NaCl Irrigation Research Articles

Promoting salt tolerance, growth, and phytochemical responses in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. cv. Balady) via eco-friendly Bacillus subtilis and cobalt

In plant production, evaluation of salt stress protectants concerning their potential to improve growth and productivity under saline stress is critical. Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and cobalt (Co) have been proposed to optimize salt stress tolerance in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. cv. Balady) plants by influencing some physiological activities. The main aim of this work is to investigate the response of (Bs) and (Co) as eco-safe salt stress protectants to resist the effect of salinity, on growth, seed, and essential oil yield, and the most important biochemical constituents of coriander produced under salt stress condition. Therefore, in a split-plot factorial experiment design in the RCBD (randomized complete block design), four levels of salinity of NaCl irrigation water (SA) were assigned to the main plots; (0.5, 1.5, 4, and 6 dS m−1); and six salt stress protectants (SP) were randomly assigned to the subplots: distilled water; 15 ppm (Co1); 30 ppm (Co2); (Bs); (Co1 + Bs); (Co2 + Bs). The study concluded that increasing SA significantly reduced coriander growth and yield by 42.6%, which could be attributed to ion toxicity, oxidative stress, or decreased vital element content. From the results, we recommend that applying Bs with Co (30 ppm) was critical for significantly improving overall growth parameters. This was determined by the significant reduction in the activity of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and non-enzyme: proline by 5, 11.3, 14.7, and 13.8% respectively, while increasing ascorbic acid by 8% and preserving vital nutrient levels and enhancing plant osmotic potential to buffer salt stress, seed yield per plant, and essential oil yield increased by 12.6 and 18.8% respectively. The quality of essential oil was indicated by highly significant quantities of vital biological phytochemicals such as linalool, camphor, and protein which increased by 10.3, 3.6, and 9.39% respectively. Additional research is suggested to determine the precise mechanism of action of Bs and Co's dual impact on medicinal and aromatic plant salt stress tolerance.

Phytofabricated gold nanoparticles as modulators of salt stress responses in spinach: implications for redox homeostasis, biochemical and physiological adaptation.

The utilization of plant material for synthesizing nanoparticles effectively triggers physiological and biochemical responses in plants to combat abiotic stresses. Salt stress, particularly caused by NaCl, significantly affects plant morphology and physiology, leading to reduced crop yields. Understanding the mechanisms of salt tolerance is crucial for maintaining crop productivity. In this study, we examined the effects of 150 μM spinach-assisted gold nanoparticles (S-AuNPs) on various parameters related to seed germination, growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, stomatal traits, ion concentrations, stress markers, antioxidants, metabolites, and nutritional contents of spinach plants irrigated with 50 mM NaCl. Results showed that S-AuNPs enhanced chlorophyll levels, leading to improved light absorption, increased photosynthates production, higher sugar content, and stimulated plant growth under NaCl stress. Stomatal traits were improved, and partially closed stomata were reopened with S-AuNPs treatment, possibly due to K+/Na+ modulation, resulting in enhanced relative water content and stomatal conductance. ABA content decreased under S-AuNPs application, possibly due to K+ ion accumulation. S-AuNPs supplementation increased proline and flavonoid contents while reducing ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation via activation of both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. S-AuNPs also regulated the ionic ratio of K+/Na+, leading to decreased Na+ accumulation and increased levels of essential ions in spinach plants under NaCl irrigation. Overall, these findings suggest that S-AuNPs significantly contributeto salt stress endurance in spinach plants by modulating various physiological attributes.

