Na2 SO4 Research Articles

Improving of red colorants production by a new Penicillium purpurogenum strain in submerged culture and the effect of different parameters in their stability

There is a worldwide interest in the development of processes for colorants production from natural sources such as microorganism. The aim of this study was to optimize red colorants production by Penicillium purpurogenum DPUA 1275 and to evaluate the effect of pH, temperature, salts and polymers on the stability of these colorants. Under optimized conditions, a 78% increase in red colorants production was achieved. The best pH and temperature conditions were obtained at pH 8.0 and 70°C, respectively. In the presence of salts NaCl and Na2 SO4 , both at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 M in Mcllvaine buffer (pH 8.0), the red colorants showed good stability. In the presence of both polymers polyethylene glycol and sodium polyacrylate, the red colorants kept their color intensity. Thus, this study presents characteristics of red colorants produced by P. purpurogenum that can be applied in different industries after toxicological examination.

Response of Alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.) Bud Seedling to Saline and Alkaline Stress under Water Culture Conditions

Bud seedlings were used to study short-term effect of different saline and alkaline concentrations on alfalfa root and stem growth. Two neutral salts (NaCl and Na2 SO4) and 2 alkaline salts (NaHCO3 and Na2 CO3) were mixted at 9:1 mole ratio, respectively, to imitate typical saline and alkaline environments. 8 saline concentrations: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 mmol/L, and 7 alkaline concentrations: 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 50 mmol/L were selected to determine the stress effects on 5-day, 2-cm bud seedlings. The results indicated that bud seedlings’ root length increased firstly and then decreased as the increase of stress concentrations. On condition of neutral salt stress, 40 mmol/L treatment showed optimum root length, which was 102% times higher than CK, with significant difference (P<0.05). Under alkaline salt stress, 5 mmol/L treatment showed optimum root length, which was 156% times higher than the CK, with significant difference (P<0.05). The effects of the stresses on stem length surpassed root length. And the inhibitory effect of alkaline salt stress on seedlings’ growth in early stage surpassed neutral salt stress.

Response of Azospirillum Brasilense Bacteria to the Types and Concentrations of Different Salts

Carried out Two experiments laboratory in the Department of Horticulture - College of Agriculture Diyala University in 2011 to study the effect of salinity on the growth Azospirillum brasilense bacteria, as it included the first experiment salinisation of soil salt levels different (1.8,4 ,6 ,8 and 10) ds.m-1 for periods to incubation different (4, 8, 12 and 16) days, the results showed increasing levels of salinity caused a reduction significantly the numbers of bacteria. affected the periods of incubation affected significantly in the numbers of cells of bacteria. Gave period incubation (16) days on highest values for the numbers of bacterial cells. Was a significant effect of interaction in the numbers of bacterial cells, as it reached the highest numbers at the level of salinity (1.8) ds.m-1 and at period incubation (16) 
 days and gave the level (10) ds.m-1 at period incubation (8) days lower the values
 Second experiment studied the effect of five salts ( NaCl , Na2So4 , MgCl2.6H2o , MgSo4.7H2o and CaCl2.2H2o ), with six concentrations (0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16 and 0.20) Mole.L-1 on the numbers bacterial cells Azospirillum brasilense, the results showed that increasing the level of salt reduced the numbers of bacteria cells a significant decrease irrespective of the type of salt. Mgcl2 salt gave the highest numbers irrespective of the level of salt and not significant differences for salt (MgSo4 , CaCl2 ), while the salt gave ( NaCl2 ) lower the values followed by salt (Na2 So4 ). That increasing levels of salinity affected significantly reduce the numbers of bacteria and all types of salts studied, as the salt (NaCl2 ) and at (0.16) Mole.L-1 did not record any growth of bacteria, and salt (Na2 So4) did not record any growth at (0.20) ds.m-1, recorded salt (MgSo4 ) at (0.04) Mole.L-1 higher values for the numbers of bacteria.

플라이애시를 혼입한 수중불분리성 콘크리트의 내 황산염에 관한 실험적 연구

This paper describes the effects of fly ash replacement on the sulfate resistance of antiwashout underwater concrete which was replaced cement by fly ash from 0% to 50%. and the experimental works were performed on sulfate acceleration test of 5%Na 2SO4 solution to find out the variance of length and weight of specimens. The experimental result shows that the length of specimens of antiwashout underwater concrete age at 180day was highly increased compare with normal concrete by acceleration test. but the mixture which was replaced 50% of fly ash shows reduction of the expansion, weight various, compare with normal concrete specimen. accordingly by using fly ash as admixture in antiwashout underwater concrete in sea environment, it will makes more durable for the attacks of sulfate by sea water.

