimation in the study area revolve around the need for accurate and reliable data inputs, as well as the interpretation of ET dynamics within the context of local agricultural practices and environmental conditions. Factors such as cloud cover, atmospheric aerosols, and variations in land cover pose challenges to the precise estimation of ET from remote sensing data. This research aimed to utilize Landsat 8 and 9 datasets from the 2022–23 period in the Udham Singh Nagar district to apply the modified Priestley-Taylor (MPT) model for estimating ET. An average ET was estimated 1.33, 1.57, 1.70, 2.99, and 3.20 mm day−1 with 0.29, 0.33, 0.41, 0.69, and 1.03 standard deviation for December, January, February, March, and April month, respectively. In the validation phase, a strong correlation was found between the evaporative fraction derived from MPT and that observed by lysimeter, with R2 = 0.71, mean biased error = 0.04 mm day−1, root mean squared error = 0.62 mm day-1 and agreement index of 0.914. These results collectively support the effectiveness of the MPT model in accurately estimating ET across Udham Singh Nagar district. In essence, this research not only confirms the MPT model’s capability in ET estimation but also offers detailed insights into the spatial and temporal fluctuations of energy fluxes and daily ET rates.

Selecting the Suitable Landfill Location for Efficient Waste Management in Udham Singh Nagar District, Uttarakhand: A Geospatial and Multi-Criteria Approach

The effective management process of solid waste is a pressing concern in Udham Singh Nagar district, where approximately 245 metric tons of waste is generated daily. To address this issue, it is essential to identify suitable landfill sites. This research aims to identify optimal sites for waste disposal in the district by combining the capabilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques. A total of ten key factors were evaluated and prioritized according to their respective significance. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using theses parameters, including distance from road networks, rivers, railroads, sensitive area, geology, slope, elevation, population density, soil and land use/land cover (LULC). The study area was categorized into four suitability zones: high, moderate, low, and very low, representing 43.22%, 16.09%, 28.16%, and 12.53% of the area, respectively. The locations were selected based on the optimal distances considered for efficient waste management. The final results were validated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which utilized a randomly selected set of 50 potential landfill site locations. The analysis demonstrated good accuracy, with the area under the curve (AUC) indicating that 84% of the results effectively validated the spatial analysis. To achieve sustainable solid waste management, planners should consider implementing alternative strategies such as source reduction, composting, sanitary landfills, and public awareness programs. The resulting map provides potential sites for landfilling waste, which can aid urban planners and authorities in implementing effective urban waste management strategies.

Trend Analysis and Change Point Detection of Climatic Parameters in Ambedkar Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Climate change is one of the most serious challenges confronting humanity today, and its effects can be seen all over the world. The assessment of changes in the long-term weather trend is critical for developing water resource management strategies under climate change scenarios. Long-term trends for annual, monsoon, non-monsoon rainfall, rainy days, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature of Akbarpur, Allapur, Bhiti, Jalalpur, and Tanda stations in Uttar Pradesh's Ambedkar Nagar district were examined in this study. The Mann-Kendall test revealed a non-significant decreasing trend for annual and monsoon rainfall at Akbarpur, Bhiti, and Jalalpur stations with an average rate of 1.64 mm/year whereas, it shows a non-significant increasing trend for annual and monsoon rainfall at the Allapur and Tanda stations with an average rate of 3.168 mm/year. Non-monsoon rainfall showed an in-significant decreasing trend at Allapur and Jalalpur stations with an average rate of 0.415 mm/year, whereas a non-significant increasing trend was shown at Akbarpur, Bhiti, and Tanda stations with an average rate of 0.197 mm/year. Annual rainy days shows non-significant decreasing trend for all stations of Akbarpur district with an average rate of 0.117 day/year (one day decrease with in nine year). It indicates seasonal shift and increased possibility of high intensity rainfall. The impact of extreme events of rainfall on the trend was evaluated on the whole and partial series before and after the break point and it was observed that there was no significant climate change in Ambedkar Nagar district and non-significant changing year of precipitation data series was found in 1995. A significant increasing trend in maximum temperature was observed for all stations in the months of August and December, with an average rate of 0.02 0C per year, while Allapur station also shows a significant increasing trend in maximum temperature in September, with a rate of 0.012 0C per year. However, a significant decreasing trend was observed in minimum temperature in the month of May at Akbarpur, Allapur, Jalalpur, Tanda station with an average rate of 0.027 0C per year. Rainfall and temperature are a principal climatic parameter which regulates the environmental condition of a particular region by directly influencing the agricultural productivity and water resources.

