NaCl Medium Research Articles

Роль етапу дегідратації в розвитку постгіпертонічного гемолізу еритроцитів ссавців

The aim of this study was to assess the level of damage to mammalian erythrocytes under post-hypertonic shock depending on the concentration of NaCl in the dehydration medium and to determine the effect of hypertonic NaCl solutions on the condition of mammalian erythrocytes by flow cytometry. To achieve this goal, spectrophotometric and cytometry research methods were used. The data obtained showed that post-hypertonic lysis of mammalian erythrocytes depends on the concentration of NaCl in the dehydration medium. The most sensitive to the effects of post-hypertonic shock are rat erythrocytes, the least sensitive are rabbit cells. Cytometry studies revealed significant changes in the histograms of the distribution of erythrocytes of all mammalian species with increasing salt concentration in the dehydration medium. These changes are species-specific and are probably related to changes in cell volume and morphology. The data revealed a relationship between the level of post-hypertonic hemolysis and the values of such indicators as the median distribution and the coefficient of variation. Thus, an increase in the sensitivity of mammalian erythrocytes to post-hypertonic shock with increasing salt concentration in dehydration medium was usually accompanied by a decrease in the median cell division, and higher values of the coefficient of variation are characteristic of mammalian erythrocytes resistant to post-hypertonic shock.

Solving the corrosion behaviour and cobalt content correlation anomaly in electrodeposited Ni–Co coatings by analysis of coating micro-texture, strain and grain boundary constitution

ABSTRACT Ni–Co alloy coatings exhibit excellent tribological properties. However, these coatings are vulnerable to corrosion due to the lower corrosion potential of Co when compared to Ni. The decrease in the corrosion resistance of Ni–Co alloy with increasing Co content is not monotonous. At an optimum Co content, very high corrosion resistance behaviour is observed. This anomaly is investigated here. Ni–Co coatings (Ni, Ni–9 wt% Co and Ni–20 wt% Co) were electrodeposited over mild steel. Potentiodynamic polarisation illustrated Ni coatings highest corrosion resistance, whereas, between the Ni–Co coatings, Ni–20 wt% Co coating exhibited higher corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt% NaCl medium. Higher corrosion resistance in Ni–20 wt% Co coating was primarily due to uniform distribution of low energy grain boundaries like Σ3 coincidence site lattices (CSLs) in the coating. Higher corrosion rate for Ni–9 wt% Co coatings was due to strained grains and non-uniform distribution of low energy grain boundaries.

On the Corrosion behavior of 4A and 5A cast duplex stainless steel under different heat treatment conditions

In this analysis, corrosion efficiency and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel castings (DSS-4A and DSS-5A) were compared to their wrought counterparts. Cast duplex stainless steel DSS-4A and DSS-5A are characterized in two separate solution treated settings, while their wrought counterparts are characterized in both solutions treated and forged form. Optical microscopy and X-ray diffractometry were employed to perform the metallurgical characterization. Electrochemical techniques such as Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate corrosion activity. An electrochemical workstation was used to perform the corrosion studies. To compare the stability and changes in corrosion properties of both grades, an ASTM standard B117 salt spray test was performed in a 3.5 percent NaCl medium. Without any intermetallic phases, the XRD showed austenite and ferrite phases. The elements were partitioned further into the phases that they promoted, according to the elemental study of the phases. The ultimate tensile strength and hardness values of DSS-5A are higher than those of DSS-4A. DSS-5A had a higher corrosion resistance than DSS-4A. When comparing the two media used (H2SO4 and NaCl), DSS-5A demonstrated superior corrosion resistance.

Morpho-Physiological Testing of NaCl Sensitivity of Tobacco Plants Overexpressing Choline Oxidase Gene.

In this study the transgenic lines (TLs) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), which overexpress the heterologous gene encoding the bacterial enzyme choline oxidase were evaluated. The goal of our work is to study the effect of choline oxidase gene expression on the sensitivity of plant tissues to the action of NaCl. The regenerative capacity, rhizogenesis, the amount of photosynthetic pigments and osmotically active compounds (proline and glycine betaine) were assessed by in vitro cell culture methods using biochemical and morphological parameters. Transgenic lines with confirmed expression were characterized by high regeneration capacity from callus in the presence of 200 mmol NaCl, partial retention of viability at 400 mmol NaCl. These data correlated with the implicit response of regenerants and whole plants to the harmful effects of salinity. They turned out to be less sensitive to the presence of 200 mmol NaCl in the cultivation medium, in contrast to the WT plants.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline-Based Polymer Nanocomposites as Anti-Corrosion Coatings