English

Soil salinity and poor-quality irrigation water in Florida, USA, have become major issues for agricultural crops. Since Florida is one of the major producers of cabbage in the country, soil salinization may significantly impact this industry. Chinese cabbage varieties are very popular in the farming community of Florida and are widely cultivated. In the present study, four Chinese cabbage varieties (‘Bilko’, ‘Red Dragon’, ‘Rubicon’, and ‘Minuet’) were tested for their tolerance, agronomic, physiological, and nutritional responses to irrigation with 0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl solutions. The results showed that NaCl irrigation has decreased the growth of the tested plants, with ‘Bilko’ being the most tolerant one, showing higher production in both control and salt stress conditions. Although NaCl stress has increased electrolyte leakage in plant leaves, it has no significant effect on proline contents, and chlorophyll contents tend to increase with salinity stress, highlighting the physiological responses of all tested varieties. Among nutritional contents, there were no significant differences, but a few treatment groups showed a significant increase and decrease in nutrient contents. The higher NaCl treatments have caused a higher accumulation of Na and Cl elements in plants, making it a major factor for the decrease in plant growth.

Pulp tissue dissolution capacities of different irrigation agitation techniques in artificial internal resorption cavities.

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the organic tissue dissolution capacities of 3 different irrigation agitation techniques (IATs) in artificial internal root resorption cavities (IRCs). Ninety freshly extracted maxillary human incisors were selected. After decoronation procedure, the roots were split longitudinally, and a standard IRC were prepared in the canals on each half of the roots. Then, the bovine pulp samples (~2,3 mg) were previously weighed and placed into the cavities. The root fragments were reassembled and cemented to create a circular IRC within the canal. Teeth samples were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=15); sodium chlorur (NaCl) and sonic irrigation (SI), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and SI, NaCl and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), NaOCl and PUI, NaCl and laser activated irrigation (LAI), NaOCl and LAI. After that, the teeth were decemented and the tissue samples inside the cavities were weighed again. The percentage of weight loss was calculated and statistically analyzed. SI has significantly more successful results than PUI and LAI in groups which the irrigant was NaCl. There was also a significant difference between LAI and PUI in groups which the irrigant was NaOCl (Group 6 ˃ Group 4, p=0.003). There was no significant difference between LAI and SI with NaOCl. Complete dissolution of bovine pulp tissue from IRCs was not achieved by any tested techniques. However, the LAI with NaOCl was more effective than other IATs. In addition, there is no significant difference between the LAI and SI with NaOCl.

Enhanced popcorning using polyanionic chelating solutions as irrigation.

Poly-anionic compounds can chelate divalent cations and dissolve calcium oxalate stone. Our objective was to assess how much concurrent irrigation with poly-anionic chelating solutions during non-contact laser lithotripsy or popcorning could improve stone ablation rate. A popcorning model was created by lowering a ureteroscope with thulium fiber laser into a test tube calyx. Begostones of matching size and mass were placed in the test tube and treated with the laser while irrigating with different iso-osmolar poly-anionic solutions. We compared 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium citrate, sodium hexa-metaphosphate, and sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) solutions. After treatment, residual stones were passed through a 1mm sieve, and remaining fragments greater than 1mm were weighed as remaining stone mass. Average remaining stone mass after lithotripsy with NaCl irrigation was 27.8% (± 10.0%). The average remaining stone mass after lithotripsy with hexa-metaphosphate, sodium citrate, and EDTA irrigation was 28.9% (± 13.4%), 17.5% (± 10.5%), and 9.8% (± 5.7%) respectively. Compared with NaCl, there was a 37% reduction in remaining stone mass when using citrate (p = 0.008) and a 64.7% reduction when using EDTA irrigation during lithotripsy (p < 0.001). Concurrent irrigation with citrate or EDTA solutions synergistically enhances the efficacy laser lithotripsy in this in vitro popcorning model. This may lead to tangible improvements in endoscopic stone removal outcomes; however, the effectiveness on different stone types and safety during short duration lithotripsy should be further investigated.

GROWTH ANALYSIS OF EPIPREMNUM AUREUM (L.) ENGL. IN RESPONSE TO SALINITY STRESS

Potted plants of Epipremnum aureum (L.) Engl. were submitted to salinity stress (0, 100 ppm and 500 ppm NaCl irrigation) for 28 days in order to assess the effect on growth parameters viz. Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) and Leaf Weight Ratio (LWR). The salt stress caused reduction in LWR, NAR and RGR. It was observed that the effect of salinity was more pronounced on growth parameters at higher concentration than that at lower concentration.