Exploring the Consumption Pattern of Millets among Rural Women of Udham Singh Nagar District of Uttarakhand, India

The cultural traditions and customs of the rural communities are profoundly ingrained with the production and diverse uses as well as benefits of millets. The production of millets follows the principle of minimum input and maximum output and known as poor men’s food. Therefore, present study was conceptualized with main objective to know the consumption pattern and knowledge related to millet among rural women. Hence, in-person interviews were conducted among 120 rural women of Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. Majority of rural women (48%) were young (&lt; 27 years of age), educated and had nuclear family (68%). They reported that Ragi (32%), Bajra (25%), Jowar (22%), Chaulai (16%) and Jhangora (5%) were highly consumed millets among them. Majority preferred to make chapatti of millet flour and that to only during winter season. They also liked to eat millets as whole grain (81.9%) and in puffed form (20.48%). Further, study revealed that more than half percent had poor knowledge about environmental benefits and consumption benefits of millets. The study suggested that more small steps should be taken to disseminate accurate knowledge and conduct demonstration sessions in communities to promote the millet consumption and production as well.

Measure Constraints Faced by Farm Women Using ICT Tools by Garett Ranking Method

Traditionally the extension services have focused on male farmers. In the last few decades the concern regarding farm women have been raised globally. There is immediate need to equip these farm women with relevant knowledge and skill. It is only possible if appropriate and relevant Information communication technology (ICT) tools are made available to farm women to get information related to agriculture. The present study was conducted in the Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand state to identify the constraints faced by farm women while using ICT tools. Garrett ranking was used. For this study, respondents were selected by using a Probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling method. To derive the inferences of the study, two blocks were selected for the present study. The study covered four villages &amp; it covered 120 farm women in the selected villages. Data for the study was collected during 2019-20. Primary data was collected from farm women through personal interview method with the help of a pretested schedule. The main personal constraints noticed were lack of preference in using Information communication technology (ICT), lack of training, lack of confidence, lack of motivation and lack of time to utilize Information communication technology (ICT). The main technological constraints were language problem to use Information communication technology (ICT), complex nature of Information communication technology (ICT) restricted availability and restricted accessibility to Information communication technology (ICT) tools. The main cultural constraints were lack of faith in Information communication technology (ICT) tools, traditional belief in the existing system, discouragement from the family and society. The main infrastructural barriers were poor electricity services and poor network connectivity.

Analysis and Prevention of Road Accidents for Gautam Buddha Nagar District (U.P)

Road accidents pose a significant threat to public safety, necessitating proactive measures for analysis and prevention. This abstract delves into the analysis and prevention of road accidents in the Kasna to Surajpur region over a seven-year period from 2015 to 2021. Through data gathered from multiple police stations, the study aims to identify accident causes, locations, and frequencies to pinpoint blackspots for future road safety audits. Additionally, a novel solution leveraging Pascal's law is proposed to minimize accidents and we can determine the Number of vehicles and Types of vehicles. The system, triggered by vehicle movement, alerts drivers on the opposite side of the road to reduce speed, thus mitigating collision risks. This innovative approach offers promise in enhancing road safety and reducing accidents

Geophysical characterization of Saraswati River palaeochannel in parts of Yamuna Nagar and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana, India.

Palaeochannels are remnants of rivers or stream channels filled with younger sediments over the period of time. In ancient times, these rivers/channels were thriving in phenomenal conditions, but due to frequent tectonic activities, they lost the direction of their original path and were gradually either lost or buried under thick beds of younger alluvium. Palaeochannels act as reservoirs for fresh groundwater since they are made up of coarser sediments and were formerly flowing rivers. Depending on the groundwater regime and local topography, these could either be saturated or dry. The palaeochannels have high groundwater potential if saturated. These are ideal sites for artificial groundwater recharge, if dry. The identification of palaeochannels becomes quite challenging if they are buried under thick deposits of finer younger sediments. In the present study, an attempt has been made to characterize the Saraswati River Palaeochannel in parts of Yamuna Nagar and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana by using surface and subsurface geophysical methods. Till date, the palaeochannels in this area were mainly discerned on the basis of remote sensing only; therefore, geophysical characterization of these palaeochannels has been attempted in this study. In surface geophysical methods, electrical resistivity surveys, especially gradient resistivity profiling (GRP) and vertical electrical sounding (VES), were conducted in the study area, while electrical and natural gamma logging was used as subsurface geophysical approaches to identify the coarser sands of buried palaeochannels. The main objective of the study was to characterize the Saraswati River palaeochannel and analyze the quality of the groundwater stored in the palaeochannel in the study area. The findings were compared with the well-log data and were found in good agreement.