Polymer nanocomposites of polyaniline (PANI)-based metal oxides (SiO2, CeO2, and TiO2A) were synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization by rapid mixing in a hydrochloric acid medium to evaluate and compare their performance as anti-corrosion coatings on commercial 1018 steel in a 3.5% NaCl medium. The anti-corrosion coatings were developed by dispersing synthesized nanocomposites on an alkydalic resin (AR) for their subsequent electrochemical characterization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses show that PANI has a certain degree of crystallinity in its structure. The incorporation of metal oxide (MO) nanoparticles (NPs) into the polymer matrix was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analyses, while the interaction of nanoparticles with PANI was proven by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals that nanoparticles infer greater resistance to the thermal decomposition of PANI. Finally, the use of open circuit potential (OCP) study, Tafel curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that coatings made with TiO2A NPs exhibit the best anti-corrosion properties as compared to those synthesized with SiO2 and CeO2 NPs.

Lipoic Acid Combined with Melatonin Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Promotes Root Formation and Growth in Salt-Stressed Canola Seedlings (Brassica napus L.).

Lipoic acid (LA) and melatonin (MT) are pleiotropic molecules participating in plant stress resistance by modulating cellular biochemical changes, ion homeostasis, and antioxidant enzyme activities. However, the combined role of these two molecules in counteracting the detrimental impacts of salinity stress is still unknown. In the present study, we determined the effects of exogenous LA (0.5 µM), MT (1 µM) and their combination (LA + MT) on growth performance and biomass accumulation, photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities, and ions homeostatic in canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings under salinity stress (0, 100 mM) for 40 days. The results indicate that exogenous application of LA + MT improved the phenotypic growth (by 25 to 45%), root thickness (by 68%), number of later lateral roots (by 52%), root viability (by 44%), and root length (by 50%) under salinity stress. Moreover, total soluble protein, chlorophyll pigments, the concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase peroxidase (CAT), and ascorbic peroxidase (ASA) increased with the presence of salt concentration into the growth media and then decreased with the addition of LA + MT to saline solution. Leaf protein contents and the degradation of photosynthetic pigments were lower when LA + MT treatments were added into NaCl media. The proline and phenol contents decreased in the exogenous application of LA + MT treatments more than individual LA or MT treatments under the salinity stress. The incorporation of LA or MT or a combination of LA + MT to saline solution decreased salinity-induced malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage. In conclusion, the alteration of metabolic pathways, redox modulation, and ions homeostasis in plant tissues by the combined LA and MT application are helpful towards the adaptation of Brassica napus L. seedlings in a saline environment. The results of this study provide, for the first time, conclusive evidence about the protective role of exogenous LA + MT in canola seedlings under salinity stress.

Optimization of culture conditions for enhanced Dunaliella salina productions in mixotrophic culture

Dunaliella salina (D. salina) is a green microalga known for its tendency to produce lipid and β-carotene. Fatty acid profile, lipid and β-carotene productions of the microalga D. salina cultivated under different mixotrophic conditions were assayed. Notably, in spite of a broad spectrum of substrates served, mixotrophic cultivations slightly affected the fatty acid composition, and as a result C16:0 and C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 were identified as main fatty acids. Lipid in dry weight biomass (DWB) hit a high of 24.3% at 5% of NaCL and linolenic acid in lipid reached a peak of 9.15% at 15% of NaCL in medium containing glucose and equal amounts of yeast extract and soy bean powder. One-factor-at-a-time was applied to elucidate the substrates which had noticeable impacts on β-carotene production. Glucose, meat peptone, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), pH 7.5 and 5% NaCL were identified as key process parameters impacting β-carotene production. Following, the concentration of glucose, meat peptone and TiO2 NPs were optimized by using response surface method. The highest content of β-carotene, 25.23 mg/g DWB, was obtained in medium composed of (g/L); 22.92 glucose, 5 meat peptone and 0.002 TiO2 NPs.

