NaF Mouthrinse Research Articles

Enhancing Intraoral Fluoride Retention in Older Adults: A Randomized Crossover Study.

Previous studies have shown that a calcium prerinse can increase intraoral fluoride retention from a fluoride rinse. To explore the potential of this approach to control root caries, we assessed intraoral fluoride bioavailability after a calcium prerinse in older adults with normal to low salivary flow rates. In a 2-period crossover trial (NCT04239872), 20 participants (65-80 y old), with low or normal salivary flow rate, rinsed for 1 min with a 0.05% NaF mouth rinse (226 ppm F, F only) or with this rinse immediately after a 1-min rinse with 150 mM calcium lactate (Ca→F). Dental biofilm and saliva samples were collected before and up to 2 h after the rinse(s). Fluoride concentrations in saliva (whole and clarified) and dental biofilm (fluid and solid phases) were blindly determined. Data were statistically analyzed by a mixed-effects model for the effect of treatment, time, and their interaction (α = 5%). The Ca→F group resulted in significantly higher fluoride concentrations in all variables analyzed, for almost all of the collection time points. The effect was greater in the biofilm solids and whole saliva (compatible with the formation of calcium fluoride deposits) and still significant (P < 0.001) after 2 h in the biofilm fluid and clarified saliva, suggesting that fluoride stored in insoluble particles was released, increasing free fluoride. The use of a calcium prerinse before a fluoride rinse was able to prolong intraoral fluoride bioavailability in older adults. A calcium prerinse increased intraoral fluoride bioavailability in older individuals. This approach could be used to improve root caries control without the need to increase the fluoride concentration in dental products.

Effect of Preventive Dental Products on Bonding Force: An in vitro Study.

Testing the effect of Fluoride, chlorhexidine, and molecular iodine applications on the mean micro-shear bond strength (SBS) of enamel in an attempt to preserve enamel integrity during the bonding process. The study was an observational case-control one in which 150 human teeth were classified into 10 groups according to the product kind and the prescribed treatment. Each group consisted of 15 teeth. Group C was the control group. Groups FP, FV, and OS utilized products that could be utilized in a professional dental setting. Group FP was treated with 1.23% NaF prophy paste, Group FV was treated with 5% NaF varnish, and Group OS was treated with Opal® Seal Fluoride releasing primer and sealant. Groups L, LF, CHX, and I were treated with mouth rinses. Group L was treated with Listerine Zero Fluoride-Free Mouthwash, Group LF with Listerine Zero 0.02% NaF Mouth Rinse, Group CHX with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, and Group I with ioRinse RTU 100 ppm molecular iodine rinse. Groups TP and G utilized alternative remineralization products. Group TP was treated with Fluoro Calcium Phosphosilicate bioglass containing toothpaste, and Group G was treated with Curodont Protect remineralizing tooth gel. One-way ANOVA test was utilized to perform all statistical analysis in this study. For mean micro-SBS, no significant difference (P > 0.05) between any of the experimental groups was observed when compared to the control group. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between Opal Seal versus Listerine Total, Opal Seal versus Peridex, Listerine versus Listerine Total, and Listerine versus Peridex. All other experimental group comparisons revealed a nonsignificant difference (P > 0.05). As the null hypothesis (H0) assumes that changes observed in an experiment are due to chance, hence, the outcomes of this study are coherent with (H0) since the aforementioned application methods did not significantly impact the SBS of orthodontic resin cement to enamel.