MP05-14 ENHANCED POPCORNING USING POLYANIONIC SOLUTIONS AS IRRIGATION

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP05-14 ENHANCED POPCORNING USING POLYANIONIC SOLUTIONS AS IRRIGATION Daniel Wong, Alex Shiang, Connor McCormick, Adam Ostergar, Henry Lai, and Kenneth Sands Daniel WongDaniel Wong More articles by this author , Alex ShiangAlex Shiang More articles by this author , Connor McCormickConnor McCormick More articles by this author , Adam OstergarAdam Ostergar More articles by this author , Henry LaiHenry Lai More articles by this author , and Kenneth SandsKenneth Sands More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003216.14AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The goal of popcorning or pop-dusting is to reduce stone fragments to submillimeter size, allowing spontaneous passage through the urinary tract. Polyanionic compounds can dissolve human calcium oxalate kidney stones. We explore the novel application of polyanionic solutions to enhance popcorning efficiency. METHODS: BegoStones with matching size and mass were treated in a 12 mm test tube calyceal model with a 60 W TFL (SOLTIVE, Olympus). 200 mm fiber was introduced into our model calyx through a flexible ureteroscope and positioned 1-2 mm from the stones. Stones were treated at 1.0 J × 40 Hz for 4 minutes with irrigation at 30 ml/min. We compared sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium citrate (Citrate), sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP), and sodium EDTA (EDTA) solutions. The osmolality of all solutions was matched to 0.9% NaCl. The pH for solutions of NaCl, EDTA, HMP, and Citrate was 6.0, 8.3, 6.7, and 8.6 respectively. After treatment, stones were passed through a 1 mm sieve and remaining fragments weighed. The primary outcome was residual stone mass >1 mm. RESULTS: The average remaining stone mass >1 mm after 17 observations with NaCl irrigation was 27.8% (±10.0%). After 15 observations with HMP, Citrate, and EDTA irrigation, the average remaining stone mass >1 mm was 28.9% (±13.4%), 17.5% (±10.5%), and 9.8% (±5.7%) respectively (Figure 1). HMP had no significant effect on residual stone burden compared with NaCl. There was a 37% reduction in residual stone mass when using Citrate compared with NaCl (p=0.008). Using EDTA reduced residual stone mass by 65% compared with NaCl (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Citrate and EDTA show promising results for enhancing the efficacy of popcorning in this in vitro model. Further testing will be required to determine effectiveness on different stone types and safety on urothelium in short duration. Source of Funding: Midwest Stone Institute © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e48 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Daniel Wong More articles by this author Alex Shiang More articles by this author Connor McCormick More articles by this author Adam Ostergar More articles by this author Henry Lai More articles by this author Kenneth Sands More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Salinity tolerance determination in four sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids using yield parameters and principal components analysis model

Globally, around 800 million hectares are affected by salinity. This abiotic stress causes plant growth inhibition, disruptions in physiological processes in plant cells, and yield losses in many crops. Sunflower is the third-most oilseed crop globally produced, and it is considered moderately tolerant to salinity. There are few studies about the genotypic variability existing in sunflower for responses to salinity, especially the changes in yield and oil content and quality under salinity. The present work aimed to study the effects of salinity on achene yield in four sunflower genotypes and their components and on the oil content and quality and their relationships. Four sunflower hybrids (ACA885, TRITON MAX, SRM769 and SRM779) were grown at 130 mM NaCl irrigation solution under controlled environmental conditions. The achene yield, the yield components, and the content and oil quality were determined. Based on the four studied genotypes, salinity decreased achene yield by 75.1 %. SRM779CL had a lower achene yield reduction by salinity. Yield component that most explained this tolerance was the number of achenes per plant. SRM779CL was the hybrid with the highest oil percentage loss. Contrarily, salinity increased the oil content in ACA885. Salinity decreased the ratio between oleic (18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2) in all genotypes. Therefore, salt stress increased the percentage of unsaturations in the four genotypes examined in this work. Finally, considering the 12 parameters measured, principal components analysis could determine that SRM779CL showed the best performance under control conditions while ACA885 was the most tolerant under salinity.