Investigation of Corrosion Resistance and Microstructural Performance of Zn-MgO-WB Composite Coating on Mild Steel

This Paper investigated the corrosion resistance and microstructural performance of zinc-magnesium oxide-tungsten boride (Zn-MgO-WB) composite coating on mild steel. Tungsten boride as an additive was co-deposited with zinc-magnesium oxide on mild steel via electrolytic deposition. The zinc-magnesium oxide and zinc-magnesium oxide-tungsten boride composite coatings were fabricated at the voltage of 0.6 and 0.8 V for 15 minutes and 45 °C. The effects of the deposits on the corrosion properties were examined. The corrosion behaviour was studied using linear polarization and weight loss method in 3.5% NaCl simulated environment. From the results obtained, it is evident that a decrease in applied potential influences the deposition of the coatings. The alloys with tungsten boride in their bath mixture performed better than those without. The zinc-magnesium oxide-tungsten boride (0.8 V) composite coated sample exhibits the least corrosion rate (Cr) of 0.0010482 mm/year and the microstructural examination of the sample via scanning electron microscope (SEM) unveiled homogeneous dispersion of particles and smooth morphology. The smooth morphology, defect-free surface, coupled with the uniform dispersion of the zinc-magnesium oxide-tungsten boride nanoparticles on the steel surface could have been responsible for high corrosion resistance performance of the coating in the simulated 3.5% NaCl medium. More so, the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) revealed the presence of zinc, magnesium oxide, tungsten boride particles.

Chemical Adsorption Data’s, Temperature Effect and Structural Properties of Artemether-Lumefantrine Corrosion Inhibition Properties on Structural Steel in 0.62M NaCl

Chemical and marine components are faced with corrosion resulting from salty media in an application, which ends up in serious catastrophe. In an attempt to provide and curtail this challenge of toxic use of inorganic inhibitors, properties of Artemether/Lumefantrine was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.625M sodium chloride (NaCl) medium. The corrosion propagation under different inhibitor concentrations between 0-20 ml and the temperature difference of 298-323K was examined using linear potentiodynamic polarisation and open circuit potential. The structural pitting evolution was done using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. From the data, the activation energy of the corrosion reaction increased with increasing inhibitor concentration, suggesting that it inhibits corrosion by increasing the energy required to initiate the corrosion reaction. The Gibbs free energies of adsorption fall within the range of-10.08 and-13.87 kJ/mol, which is greater than-20 kJ/mol; thus, the artemether-lumefantrine inhibitor exhibited physical type adsorption. The values of the free energy of adsorption were all negative. The Langmuir Isotherm seems to perform exceptionally well with a correlation efficiency of 0.975 against all other isotherm fits.

Corrosion and erosion behavior of iron aluminide (FeAl(Cr)) coating deposited by detonation spray technique

The electrochemical corrosion and erosion behavior of FeAlCr coating was reported in this article. The FeAlCr coatings were deposited by detonation spray coating system (DSC) by utilizing the gas atomized powder with a nominal composition of Fe-12Al-5Cr at two different pulse frequencies on mild steel (MS) substrate. Feedstock and coatings were characterized using XRD, SEM and elemental mapping. Nanoindentation tests using a Berkovich indenter indicate a hardness of 5.5 GPa and 4.9 GPa for the coatings deposited at 3 Hz and 6 Hz respectively as compared to 1.5 GPa of the substrate. Electrochemical corrosion tests were performed on coated samples in 3.5 wt% NaCl and 2 N H2SO4 media and are compared with the bulk MS substrate. Detonation pulse frequency significantly influenced the coating microstructure and corrosion performance. The coating deposited at a frequency of 6 Hz exhibited higher resistance against electrochemical corrosion in 3.5 wt% NaCl medium than the coating that was deposited at 3 Hz frequency. Solid particle erosion tests performed at room temperature (25 °C) and an impingement angle of 90° (normal incidence) using Al2O3 as the erodent medium demonstrate a higher erosion loss of the coatings than the bulk MS. On the contrary, at a temperature of 400 °C, the coatings exhibited notably better erosion resistance than the MS substrate, illustrating the potential of FeAlCr coatings for high temperature wear-corrosion resistant applications.

Cytotoxicity of functionalized CeO2 nanoparticles towards Escherichia coli and adaptive response of membrane properties

The cytotoxicity and mechanisms of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) on organisms have attracted great concerns recently, while that of CeO2-NPs with functional groups remains unclear. This study investigated cytotoxic effects and mechanisms of CeO2-NPs with hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amino functional groups towards a strain Escherichia coli (E. Coli). Results showed that CeO2-NPs produced a stronger cytotoxicity in NaCl medium than in PBS medium at the concentrations of 10–400 mg/L. The toxicity followed the order of CeO2–COOH > CeO2–NH2 > CeO2–OH. Exposing to CeO2-NPs increased cell membrane permeability and reduced membrane fluidity. The membrane phospholipid fatty acid compositions also varied greatly as a response to the stress of CeO2-NPs, with the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased and saturated fatty acids decreased. Both intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malonaldehyde (MDA) level declined, suggesting the oxidative stress from ROS may be not the primary reason for the membrane damage. Other mechanisms such as direct membrane oxidation by Ce4+ or physical penetration based on a close contact between nanoparticles and microbes might contribute to the membrane damages and cell viability loss. The present study provides a significant insight into the influence of functionalized CeO2-NPs on a gram-negative bacterium.