Clinical Study on the Effect of Sodium Fluoride Mouthrinse /Gel and Toothpaste in Combination with Chlorohexidine Mouth Wash on Plaque and Gingivitis in Orthodontic Patients

This study is to examine which one is most effective the use of NaF mouthrinse and toothpaste with chlorohexidine mouthwash or the use of NaF gel with Naf toothpaste and chlorohexidine mouth wash on the plaque and gingivitis of maxillary anterior teeth that occurs in orthodontic patients during the treatment of fixed appliance. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study with 60 orthodontic patients (16 males and 44 females, average age from 15 to 25 ) was designed . All the patients were instruct to brush with NaF tooth past three times in the day and to use chlorohexidine mouth wash at night . Visible plaque index (VPI) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were recorded on the six maxillary anterior teeth at bonding and after one, two and three months and evaluated with t tests .Then the patients that began to have plaque and gingivi tis were divided into two groups A and B , In group A they wer e instruct to use NaF gel (1500 ppm) in addition to NaF(145 0ppm) toothpaste and 2% chlorohexidine mouth wash while gr oup B used Naf (250 ppm) mouth rinse in addition to NaF toot hpaste and chlorohexidine . There was a significant differences( P&lt;0.05) between bonding and debonding after 3 months recorded for VPI and there was also a significant difference between gr oup A and B for the VPI and for the GBI after six weeks of th e treatment . It was concluded that the combined use of an NaF toothpaste/gel and chlorohexidine mouthwash had a slightly more inhibitory effect on the development of , plaque and gingivitis on maxillary anterior teeth during fixed orthodont ic treatment compared with NaF mouth rinse / toothpaste with ch lorohexidine mouthwash .

Efficacy of Probiotic, Chlorhexidine, and Sodium Fluoride Mouthrinses on Mutans Streptococci in 8- to 12-Year-Old Children: A Crossover Randomized Trial

Introduction: The oral cavity is home to a diverse and distinct microbiome. While the role of oral bacteria in cariogenic and other dental diseases is irrefutable, their beneficial effects in the form of probiotics (PB) has been less studied, especially pertaining to oral diseases in children. This study compares the efficacy of a PB mouthrinse with 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthrinse on the colony counts of mutans streptococci (MS) in children. Methods: A triple-blind crossover randomized trial between interventional groups was planned. Fifty-one children between 8 to 12 years of age were divided into three groups (I, II, and III) and were exposed to all three mouthrinses (A, B, and C) by randomized allocation for a period of two weeks with an inter-phase washout period of four weeks. Pre- and post-interventional MS counts (CFU/mL) were assessed, and the mean change was analysed using the t test (intragroup) and ANOVA (intergroup and crossover). Results: The mean changes in the colony counts obtained with the use of PB, CHX, and NaF mouthrinses were −1.0223 (−1.2201 to −0.8246), −0.9564 (−1.1503 to −0.7626), and −0.9511 (−1.1554 to −0.7467), respectively, which were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). However, the intergroup comparison for the mean change in colony counts revealed no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that the PB mouthrinse was equally efficacious as compared to CHX and NaF mouthrinses against MS in 8- to 12-year-old children. However, further studies are recommended to strengthen the evidence.

Fluoride-Releasing Self-Etch Adhesives Create Thick ABRZ at the Interface.

A fluoride-releasing adhesive system is expected to promote mineralization of demineralized dentin/enamel around a composite restoration, thereby contributing to the longevity of the restoration. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations revealed the formation of an “acid–base resistant zone” (ABRZ) beneath the hybrid layer when dentin was treated with a self-etch adhesive system. A thicker ABRZ was formed from the upper slope to the end of the outer lesion, indicating greater resistance against an acid-base challenge, when a fluoride-releasing self-etch adhesive system was used. The slope formation of a fluoride-releasing adhesive is believed to be due to fluoride-release from the adhesive. Quantitative assessment of the acid resistance was performed at the interface using the region of interest (ROI) mode of a digital image analysis software package. The area of the ABRZ is influenced by the concentration of fluoride release from the adhesive resin. The threshold of fluoride concentration in the adhesive may exist to influence the morphology of the ABRZ. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis of the dentin treated with different concentrations of NaF-mouth rinses suggested that different fluoride concentrations result in the formation of different chemical compounds, such as fluorapatite and CaF2-like structures, on the dentin surface. This may explain the differences in μTBS values and morphological appearance of the ABRZ. NaF is effective in enhancing the enamel/dentin bond durability and also helps create a high quality of ARBZ to improve the clinical success of restorations.