The potential of foliar application of nano-chitosan-encapsulated nano-silicon donor in amelioration the adverse effect of salinity in the wheat plant

BackgroundNano-materials ameliorate the adverse effect of salinity stress on the physiological and biochemical processes in plants. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the physiological mechanisms through which a nano-chitosan-encapsulated nano-silicon fertilizer (NC-NS) can ameliorate the adverse effect of salinity stress on the wheat plants, and compare it with nano-chitosan (NC) and nano-silicon (NS) application. Nano-silicon was encapsulated with a chitosan-tripolyphosphate (TPP) nano-matrix by ionic gelation method for its slow release. The wheat plants were exposed to foliar application of distilled water, NC, NS, and NC-NS with two NaCl irrigation levels at 0 (distilled water) and 100 mM.ResultsThe foliar application of NC, NS, and NC-NS induced a significant increase in the function of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems of the wheat plants to equilibrate cellular redox homeostasis by balancing H2O2 content in the leaves and roots, as compared with salt-stressed plants without treatment. The plant's foliar-sprayed with NC, NS, and NC-NS solution exhibited a significant increase in the molecules with osmotic adjustment potentials such as proline, free amino acids, glycine betaine, and sugars to protect cells against osmotic stress-induced by salinity. The observed increase in the antioxidant power and osmoregulatory at NC, NS, and NC-NS application was accompanied by the protection of lipid membrane, proteins and photosynthetic apparatus against salinity stress.ConclusionIn the present study, the beneficial role of NC, NS, and NC-NS application, particularly NC-NS, in alleviating the adverse effect of salinity stress on antioxidant systems and osmotic adjustment in wheat is well documented. An overview of the result of present study assists researchers in providing a potential solution for this increasing salinization threat in crops.Graphical abstract

Early Growth Stage Characterization and the Biochemical Responses for Salinity Stress in Tomato.

Salinity is one of the most significant environmental stresses for sustainable crop production in major arable lands of the globe. Thus, we conducted experiments with 27 tomato genotypes to screen for salinity tolerance at seedling stage, which were treated with non-salinized (S1) control (18.2 mM NaCl) and salinized (S2) (200 mM NaCl) irrigation water. In all genotypes, the elevated salinity treatment contributed to a major depression in morphological and physiological characteristics; however, a smaller decrease was found in certain tolerant genotypes. Principal component analyses (PCA) and clustering with percentage reduction in growth parameters and different salt tolerance indices classified the tomato accessions into five key clusters. In particular, the tolerant genotypes were assembled into one cluster. The growth and tolerance indices PCA also showed the order of salt-tolerance of the studied genotypes, where Saniora was the most tolerant genotype and P.Guyu was the most susceptible genotype. To investigate the possible biochemical basis for salt stress tolerance, we further characterized six tomato genotypes with varying levels of salinity tolerance. A higher increase in proline content, and antioxidants activities were observed for the salt-tolerant genotypes in comparison to the susceptible genotypes. Salt-tolerant genotypes identified in this work herald a promising source in the tomato improvement program or for grafting as scions with improved salinity tolerance in tomato.

Effect of salt stress on the growth, mineral contents, and metabolite profiles of spinach.