Properties and formation mechanism of cladding layer on high-strength low-alloy steel subjected to ultrasonic impact treatment with titanium alloy pin

The EQ70 high-strength low-alloy steel plate was treated using ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) with titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) pins. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to study the structure, morphology, surface chemical state, and composition of the treated product on the surface of the EQ70 steel. The microhardness was measured on the surface and the cross-section of the specimens. And the electrochemical corrosion test in the 3.5 wt% NaCl medium was carried out to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the UIT-treated specimens with different impact intensities and that without UIT. It is found that the UIT with Ti6Al4V pins can result in a mixed oxide cladding layer on the surface of the steel plate, the thickness of which increased with the impact intensity (treatment time). The elements in the cladding layer mainly come from the impact pin (Ti, Al, V), base metal (Fe), and the atmosphere (O), and the contents of these elements do not change significantly with the impact intensity. TiO, TiO2, FeO and Fe2O3 are found to be the main oxides in the cladding layer. The mutual effect of the material transfer between the pin and the treated base metal is found. The surface hardness of the cladding layer increases with the impact intensity, reaching an almost constant value (approximately twice the hardness of the parent material) when the impact intensity is over 1.33 s/mm2. The cladding layer can improve the corrosion-resistant properties of the EQ70 steel and get the best corrosion-resistant properties with an impact intensity ranging from 1.00 to 1.33 s/mm2. The possible formation procedure of the cladding layer after UIT with titanium alloy pins is suggested. The chip from the pin (material transfer from the pin) and the mechanochemical oxidation is the main cause to form the cladding layer.

Eco-friendly protocol for zinc-doped amorphous carbon-based film construction over steel surface using nature-inspired phytochemicals: Coupled experimental and classical atomic/molecular and electronic-level theoretical explorations

Recently, due to the cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness, the application of non-hazardous corrosion inhibitors based on plant-source extracts, which include many active phytochemicals, has become very usual in different industrial procedures. By linking the metal cations to these inhibitors, considerable protection effects are accessible. In the present work, Heracleum persicum seeds phytoextract was linked to the zinc cation (HPSE:Zn) via a cost-effective route. The inhibition performance of the fabricated film based on HPSE:Zn complexes in 3.5% NaCl media was measured by EIS (Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) technique. Evidence proved that after 72 h iron exposure to the salty media containing 300:700 ppm HPSE:Zn, about 96% of corrosive attacks were reduced, which is much higher than most of the previous reports. Furthermore, the PDP (Potentiodynamic polarization) analysis depicted 98% efficiency via both cathodic and anodic protection. Through the ATR-FT-IR (Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and GIXRD (Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction), the adsorbed metal-organic compounds in the saline media composed of HPSE:Zn were manifested. The constructed thick protective film of Fe-HPSE-Zn complexes over the MS surface was evaluated with FE-SEM, EDS/Mapping, and AFM tests. To complement theoretical calculations explained the interfacial adsorption preference over the substrate.

Tailoring effect of Cr and graphene particles on the microstructure and properties of Ni matrix nanocomposite coatings

Ni matrix nanocomposite coatings with a microstructure tailored by Cr and graphene particles were assembled at various current densities by electroplating. The tailoring effect of particles on the surface morphology, composition, microstructure, and properties of the nanocomposite coating was comprehensively explored. The results revealed that the contents of Cr and graphene particles in the nanocomposite coating were elevated by decreasing the current density, resulting in an increased amount of small dendrite-like surface structures. The embedded particles blocked the formation of [200] fiber texture and concurrently brought about crystallite refinement of the Ni deposits. A COMSOL simulation and BSE images revealed that the embedded particles tailored the microstructure of Ni deposits by heterogeneous nucleation, rearrangement, and local current density concentration. The current density concentration on the particles contributed to the selective growth of Ni deposits on the particles. The synergistic effect of the tailored microstructure and embedded particles substantially enhanced the corrosion resistance of the Ni–Cr–graphene nanocomposite coating. In 3.5 wt% NaCl media, the Icorr of the nanocomposite coating electroplated at 1 A/dm2 (0.1 μA/cm2) was an order of magnitude lower than that at 20 A/dm2 (2.63 μA/cm2) owing to the strengthened synergistic effect.