Salivary fluoride concentration and retention after rinsing with 0.05 and 0.2% sodium fluoride (NaF) compared with a new high F rinse containing 0.32% NaF

Objective To compare salivary fluoride (F) concentration and F retention after rinsing with a new 0.32% sodium fluoride (NaF) rinse and conventional 0.05 and 0.2% NaF rinses. Methods Seventeen subjects (aged 22–26 years), with normal salivary secretion rates, participated in a double blind, cross-over study. In three separate sessions with a minimum washout period of 48 h, they rinsed for 1 min with 10 ml of 0.05, 0.2 or 0.32% NaF mouthrinse. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected before (baseline: 0 min) and after 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min. The F concentration was plotted against time, and the area under the curve (AUC) calculated. Salivary F concentration and F retention for the three mouthrinses were compared by a randomized block test, followed by Tukey’s test and a paired 2-tailed test. Results There was a clear dose–response for AUC 3–60 min; 0.32% > 0.2% > 0.05% (p < .05). The mean F retention was 0.25 mg for 0.05% NaF, 0.86 mg F for 0.2% Na and 1.31 mg F for 0.32% NaF, (p < .05). Conclusions The higher salivary F concentration over time and the higher F retention after rinsing with an 0.32% NaF solution suggests a potential application in prevention of caries and dental erosion.

Comparative Evaluation of Casein Phosphopeptide - Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Fluoride in Managing Early Caries Lesions

The aim of the present study was to assess the remineralizing potential of 10% casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate complex (CPP-ACP) -Recaldent used alone or with fluoride (CPP-ACFP) as compared to fluoride mouthrinse for the non-invasive treatment of occlusal non-cavitary caries lesions in vivo.A total of eighty subjects were randomly assigned to four groups, i.e. group 1 - 10% CPP-ACP, group 2- 10% CPP-ACP + 0.2% NaF, group 3- 0.05% NaF mouthrinse and group 4 �control. The lesions were assessed using visual examination and DIAGNOdent measurements. After 12 weeks of using the corresponding product, the results showed that the highest decrease in fluorescence was produced by CPP-ACFP (from 16.28�1.40 to 6.53�0.59, p=0.002), followed by CPP-ACP (from 15.70�1.82 to 8.18�0.70, p=0.004) and fluoride mouthrinse (from 14.32�1.72 to 7.88�0.68, p=0.005), significantly higher than in the control group (p[0.05). No significant differences were found between the three treatment groups.

Comparative Evaluation of Casein Phosphopeptide - Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Fluoride in Managing Early Caries Lesions

The aim of the present study was to assess the remineralizing potential of 10% casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate complex (CPP-ACP) -Recaldent used alone or with fluoride (CPP-ACFP) as compared to fluoride mouthrinse for the non-invasive treatment of occlusal non-cavitary caries lesions in vivo.A total of eighty subjects were randomly assigned to four groups, i.e. group 1 - 10% CPP-ACP, group 2- 10% CPP-ACP + 0.2% NaF, group 3- 0.05% NaF mouthrinse and group 4 -control. The lesions were assessed using visual examination and DIAGNOdent measurements. After 12 weeks of using the corresponding product, the results showed that the highest decrease in fluorescence was produced by CPP-ACFP (from 16.28±1.40 to 6.53±0.59, p=0.002), followed by CPP-ACP (from 15.70±1.82 to 8.18±0.70, p=0.004) and fluoride mouthrinse (from 14.32±1.72 to 7.88±0.68, p=0.005), significantly higher than in the control group (p&lt;0.05). No significant differences were found between the three treatment groups. Keywords: CPP-ACP, CPP-ACFP, fluoride mouthrinse, remineralization