Increased soil salt concentration decreases productivity and changes the physiological and chemical properties of plants. Various omics technologies have been used to understand the salt response in plants but overall changes in the metabolite profiles of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under salt stress have not been studied. In this article, therefore, the changes in mineral and metabolite profiles of spinach plants cultivated with different NaCl concentrations of 0-200 mmol L-1 in the irrigation water were analyzed to investigate the effect of salt stress on nutritional quality. Increasing NaCl concentration decreased plant growth due to mineral imbalance. The amounts of minerals (K+ , Ca2+ , and Fe2+ ) were reduced with increasing NaCl concentration, resulting in altered ratios of Na+ :K+ and Na+ :Ca2+ . The change in the mineral ratios due to NaCl irrigation led to a decrease in the height and an increase in the weight of spinach. Moreover, the profiles of 32 metabolites, including flavonoids, amino acids, acidic compounds, sugars, and lipid-related compounds, were altered by NaCl irrigation; most of them showed decreased levels. In particular, at 200 mmol L-1 NaCl, the levels of sucrose, glutamic acid, hexose sugars, and acidic compounds significantly decreased upon NaCl irrigation. Based on these metabolites, a salt-stress-related spinach metabolomic pathway was proposed. Sodium chloride irrigation increased mineral imbalance, resulting in decreased plant growth, and the levels of most metabolites involved in energy production, sensory quality, and health benefits decreased with NaCl irrigation. The results suggest that NaCl irrigation negatively affects the nutritional quality of spinach. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of using diode laser on Enterococcus faecalis and its lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in chronic apical periodontitis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of diode laser irradiation on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and its lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Ninety-six freshly extracted single-rooted teeth were divided into six groups, n = 8 per group. Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 as laser group (810nm PILOT™ Diode Laser, 400μm fiber diameter, continuous mode, 30s time) with powers at 1.0W, 1.5W, 2.0W, and 2.5W respectively. Group 5 or positive control group (3ml of 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation) and group 6 or negative control group (3ml of normal saline (0.9% NaCl) irrigation). Root canal samples were collected before and after receiving laser irradiation and irrigation solution. Cultivable bacteria were determined by counting the colony (CFU/ml). Evaluation of temperature on the external root surface of teeth was done with K type thermocouple using laser at different powers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the LTA levels and the correlations between E. faecalis count, LTA levels, and rise in temperature were observed using Pearson's correlation test. E. faecalis LTA was subjected to laser irradiation and its structural damage was examined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Compared with the control groups, all laser groups showed a decreased colony counts and decreased LTA levels with statistically significant difference (p˂0.05). The bactericidal effect and LTA reduction of laser was better at 2.5W power. Laser at 2.5W power had temperature rise of more than 7°C which is beyond the safe thermal threshold level. No statistically significant correlation was found between E. faecalis count, levels of LTA, and rise in external root surface temperature (p˃0.05). TLC results showed a structural damage in the glycolipid moiety of E. faecalis LTA. Diode laser can effectively reduce the E. faecalis count and its LTA levels.

Halophyte ion regulation traits support saline adaptation of Lepidium latifolium, L. draba, and L. alyssoides

Identification of saline resistance traits of invasive plants has received little study and could reveal how some plant species utilize salt to encroach upon salinized landscapes. We conducted a 3-mo greenhouse study to identify saline resistance mechanisms of three North American invasive Brassicaceae species, Lepidium latifolium, L. draba, and L. alyssoides, in response to increasing salinity. Seedlings of central and southern New Mexico, USA populations were exposed to NaCl irrigation solutions at 0, − 0.1, and − 0.2 MPa (0, 24, and 48 mM, respectively). Saline resistance of these populations was attributable to salt tolerance behavior commonly observed as signature traits of halophytes, including a combined Na and Cl accumulation in leaves of up to 13% of dry weight with no injury, dominance of leaves as the salt accumulation site, leaf tissue water Na and Cl at ≈ 300–400 mM, leaf K:Na molar ratio of less than 1, and the development of leaf succulence. In saline environments, high salt loads in shoots may increase soil salinity through annual litter fall and potentially alter vegetation community structure. A broader implication of this study is in the need to detect salt resistant traits of additional plant species to broaden the narrow understanding of how salinity affects vegetation communities.