Microstructural and Electrochemical Characterization of Zinc Coating onto Low Carbon Steel Substrate

Ordinary steels have poor corrosion resistance in chloride medium leading to a deterioration of their longevity. The present research work focuses on the deposition and characterization of a zinc layer by dip galvanizing onto low carbon steel ASTM A283M-98 in sheet form using different characterization techniques such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to energy dispersion spectrometer (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses of the steel reveal a ferritic microstructure with the presence of a small amount of pearlite. The deposited layer is composed of four Fe–Zn intermetallic phases, namely eta (η), zeta (ζ), delta (δ), and gamma (Γ). The electrochemical study in 0.5M NaCl medium indicate an enhancement of the corrosion resistance of ASTM A283M-98 steel coated with Fe–Zn multi-phased layer, characterized by a decrease in corrosion current (Icorr = 3.36μA/cm2) and corrosion rate (Cr = 0.29mm/year) compared to the bare steel (Icorr = 12.29μA/cm2 and Cr= 0.72mm/year).

Characteristics of Bacteriophage Isolates and Expression of Shiga Toxin Genes Transferred to Non Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli by Transduction.

A risk analysis of Shiga toxin (Stx)-encoding bacteriophage was carried out by confirming the transduction phage to non-Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and subsequent expression of the Shiga toxin genes. The virulence factor stx1 was identified in five phages, and both stx1 and stx2 were found in four phages from a total of 19 phage isolates with seven non-O157 STEC strains. The four phages, designated as φNOEC41, φNOEC46, φNOEC47, and φNOEC49, belonged morphologically to the Myoviridae family. The stabilities of these phages to temperature, pH, ethanol, and NaClO were high with some variabilities among the phages. The infection of five non-STEC strains by nine Stx-encoding phages occurred at a rate of approximately 40%. Non-STEC strains were transduced by Stx-encoding phage to become lysogenic strains, and seven convertant strains had stx1 and/or stx2 genes. Only the stx1 gene was transferred to the receptor strains without any deletion. Gene expression of a convertant having both stx1 and stx2 genes was confirmed to be up to 32 times higher for Stx1 in 6% NaCl osmotic media and twice for Stx2 in 4% NaCl media, compared with expression in low-salt environments. Therefore, a new risk might arise from the transfer of pathogenic genes from Stx-encoding phages to otherwise harmless hosts. Without adequate sterilization of food exposed to various environments, there is a possibility that the toxicity of the phages might increase.

Influence of surface-roughness on the corrosion-fatigue behavior of MAO coated 6061-T6 Al alloy assessed in NaCl medium

The micro arc oxidation (MAO) coatings corresponding to 50 μm and 90 μm thicknesses were formed on bare and shot-peened Al alloy and then subjected to polishing process. The influence of post-polishing on the resultant corrosion-fatigue life was systematically studied under completely reversed loading (R = −1) for each material condition in 3.5 wt% NaCl corrosion medium. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentio-dynamic polarization (PDP) techniques were utilized to evaluate the corrosion behavior of MAO coatings in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The MAO coatings were examined for surface and cross-sectional morphologies, constituting phases were identified, surface-roughness in as coated and polished conditions was evaluated. Further, the fractography studies were also carried out to understand the corrosion-fatigue failure mechanism. The reduced surface roughness had a beneficial role in enhancing overall corrosion-fatigue life of Al alloy.

Evolution of Electrochemical Behavior, Electrical Conductivity, and Microhardness of Electrodeposited W Coatings Enhanced by Ni During Long Immersion in 3% NaCl Media

This paper deals with detailed physical and electrochemical properties of electroplated W enhanced by massive Ni coatings. Corrosion behavior of elaborated deposits in 3% NaCl solution is examined, as well as the influence of immersion time in corrosive media on the morphology, electrical conductivity, and microhardness of all coatings. Characterizations are carried out using atomic force microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The linear polarization curve and EIS during long-term immersion tests were used to identify and quantify corrosion compounds on surfaces. All obtained coatings corrode in the 3% NaCl solution, leading to uniform corrosion for the enhanced W coating, while this is not the case for the pure Ni film. The main corrosion products for the enhanced W coatings are NiO, Ni(OH)2 and WO3.