Adjunctive use of fluoride rinsing and brush-on gel increased incipient caries-like lesion remineralization compared with fluoride toothpaste alone in situ

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the remineralizing effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinse or NaF gel as an adjunct to NaF dentifrice on incipient caries-like lesions in an in situ cross-over design study, with three sessions of 30 days each.Materials and methods: Orthodontic brackets with artificial demineralized enamel slabs were attached to the upper first molars of 12 participants. A set of 3 test specimens from the same tooth was randomly assigned to each participant and allocated into three 30-day sessions: 1) brushing with 0.22% NaF dentifrice 2 times/day (F dentifrice), 2) brushing with 0.22% NaF dentifrice 2 times/day+ rinsing with 0.05% NaF before bedtime (F mouth rinse), 3) brushing with 0.22% NaF dentifrice 2 times/day + brushing with 1.1% NaF gel before bedtime (F brush-on gel). The mineral gain and lesion depth of the specimens were evaluated by micro-computed tomography.Results: The mean mineral gain from the NaF mouth rinse and the NaF brush-on gel was similar, but greater than that from the NaF dentifrice (p < .05). The NaF brush-on gel yielded the greatest mean depth of remineralization (168 µm), followed by the NaF mouth rinse (144 µm). Both depths were significantly greater than that of the NaF dentifrice (84 µm) (p < .05).Conclusions: Both 0.05% NaF mouth rinse and 1.1% NaF brush-on gel, used at bedtime, increased incipient caries-like lesion remineralization in situ in combination with brushing with NaF dentifrice twice a day.

Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Tea, Garlic with Lime, and Sodium Fluoride Mouth Rinses against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli species, and Candida albicans in Children: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Clinical Trial.

Introduction With greater awareness worldwide, the use of herbs and herbal products has increased to a large extent.Objective To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of green tea, garlic with lime, and 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinses against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli species, and Candida albicans.Materials and methods A total of 45 children aged 4 to 6 years with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC; based on decayed extracted filled [defs] score) were selected. Children were divided randomly into three equal groups and were asked to rinse with the prescribed mouth rinse once daily for 2 weeks after breakfast under supervision. A base-line and postrinsing nonstimulated whole salivary sample (2 mL) was collected and tested for the number of colony-forming units (CFUs). The data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 software with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test.Results A statistically significant fall in colony count was found with the three mouth rinses in S. mutans (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and Lactobacilli spp. (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), but not against C. albicans (p = 0.264, p = 0.264). On comparison, no statistically significant difference was found against S. mutans (p = 1, p = 0.554, p = 0.572), lactobacilli spp. (p = 0.884, p = 0.999, p = 0.819), and C. albicans (p = 0.999, p = 0.958, p = 0.983).Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that green tea and garlic with lime mouth rinse can be an economical alternative to NaF mouth rinse both for prevention and therapeutics.How to cite this article Thomas A, Thakur S, Habib R. Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Tea, Garlic with Lime, and Sodium Fluoride Mouth Rinses against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli species, and Candida albicans in Children: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(3):234-239.

Efficacy of sodium and stannous fluoride mouthrinses when used before single and multiple erosive challenges.

Application of fluoride mouthrinse before an acidic challenge may decrease enamel erosion. This paper compares the efficacy of stannous (SnF2 ) and sodium (NaF) fluoride when facing single and multiple erosive cycles invitro. Human enamel samples (N=60) were randomly assigned to groups testing SnF2 and NaF mouthrinses (225p.p.m.) and a water control. Samples were allocated into subgroups testing one or five erosive cycles. Samples were immersed in test solution for 1min prior to citric acid immersion (0.3%, pH3.2, 10min), and the cycle repeated either one or five times. Analysis was done using profilometry and microhardness change. After one cycle, SnF2 resulted in least step height followed by NaF and water (1.3μm (0.63), 2.3μm (0.39), 4.3μm (0.41) respectively; P<0.0001). After five cycles SnF2 continued to reduce step height but pre-application of NaF was no different to water (4.6μm (0.7), 10.5μm (1.1) and 11.1μm (0.38) respectively; P<0.0001). There were no statistical differences in microhardness change between fluorides. After one erosive cycle, fluoride application resulted in statistically softer enamel compared with water. Both SnF2 and NaF reduced erosion after one cycle. After five cycles, SnF2 continued to offer protection whereas NaF was statistically comparable with water. Softening of enamel may not imply less erosion has occurred.