Growth, Evapotranspiration, and Ion Uptake Characteristics of Alfalfa and Triticale Irrigated with Brackish Groundwater and Desalination Concentrate

Persistent drought, low snowfall, and low rainfall have reduced availability of fresh water for irrigating agricultural crops in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Brackish groundwater (electrical conductivity; EC &gt; 3 dSm−1) is increasingly used for irrigation in New Mexico. This study investigates the effect of ion uptake from brackish groundwater and concentrate irrigation on the performance of two forage species, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and triticale (×Triticosecale), in sand soils in greenhouse conditions. Two simultaneous experiments were run for 90 days using tap water (control; 0.7 dSm−1), brackish groundwater (BGW; 4 dSm−1), reverse osmosis concentrate (RO; 8 dSm−1, Ca2+ dominant), and BGW plus sodium chloride (BGW + NaCl; 8 dSm−1, Na+ dominant). BGW + NaCl irrigation significantly reduced the evapotranspiration (ET) of both the species. Deep percolation (DP) increased significantly with RO and BGW + NaCl irrigation in alfalfa but only with BGW + NaCl irrigation in triticale. Alfalfa plant growth decreased with increasing salinity, while triticale plants followed an opposite trend. ET continued to decrease with increasing salinity for both species. Na+ dominant (BGW + NaCl) irrigation produced robust growth and early flowering and ear head formation in triticale. Na+ ion concentration in shoots was above 0.66%, which led to reduced alfalfa growth, while more than 1.22% did not decrease triticale growth or biomass. Increased Ca2+ sequestration in alfalfa played a crucial role in reducing Na+ ion toxicity. Species performance primarily confirmed that alfalfa is moderately salt-tolerant while triticale is confirmed to be a halophyte producing abundant growth and biomass with higher Na+ uptake. Triticale proved to be a promising species for reuse of RO concentrate for agriculture in marginal lands.

Antibiotic irrigation during pancreatoduodenectomy to prevent infection and pancreatic fistula: A randomized controlled clinical trial

BackgroundSurgical site infection affects 25% of patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy. This double-blind, randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of intraperitoneal antibiotic irrigation in decreasing infection and pancreatic fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy. MethodsPatients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy were randomized (1:1 ratio) to intraperitoneal antibiotic (polymyxin B, 500,000 units/L) irrigation or 0.9% NaCl irrigation. All patients received 1 dose of standard parenteral antibiotics within 1 hour of incision. The trial was powered to detect a 15% difference in any surgical site infection (primary endpoint) within 30 days after pancreatoduodenectomy. ResultsOne hundred ninety patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy were randomized: 95 to antibiotic irrigation and 95 to saline irrigation. Groups were well matched regarding demographics, diagnosis, preoperative biliary stenting, bactibilia, texture of the pancreatic parenchyma, pancreatic and bile duct size, portal vein resection, and anastomotic technique. Overall, 30-day surgical site infection was observed in 24 (13%) patients: antibiotic irrigation in 10 (11%) versus saline in 14 (15%) (P = .62). Superficial (n = 9, 5%) and organ-space (n = 15, 8%) surgical site infection rates were 3% and 7% (antibiotic) and 6% and 8% (saline), respectively (P > .31). Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula occurred in 11 (12%) patients in the antibiotic arm and 10 (11%) in saline controls (P > .95). ConclusionThe addition of antibiotic solution to intraperitoneal irrigation does not decrease the incidence of postoperative infectious complications or pancreatic fistula after pancreatoduodenectomy.