Orphan Designation and Cisplatin/Hyaluronan Complex in an Intracavitary Film for Malignant Mesothelioma.

Pleural mesothelioma is a lung diffuse tumor, whose complete resection is unlikely. Consequently, metastases reappear where the primary tumor was removed. This paper illustrates the orphan medicine designation procedure of an intracavitary cisplatin film and related pharmaceutical development aspects requested by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in its Scientific Advice. Since cisplatin pharmacokinetics from the implanted film in sheep resulted substantially modified compared to intravenous administration, the formation of a cisplatin/hyaluronan complex had been hypothesized. Here, the interaction between sodium hyaluronate (NaHA) and cisplatin (CisPt) was demonstrated. Size exclusion chromatography qualitatively evidenced the complex in the film-forming mixture, only showing the NaHA peak. Atomic absorption spectroscopy of the corresponding fraction revealed platinum, confirming the interaction. Reverse phase HPLC quantified about 5% free cisplatin in the film-forming mixture, indirectly meaning that 95% was complexed. Finally, a study of CisPt release from the film assessed how CisPt/NaHA complex affected drug availability. In water, a medium without chloride ions, there was no release and the film remained intact for 48 h and longer, whereas the placebo film dissolved in 15 min. In 0.9% NaCl medium, the film became more soluble, dissolving within 3–4 h. However, cisplatin release was still controlled by the existing complex in solution until chloride ions displaced it. While the film modified its dissolution with aging, CisPt release remained unaffected (90% released in 48 h).

In vitro growth culture in a medium with reduced sodium chloride improves maturation and developmental competence of pig oocytes derived from small antral follicles

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of reducing the sodium chloride content in in vitro growth (IVG) medium to 61.6 mM on in vitro maturation (IVM) and embryonic development of pig oocytes derived from small antral follicles (SAF) less than 3 mm in diameter. SAF oocytes were cultured for 2 days to induce IVG in alpha-minimal essential medium with 108 mM NaCl (αMEM-108) or porcine zygote medium (PZM) containing 61.6 mM (PZM-61.6) or 108 mM (PZM-108) NaCl. These media were further supplemented with 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) and 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum. After IVG culture, oocytes were matured for 44 h in our standard IVM medium. The IVG culture in PZM-61.6 significantly increased nuclear maturation (88.0 ± 2.2%) of SAF oocytes compared to that in PZM-108 (77.3 ± 3.9%) or αMEM-108 (75.9 ± 3.8%). After parthenogenesis (PA), the proportions of blastocysts, based on the number of metaphase II (MII) oocytes, induced for PA were not different among IVG oocytes cultured in PZM-61.6 (50.2 ± 3.0%), PZM-108 (46.8 ± 2.9%), or αMEM-108 (45.6 ± 2.9%). The IVM oocytes derived from IVG in PZM-61.6 showed increased perivitelline space (PVS) (12.1 ± 0.6 μm) and intra-oocyte glutathione (GSH) content (1.19 ± 0.04 pixels/oocyte) compared to PVS (8.0 ± 0.5 and 7.4 ± 0.4 μm) and GSH (1.03 ± 0.04 and 1.00 ± 0.04 pixels/oocyte) of oocytes derived from PZM-108 and αMEM-108, respectively. The IVG culture in PZM-61.6 stimulated meiotic resumption after IVG and faster nuclear progression after IVM than that in αMEM-108. After somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the blastocyst formation of SAF oocytes grown in PZM-61.6 (17.8 ± 3.3%) was higher than that of oocytes grown in PZM-108 (7.5 ± 2.7%) but not different from that of oocytes in αMEM-108 (11.4 ± 3.4%). Regardless of the different osmotic pressures, nuclear maturation was significantly increased by IVG culture in PZM with reduced NaCl (86.8 ± 2.3 and 84.9 ± 4.2% in PZM-61.6 and PZM-61.6 with sorbitol, respectively) than in PZM-108 (70.5 ± 3.4%). Blastocyst formation was not affected by the differences in NaCl content and osmotic pressure of the IVG medium, whereas the mean number of cells in blastocysts was significantly higher following IVG culture in PZM-61.6 than in the other groups. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that, following SCNT in pigs, IVG culture of SAF oocytes in a medium with a reduced NaCl concentration stimulates oocyte maturation and improves subsequent embryonic development.