Mapping and vulnerability assessment in urban slums of Nainital and Udham Singh Nagar districts of Uttarakhand: A Cross-sectional Survey

Background: With increasing urbanization, number of urban slums is also rising. The health facilities and indicators in urban slums are poor as compared to other urban population. The present study presents an analysis of the health problems, utilization of health services and vulnerability of urban slums. Aims &amp; Objectives: To map the slums in urban areas and assess the vulnerability of households. Methodology: The study was conducted in all urban slums of five cities of Nainital and Udham Singh Nagar districts namely Haldwani, Ramnagar, Rudrapur, Jaspur and Kashipur. Group discussions involving community members, ward surveys by ASHA workers and household level vulnerability assessment were done using standard format according to “Guidelines and Tools for Vulnerability Mapping and Assessment of Urban Health, 2017”. Results: Most urban slum dwellers are daily wage laborers with major population suffering mainly from diabetes, hypertension, respiratory infection. Lack of drugs and diagnostic facilities are the major concerns. Infrastructure needs strengthening in most of the slums. Around three fourth of population belonged to vulnerable group with remaining in highly vulnerable group. Conclusion: There are social problems in urban slums like illiteracy, lack of awareness, unemployment which worsen the health problems. So, a holistic approach is needed for the solution.

Distribution and Etiology of Gummosis Syndrome Associated with Apricot Fruit Trees of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Gummosis syndrome is a serious disease of apricot trees in Gilgit Baltistan (GB), Pakistan. The symptoms of gummosis syndrome on branches, twigs, and the trunk of apricot trees include oozing of a gummy or resinous material, lesions or cankers, bark discoloration, and the disintegration of bark integrity. The disease can weaken branches and twigs, making them more susceptible to breakage. In severe cases, affected branches can die back. In this study, we investigated the fungal species associated with gummosis syndrome in apricots across four districts in GB: Nagar, Hunza, Gilgit, and Ghizer. We recovered a total of 40 isolates from different locations of above four districts, and the most frequently isolated fungal species was Botryodiplodia theobromae. Fusarium solani was also isolated from several locations, and Neoscytalidium spp. were isolated from a few locations in Nagar and Hunza. The spatial distribution of gummosis syndrome in apricots in GB is not uniform. The disease is more prevalent in the northern and western parts of GB, and in areas with higher elevations and cooler temperatures. The Nagar district is the most affected by gummosis syndrome, followed by Ghizer District. Our findings suggest that Botryodiplodia theobromae is the major fungal pathogen associated with gummosis syndrome in apricots in GB. Fusarium solani and Neoscytalidium spp. may also play a role in the disease. The spatial distribution of gummosis syndrome in GB suggests that environmental factors, such as elevation and temperature, may contribute to the disease. Further research is needed to develop effective control measures for gummosis syndrome in apricots in GB. This research should focus on identifying resistant apricot varieties, developing new and more effective fungicides, and developing integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

Socio-economic Empowerment of Women in Rural Area of Udham Singh Nagar District (With Special Reference to Kiccha Block)

Socio-economic Empowerment of Women in Rural Area of Udham Singh Nagar District (With Special Reference to Kiccha Block)

Post-campaign coverage evaluation of a measles and rubella supplementary immunization activity in five districts in India, 2019-2020.

In alignment with the Measles and Rubella (MR) Strategic Elimination plan, India conducted a mass measles and rubella vaccination campaign across the country between 2017 and 2020 to provide a dose of MR containing vaccine to all children aged 9 months to 15 years. We estimated campaign vaccination coverage in five districts in India and assessed campaign awareness and factors associated with vaccination during the campaign to better understand reasons for not receiving the dose. Community-based cross-sectional serosurveys were conducted in five districts of India among children aged 9 months to 15 years after the vaccination campaign. Campaign coverage was estimated based on home-based immunization record or caregiver recall. Campaign coverage was stratified by child- and household-level risk factors and descriptive analyses were performed to assess reasons for not receiving the campaign dose. Three thousand three hundred and fifty-seven children aged 9 months to 15 years at the time of the campaign were enrolled. Campaign coverage among children aged 9 months to 5 years documented or by recall ranged from 74.2% in Kanpur Nagar District to 90.4% in Dibrugarh District, Assam. Similar coverage was observed for older children. Caregiver awareness of the campaign varied from 88.3% in Hoshiarpur District, Punjab to 97.6% in Dibrugarh District, Assam, although 8% of children whose caregivers were aware of the campaign were not vaccinated during the campaign. Failure to receive the campaign dose was associated with urban settings, low maternal education, and lack of school attendance although the associations varied by district. Awareness of the MR vaccination campaign was high; however, campaign coverage varied by district and did not reach the elimination target of 95% coverage in any of the districts studied. Areas with lower coverage among younger children must be prioritized by strengthening the routine immunization programme and implementing strategies to identify and reach under-vaccinated children.