Effect of salt and water stress on gas exchange, dry matter production and K+/NA+ ions selectivity in soybean

The experiment was conducted in a vinylhouse at the Banghabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh during January to May, 2012 to evaluate the effect of salt and water stress on gas exchange characters, dry matter production and K+/Na+ ions selectivity in three selected soybean genotypes, namely Galarsum, BD 2331 and BARI Soybean-6. The genotypes were exposed to six treatments viz. (i) control (tap water), (ii) water shortage (irrigation with 70% depletion of available soil water when leaf began to wilt at 10:00 am), (iii) 50 mM NaCl irrigation, (iv) 50 mM NaCl irrigation + water shortage, (v) 75 mM NaCl irrigation, and (vi) 75 mM NaCl irrigation + water shortage conditions. The results revealed that 75 mM NaCl salt + water stress treatment drastically reduced stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration rate irrespective of soybean genotypes. However, the genotype Galarsum showed minimum transpiritional water loss (1.45 mmol H2O m-2 s-1) and maximum photosynthesis (20.45 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) as compared to BD 2331 and BARI Soybean-6 under 75 mM NaCl salt + water stress condition. Combined salt and water stress caused greater inhibition of shoot growth than either of the two in soybean. The shoot dry weights were decreased to 24.58, 23.00 and 21.57% of the control in Galarsum, BD 2331 and BARI Soybean-6, respectively at 75 mM NaCl salt + water stress. The genotype Galarsum accumulated higher amount of K+ (1.19%) and lower amount of Na+ ( 0.11%) in leaf tissue under 75 mM NaCl salt + water stress. Results indicated that the genotype Galarsum was more capable to cope with the high levels of salt under water stress condition than the other two genotypes.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(3): 487-501, September 2017

Intracanal Irrigating Solutions Prior to Calcium Hydroxide Medication and Its Effects on Root Dentin Strength.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of intracanal irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) prior to calcium hydroxide medication on the compressive strength of root dentin. Forty-eight roots with single and straight canals were instrumented with a crown-down technique using Flexofile files and Gates Glidden burs, under 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) irrigation. Root canals were randomly separated into 4 groups (n=12), according to the irrigating solution: Control Group, 0.9% NaCl; GroupNaOCl, 1% NaOCl; GroupEDTA, 17% EDTA; and GroupEDTA+NaOCl, 17% EDTA and 1% NaOCl. Solutions remained for 40 min, renewed every 10 min, except for GroupEDTA+NaOCl, where the solutions were alternated every 10 min. Canals were dried and filled with calcium hydroxide paste, and radiographed. Each canal was sealed and stored at 37 °C for 30 days. After this period, the roots were cut 1 mm below the cementoenamel junction and 6 mm apically from this point in order to obtain 6 mm-long cylinders. The compressive test was conducted with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The means (±SD) (MPa) of compressive strength were: Control Group, 151.23±94.36; GroupNaOCl, 167.50±57.25; GroupEDTA, 108.79±99.88; GroupEDTA+NaOCl, 60.12±92.10. Significant statistical differences among groups were found (ANOVA and Tukey, a=5%, p=0.02). Control Group and GroupNaOCl showed higher means of compressive strength than GroupEDTA+NaOCl. Intracanal irrigation with 17% EDTA and 1% NaOCl produced a significant reduction of dentin compressive strength 30 days after medication with calcium hydroxide.

Soil as a reservoir for road salt retention leading to its gradual release to groundwater