Efficacy of pastes containing CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (CPP-ACFP) containing pastes among individuals with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Thirty patients were randomised into three groups: CPP-ACP, CPP-ACFP, and 0.05 % NaF to be used two times a day during a 28-day experimental period. Saliva was analysed for flow rate, pH, buffering capacity and mineral concentrations. Dental plaque was examined for pH. Following the formation of artificial carious lesion, participants wore enamel slabs for an in situ remineralisation study. Remineralisation potential was examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) technique. SE microphotographs were subsequently analysed for area, diameter, perimeter, roundness and the number of enamel defects and percentage of tooth surface affected by defects. At the end of the experimental period, a slight increase of salivary pH could have been observed. No differences in mineral composition of saliva were noted. The use of CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP contributed to a significant rise of plaque pH. Image analysis revealed excessive reduction of defects' dimensions in the three experimental groups, and a decrease of the number of enamel defects in the CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP groups. The EDS analysis did not show differences in Ca/P, Ca/O and P/O ratios in any of the treatment groups. CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP hold promise as remineralising agents for patients with SS. Pastes containing CPP-ACP/CPP-ACFP show enhanced remineralisation potential compared with NaF mouthrinse in patients with SS.

Effectiveness of sodium fluoride mouthrinses on the prevention of dental caries: A systematic review

Background: Caries inhibitory effect of fluoride has been known for about a century. The use of mouthrinses as a vehicle for applying fluoride in a self-administered preventive program was first proposed by Bibby et al. in 1946. Since then sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthrinses have been used extensively as a caries-preventive measure. Aim: To determine the effectiveness of NaF mouthrinses in the prevention of Dental Caries through a systematic review. Materials and Methods: A search strategy for the review was carried out according to the standard Joanna Briggs Institute systematic review methodology. An electronic search was carried out in PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library from 1970 to 2012. Hand search was conducted through the reference list of articles. The main intention of our investigation was to check the amount of reduction in clinical dental caries. Of 657 articles originally identified, 35 records were considered potentially eligible and sought for further assessment. Results: A total of 28 articles met the inclusion criteria and were assessed independently for methodology and performance. Randomized control study design was followed in 17 studies mainly at evidence level; 2 with a preventive fraction ranging from 16% to 65%. The reported mean annual caries reduction among adolescents was 0.76. Conclusion: Daily or weekly NaF mouthrinses had a significant caries reduction among adolescents. Daily and weekly/fortnightly rinse programs showed an average of 39% fewer decayed-missing-filled-surface. Daily use of NaF had a slightly higher caries reduction rate. Not enough data are available to show the effect of fluoride mouth rinsing programs on deciduous dentition.

Sodium fluoride mouthrinse used twice daily increased incipient caries lesion remineralization in an in situ model