Causes and Effects of Unemployment in India: With Special Reference to Rural Areas of Yamuna Nagar District of Haryana

In underdeveloped countries unemployment is both open and disguised. Presently like all other underdeveloped countries, India suffers mainly from structural unemployment which exists in open and disguised forms. Unemployment which prevails in India is definitely structural in nature. During the 1951-2011 period, population in India increased at an alarming rate of around 2.1% per annum and with it the number of people coming to the labour market in search of jobs also rose rapidly. But due to slow economic growth rate, employment opportunities did not increase most of the time correspondingly, which results into an increase in the volume of unemployment. Apart from structural unemployment, there is Keynesian involuntary unemployment prevails in India. The present paper defines the situation of unemployment in India with special reference to rural areas of Haryana. Haryana is a state where agriculture and Industrial Sector and Service sector all have shown a good performance in the Gross Domestic Product. Since its creation, the economic growth of Haryana is very high. But it is also true that Haryana is also facing the problem of unemployment. The level of development of a country determines the extent of employment or unemployment. Therefore, when a country makes progress size and its production expands, the employment opportunities grow. During the past three decades, the production has expanded in all the sectors of the Indian economy. Absolute level of employment has grown in response to these developments, but was not found enough to remove the unemployment in the economy. However, during the planning period, unemployment in absolute terms has increased, not in a single state but in whole country. This present paper defines the unemployment situation that prevails in India with special reference to Haryana.

Pollution status and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the soil of Sahibzada Ajit Singh (SAS) Nagar district of Punjab, India and its source apportionment

The threat of heavy metals in soil due to rapid urbanization, intensive agricultural practices, vehicular emission, and industry-related activities is increasing day by day, causing high risk to environmental health. The present study assessed the heavy metal pollution (Cr, Co, Ni, Co, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) in the soil of Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar District, Punjab, India, through the index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), contamination factors (CF), degree of contamination (DC), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk factor (Er) and potential ecological risk indices (PRI). The results showed the concentration of heavy metals in the soil in the order of Pb > Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > As > Co > Cd. The pollution risk assessment indices: Igeo, CF, and Er indicated that most soil samples were moderately contaminated with Pb. The village Majra showed considerable contamination as evidenced by the Cd. The multivariate statistical analysis revealed the anthropogenic sources (agricultural practices and discharges from micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) industries) to be the possible sources of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb. The health risk assessment studies indicated that carcinogenic risks were higher for children than the adults. The cancer risk (CR) for all heavy metals in decreasing order is As > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd. Likewise, the non-carcinogenic risks calculated as HQ followed the order of Pb > As > Cr > Cd > Ni > Cu > Co > Zn. The significant disparities in heavy metal concentrations underscore the necessity of establishing appropriate baseline levels for toxic trace metals in soils.

A Study on Agri-preneurial Behaviour of Kalanamak Rice Growers in Siddharth Nagar and Sant Kabir Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh, India

Kalanamak rice, hailed for its nutritional potency and health benefits, presents a promising avenue for alleviating these challenges. This study, titled “A Study on Agri- preneurial Behaviour of Kalanamak Rice Growers in Siddharth Nagar and Sant Kabir Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh, India,” delves into this potential within the precincts of Siddharth Nagar and Sant Kabir Nagar district. The investigation hones in on two blocks – Birdpur in Siddharth Nagar, and Santha in Sant Kabir Nagar. Methodologically rigorous, the study selected six villages from each block and engaged with a total of 120 Kalanamak growers. Data collection unfurled through personalized interviews, facilitated by a meticulously crafted questionnaire. To unravel patterns and nuances, statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation orchestrated the classification of data. The coefficient of correlation `r` was invoked to fathom the interplay between Kalanamak growers` attributes, their knowledge, and their adoption of Kalanamak rice. Analysis of the respondent demographics spotlighted several noteworthy trends. A preponderance (70.83%) emerged from the middle age group, with educational attainments peaking at the middle school (34.17%). In terms of occupation, 45% were engaged in agriculture, The agrarian landscape was marked by a significant representation from the Other Backward Classes (OBC) category (49.17%), Landholding skewed towards the smaller end (49.17%), Family dynamics, as reflected in size and structure, were characterized by medium level (64.17% and 90.83%, respectively).

Challenges in Healthcare Delivery in Sant Kabir Nagar District: In the View of Healthcare Infrastructure and Healthcare Workforce

Challenges in Healthcare Delivery in Sant Kabir Nagar District: In the View of Healthcare Infrastructure and Healthcare Workforce