Road salt application elevates Na and Cl concentrations throughout the year in many surface water and groundwater systems. This study explores the role of soils in extending the lag time between road salt application and the delivery of Na and Cl to shallow groundwater in a temperate environment. Intact soil cores were collected near karst springs at both an urban and a rural site at distances of 1 m, 5 m, and 13 m from nearby roads that experience winter salting. Cores were manipulated in the lab to simulate various field conditions; treatments included irrigation with: 1) deionized (DI) water (DI group) as a control, 2) NaCl solution (salt group) to mimic prolonged exposure to road salt, or 3) NaCl followed by DI water (recovery group) to mimic winter road salting followed by dilute rainfall in spring. In the first NaCl irrigation of the salt and recovery groups, soils retained 62% of the applied Cl and 66% of the applied Na on average, which was largely stored in the porewater. Throughout the 5 week study, Ca, Mg, and K were elevated and the pH was depressed in leachate from salt group compared to DI group cores due to cation exchange. Likewise, cation exchange enhanced Na retention so that salt and recovery group cores retained half of the applied Na at the end of the experiment, compared to a quarter of the Cl. Na and Cl retention were greater for soils from the rural site, which is characterized by higher organic matter (OM) and sand content, faster infiltration, and lower bulk density than for the urban site, which has higher bulk density and more silt and clay. Furthermore, extractable Cl in untreated field soils was positively correlated with soil water content, OM, and sand content, suggesting that these properties may control retention. We assume Cl retention to be the result of porewater retention, microbial uptake, and chlorination of soil OM. After the addition of 2000 mg Cl to the salt group cores, non-conservative Cl behavior ceased because the retention capacity of the soils had been exhausted. Recovery rates during DI flushes of recovery group cores indicate that these soils slowly release Na and Cl for at least 2.5–5 months following salt application. This gradual release from soils helps to explain the year-round persistence of high salt concentrations in some surface waters and groundwaters.

Plant Water Relations and Proline Accumulations in Soybean Under Salt and Water Stress Environment

The study was carried out with three soybean genotypes viz. Galarsum, BD 2331 and BARI Soybean-6 in a vinyl house of Banghabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh during January to March, 2012 to analyze leaf water status, leaf temperature, xylem exudation and proline accumulation under salt and water stress environment. Treatments included control, water shortage, 50 mM NaCl irrigation, 50 mM NaCl irrigation with water shortage, 75 mM NaCl irrigation, and 75 mM NaCl irrigation with water shortage environments. The relative water content, xylem exudation, leaf water potential of soybean plants were sharply decreased at 75 mM NaCl salt combined with water stress environment. However, these changes were lower in Galarsum and recorded 74.28 % relative water content, 7 mg hr-1 xylem exudation rate and -1.03 MPa leaf water potential. Leaf temperature was more in BD 2331 and BARI Soybean-6 than Galarsum. Galarsum accumulated higher amount of proline in leaves under salt and water stress environment. At 75 mM NaCl salt combined with water stress treatment, the highest proline content was also recorded in Galarsum (2.34 µmoles g-1 fresh weight). Plant water status and biochemical changed sharply under combined salt and water stress condition. Among the soybean genotype, Galarsum was more capable than BD 2331 and BARI Soybean-6 to manage salt under water stress environment.

High salt induced oxidative damage and antioxidant response in tomato grafted on tobacco

One of the major limitations on agricultural development in many countries is the high salinity of the groundwater used in irrigation. Grafted plants may exhibit phenotypic variations from scion and rootstock plants in terms of abiotic stress tolerance, and be a method for improvement of tolerance in agricultural practices. The aim of the present study was to investigate response of Solanum lycopersicum L. ('Elazig') grafted on Nicotiana tabacum L. ('Samsun') and Nicotiana rustica L. ('Hasankeyf'), namely Tomacco plant (patent nr TR-2008-05391-B), to 10-d high NaCl irrigation. Physical development, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid, and anthocyanin levels were evaluated. Proline, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage levels were assayed in roots and leaves together with ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activities. Considering alterations in chlorophyll contents, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and conductivity levels, and antioxidant enzyme activity levels scion and self-grafted plants seem to be more affected by salt treatments than tobacco and rootstock grafted plants. Tobacco roots seem to have better adaptive responses against salt stress in comparison to tomato as supported by changes in proline, APX, and CAT levels. Self-grafting experiments further supported grafting tomato onto tobacco rootstocks enhanced salt tolerance and adaptive response of scions and these changes seem to be dependent on rootstock rather than graft-induced changes. In conclusion, we demonstrated that previously defined graft unions of tomato on tobacco, which have increased fruit yield, had also enhanced tolerance to high salt stress and a promising technique for the cultivation of more salt tolerant varieties.