ObjectivesTo investigate the remineralizing effects of fluoride mouthrinses used at different times and frequency in addition to fluoride toothpaste. MethodsA randomized crossover single blinded study comprised 4 experimental phases of 21 days each. Twelve orthodontic volunteers were fixed with an orthodontic bracket containing an artificial carious enamel slab, which was from the same tooth in all 4 phases, and were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) brushing with F toothpaste 2× per day (F- brush), (2) F- brush+rinsing with 0.05% NaF (F- rinse) after lunch, (3) F- brush+F-rinse before bedtime, and (4) F- brush+F- rinse 2× per day. Mean mineral gain after each phase was determined from mineral density profiles obtained using Micro-CT. ResultsThe mean mineral gain in all treatments with F- brush and F-rinse were significantly greater than those in F- brush (p<0.05). Moreover F- rinse 2× per day increased lesion remineralization more than F- rinse once a day. ConclusionsThe twice-daily use of 0.05% NaF mouthrinse combined with twice-daily regular use of fluoride toothpaste resulted in the greatest remineralization of incipient caries. These data indicate that rinsing frequency is a factor affecting the effectiveness of fluoride mouthrinse. Clinical significanceThe rinsing frequency of NaF mouthrinse, when used with fluoride toothpaste, also affects the remineralization. This finding, if confirmed by a clinical study, would lead to a new recommendation for fluoride mouthrinse used in high caries risk patients who could benefit from using it twice a day.

Remineralisation of occlusal white spot lesion with a combination of 10% CPP-ACP and 0.2% sodium fluoride evaluated using Diagnodent: a pilot study.

To evaluate the efficacy of 10% casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate complex (CPP-AC P) used alone or with fluoride as compared to fluoride mouthrinse for the remineralisation of occlusal white spot lesions in an in vivo pilot study. Forty-five subjects with occlusal white spot lesions (WSL) determined by visual examination and confirmed with Diagnodent were randomly divided into 3 groups: group 1: 10% CPP-AC P + 0.2% NaF; group 2: 10% CPPAC P; group 3: 0.5% NaF mouthrinse for 30 days. The pre-treatment and post-intervention Diagnodent values were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Among the groups, the remineralising potential of 10% CPP-AC P + 0.2% NaF (group 1) and 10% CPP-AC P (group 2) were similar, however, both groups were superior to 0.5% NaF mouthrinse (group 3). The CCP-AC P technique is highly beneficial for the remineralisation of non-cavitated occlusal white spot lesions when compared to 0.5% NaF mouthrinse.

The effect of temperature change on fluoride uptake from a mouthrinse by enamel specimens

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of temperature on fluoride uptake by enamel specimens from a 0.05% NaF-fluoridated mouthrinse (Oral-B Advantage; Oral-B Laboratories, Newbridge, UK). Enamel specimens were prepared from extracted human maxillary central incisors. A fluoride-specific ion electrode was used to measure the uptake from a 2 ppm fluoride solution containing 50.0 mL of distilled water, total ion strength adjustment buffer, and fluoridated rinse at 3 different temperatures (room temperature, 25°C; human body temperature, 37°C; hyper-fever temperature, 43°C). One-way analysis of variance and least significant difference were used to assess intragroup and intergroup differences (P<.05). The study found that both the amount and the rate of fluoride uptake increased significantly with increase in temperature. This effect was particularly noticeable at 43°C. The temperature of the NaF mouthrinse may easily and safely be increased beyond room temperature by placing a container of the NaF mouthrinse in a bowl of hot water, allowing greater fluoride penetration into the enamel from the mouthrinse when used at home as a routine prophylactic agent.

Effect of fluoride mouth rinses on various orthodontic archwire alloys tested by modified bending test: An in vitro study

Fluorides can cause corrosion and degradation in mechanical properties of commonly used archwires by forming hydrofluoric acid HF and causing disruption of protective titanium oxide layer. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the change in load deflection characteristics of Ni-Ti, Cu Ni-Ti, S.S, and β-Ti wires on immersing in fluoride mouth rinses of two types- Phosflur and neutral NaF mouth rinse utilizing a modified bending test and comparing it to control. Round preformed wires were immersed in 10 ml of control and test solution (Phosflur and S-Flo mouth rinse) for 1.5 hours and incubated at 37°C. Modified bending test was carried out to evaluate load-deflection characteristics of different wires using Instron. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine if statistically significant difference exist among the mean load values obtained at various deflections in control and test solutions. There was no statistically significant reduction in load deflection characteristics of Ni-Ti, copper Ni-Ti, β-Ti, and S.S wires on immersing in Phosflur mouth rinse and neutral sodium fluoride mouth rinses as compared to control at 2.5 and 1 mm of deflection in unloading phase. Phosflur and a neutral sodium fluoride mouth rinse did not affect the mechanical bending properties of Ni-Ti, copper Ni-Ti, B-Ti, and SS wires in in vitro conditions.

Effects of sodium fluoride mouth rinses on the torsional properties of miniscrew implants

Effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinse solutions on torsional properties of a miniscrew implant were investigated. As-received Ti-6Al-4V miniscrew implants (AbsoAnchor [Dentos, Inc., Daigu, Korea]) were immersed in 0.1% or 0.2% NaF mouth rinse solution (pH 5.12 and 5.14, respectively) for 1 hour or 24 hours. Miniscrew implants selected as controls were not immersed. Each implant was subjected to increasing torque until fracture (n = 5 in sample groups). Mean moment and twist angle for fracture were compared using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Surfaces of implants after immersion were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electron microprobe and micro-x-ray diffraction analyses were performed to obtain composition information about deposits on implant surfaces. Pits and cracks formed on the implant surfaces after immersion in both NaF mouth rinse solutions. Corrosion products, probably sodium aluminum fluoride (Na(3)AlF(6)), were observed on the implants after immersion in both NaF solutions for both time periods. There were no significant differences for mean torque (P = 0.063) and twist angle (P = 0.696) at fracture compared with control implants. Although titanium alloy miniscrew implants corroded slightly from immersion in 0.1% or 0.2% NaF solutions, mouth rinsing by patients with the same fluoride solution concentrations should not cause deterioration of their torsional performance.

Efficacy of a Tin/Fluoride Rinse

Concentrated tin- and fluoride-containing mouthrinses are effective erosion inhibitors in enamel and dentin. To test whether this is also true for solutions with lower concentrations, we conducted a randomized double-blind three-cell crossover in situ study with extra-orally performed erosive impacts (citric acid, 6 x 5 min/day) and an intra-oral rinsing protocol (1 x 30 sec/day) in 24 volunteers. The mouthrinses were a placebo, a NaF (500 ppm F-), and an amine fluoride (AmF)/NaF/SnCl2 mouthrinse (500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+). Compared with the placebo, the NaF mouthrinse reduced substance loss by 19% in enamel and 23% in dentin (p ≤ 0.01 each); the AmF/NaF/SnCl2 mouthrinse reduced this parameter by 67% in enamel and 47% in dentin (p ≤ 0.001 each). AmF/NaF/SnCl2 was significantly more effective than NaF in both tissues (p ≤ 0.01). The mouthrinse containing Sn and F exhibited good efficacy, even under severe erosive conditions.

Effect of Sodium Fluoride Mouth Rinse on Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Chains

This study evaluated Sodium Fluoride mouth rinse effects on elastic properties of different elastomeric chains. In this in vitro experiment, two orthodontic chains were tested. In the first group, they were stored in artificial saliva for the entire duration, and in the second group they were immersed daily in 0.05% NaF mouth rinse for 1 minute, artificial saliva-NaF mixture for 30 minutes, and then in artificial saliva for the rest of the day. Specimens were tested at baseline, 1 hour 24 hours, 1, 2 and 3 weeks and then the displacement of specimens to obtain 150 g and 300 g, also the applied force after stretching them to 100% of their original length were evaluated. In contrast to force degradation, chains of both companies required more displacement to achieve both forces in the saliva-NaF mixture than saliva itself however the difference was only significant for the 300g force (P = 0.020). American Orthodontics chains required more displacement than Dentaurum chains to obtain both forces, also they had more load relaxation (P < 0.001). Daily use of NaF mouth rinse does not affect force degradation and the displacement of both chains to achieve conventional orthodontic forces, but for higher force levels the displacement increase is statistically significant.