Effects of Minerals on the Dissolvable Ion Concentration and pH Value of Hardened Cement

The influence of grinded blast furnace slag (GBFS), high-calcium fly ash (HF), desulfurized gypsum (DG) and Na2SO4 (NS) on dissolvable ion Moore concentration and pH value of hardened cement is researched. In liquor with hardened cement powder, the dissolvable ion Moore concentration of Mg, Si or Al is according to each ion content in raw materials of cement paste. In materials system of cement-slag-HF, NS reduces the ion Moore concentration of Al and increases that of Mg or Si. PH value of hardened cement is mostly controlled by dissolvable Ca ion Moore concentration in the material system of cement-BBFS-HF. Alkali metal ions, which is introduced with additional materials, effect pH value more remarkably than the dissolvable Ca ion Moore concentration. PH value of hardened cement decreases a little if 50% cement is replaced by same weight of GBFS and HF. HF can reduce pH value more seriously than GBFS. DG enhances S and Ca ion Moore concentration, and decreases pH value of hardened cement.

On the controversial effect of sodium sulphate as supporting electrolyte on electrocoagulation process: A review

One of the important factors for electrocoagulation (EC) process is the conductivity of the solution to be treated. Essential mechanisms in EC are charge neutralisation by metal (Fe/Al) hydroxocations and aggregation by van der Waals forces since fl occulation of pollutants with metal is caused by their adsorption on metal hydroxide aggregates. In order to enhance the EC process efficiency in organic wastewater effluents, sodium sulphate (Na2 SO4) has been used as a supporting electrolyte (SE) to increase the electric current diffusion in the EC cell. However, literature has reported controversial effect of sodium sulphate on EC process. This review tries to understand the sulphate effect on the EC reactions. Na2SO4 has been found less efficient than NaCl as SE in EC process for the removal of humic substances, oil-in-water emulsions, and fluoride. However, for unskimmed milk sample and cutting oil emulsion sulphate anions were found to be quite harmful both for electrical consumption and EC efficiency. T...

High Pressure Phase Equilibrium of (Solvent + Salt + CO2) Systems by the Extended Peng-Robinson Equation of State

An extended Peng-Robinson equation of state (EPR-EOS) is used to model the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) in systems containing (water + NaCl + CO2), (water + methanol + NaCl + CO 2), (water + Na 2SO4 + CO 2) and (water + NH 4Cl + CO2). The binary and ternary interaction parameters between salt and solvent are adjusted to experimental mean solvent activity of salts (NaCl and Na2SO4). For the system containing (water + Na2SO4 + CO2), the EPR-EOS is used to predict the P-T diagram when the moles of Na 2SO4 in 1 kg water are 0.25, 0.5 and 1. The calculated results for the (water + Na2SO4 + CO2) system by the extended PR-EOS are compared with the correlation results by Anderko-Pitzer EOS. The average absolute deviation of (ΔP/Pexp) % between the correlation results by Anderko-Pitzer EOS and experimental data is 8.4 % while this value for extended PR-EOS is 6 %. The P-x diagram for (water + NH 4Cl + supercritical-CO2) system at temperatures (333 and 353 K) are also obtained and compared with the calculation results by VTPRLIFAC model. The average absolute deviation between calculation results by VTPRLIFAC model and experimental data is 7.8 % but this value for our calculations is 6.2 %.

PEO−[M(CN)5NO]x- (M = Fe, Mn, or Cr) Interaction as a Driving Force in the Partitioning of the Pentacyanonitrosylmetallate Anion in ATPS: Strong Effect of the Central Atom

The partitioning behavior of pentacyanonitrosilmetallate complexes[Fe(CN) 5 NO] (2-), [Mn(CN) 5 NO] 3(-), and [Cr(CN) 5 NO] 3(-)has been studied in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) formed by adding poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO; 4000 g mol (-1)) to an aqueous salt solution (Li2 SO4, Na2 SO4, CuSO4, or ZnSO4). The complexes partition coefficients ( K complex) in each of these ATPS have been determined as a function of increasing tie-line length (TLL) and temperature. Unlike the partition behavior of most ions, [Fe(CN) 5 NO] 2(-) and [Mn(CN) 5 NO] 3(-) anions are concentrated in the polymer-rich phase with K values depending on the nature of the central atom as follows: K [Fe(C N) 5 NO] 2 - >> K [ Mn (CN 5 NO] 3 - > K [C r (C N) 5 NO ]3 - . The effect of ATPS salts in the complex partitioning behavior has also been verified following the order Li2 SO 4 > Na2 SO 4 > ZnSO4. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the presence of anions in the polymer-rich phase is caused by an EO-[M(CN) 5 NO] ( x- ) (M = Fe, Mn, or Cr) enthalpic interaction. However, when this enthalpic interaction is weak, as in the case of the [Cr(CN) 5 NO]3(-) anion ( K [Cr(CN 5 NO] 3 - < 1), entropic driving forces dominate the transfer process, then causing the anions to concentrate in the salt-rich phase.

Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn

Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn

Production of 34S-labeled gypsum (Ca34SO4.2H2O)

Agricultural gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) stands out as an effective source of calcium and sulfur, and to control aluminum saturation in the soil. Labeled as 34S it can elucidate important aspects of the sulfur cycle. Ca34SO4.2H2O was obtained by chemical reaction between Ca(OH)2 and H2(34)SO4, performed under slow agitation. The acid was produced by ion exchange chromatography using the Dowex 50WX8 cation exchange resin and a Na2(34)SO4 eluting solution. After precipitation, the precipitate was separated and dried in a ventilated oven at 60ºC. From 2.2 L H2SO4 0.2 mol L-1 and 33.6 g Ca(OH)2, 73.7 ± 0.6 g Ca34SO4.2H2O were produced on average in the tests, representing a mean yield of 94.6 ± 0.8%, with 98% purity. The 34SO2 gas was obtained from Ca34SO4.2H2O in the presence of NaPO3 in a high vacuum line and was used for the isotopic determination of S in an ATLAS-MAT model CH-4 mass spectrometer.

Assessment of Resistance To Delamination of Coil Coated Steel

The evaluation of the protective properties of a coating relies mostly on field tests and on accelerated tests such as salt spray. The resulting damage can be evaluated through visual inspection or through mechanical tests such as pulloff, to describe the development of the corrosive phenomenon and the loss of adhesion of the coatings. Following the recent experience of the Bierwagen group, the present paper proposes an aging test in which temperature was used to accelerate natural weathering, and the damage of the coating was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The tested samples were coil coated panels exposed to a 0.3%Na2 SO4 test solution. A two time constants equivalent electrical circuit was used to simulate the electrochemical behaviour of the coated systems. The evolution of circuit parameters was evaluated. In particular, it was possible to determine the adhesive properties of the samples through the evolution of the second time constant. These trends were then compared with the changes in the first time constant and with the state of the coating surface after the aging test. The advantages and the limits of the procedure are evaluated and discussed.

Stability of silica concrete based on quartz bond in water, sodium sulphate, and sulphuric acid solutions

The stability of silica concrete (SC) in long term immersion and cyclical tests in various liquid media was investigated. No chemical interaction was found to take place between SC and water or saturated Na2 SO4 solution. SC is more stable in a sulphate medium than in water. The stability in sulphuric acid was found to depend on the coarse aggregate type and acid concentration. It was shown that SC with a monomineral quartzite coarse aggregate has high durability in weak to strong acid solutions. It is concluded that SC is durable in concentrated sulphate solution and sulphuric acid where a conventional concrete is not resistant in these media.

Strontium ranelate increases cartilage matrix formation.

Based on previous studies showing that strontium ranelate (S12911) modulates bone loss in osteoporosis, it could be hypothesized that this drug also is effective on cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA). This was investigated in vitro on normal and OA human chondrocytes treated or not treated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). This model mimics, in vitro, the imbalance between chondroformation and chondroresorption processes observed in vivo in OA cartilage. Chondrocytes were isolated from cartilage by enzymatic digestion and cultured for 24-72 h with 10(-4)-10(-3) M strontium ranelate, 10(-3) M calcium ranelate, or 2 x 10(-3) M SrCl2 with or without IL-1beta or insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Stromelysin activity and stromelysin quantitation were assayed by spectrofluorometry and enzyme amplified sensitivity immunoassay (EASIA), respectively. Proteoglycans (PG) were quantified using a radioimmunoassay. Newly synthesized glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were quantified by labeled sulfate (Na2(35)SO4) incorporation. This method allowed the PG size after exclusion chromatography to be determined. Strontium ranelate, calcium ranelate, and SrCl2 did not modify stromelysin synthesis even in the presence of IL-1beta. Calcium ranelate induced stromelysin activation whereas strontium compounds were ineffective. Strontium ranelate and SrCl2 both strongly stimulated PG production suggesting an ionic effect of strontium independent of the organic moiety. Moreover, 10(-3) M strontium ranelate increased the stimulatory effect of IGF-I (10(-9) M) on PG synthesis but did not reverse the inhibitory effect of IL-1beta. Strontium ranelate strongly stimulates human cartilage matrix formation in vitro by a direct ionic effect without stimulating the chondroresorption processes. This finding provides a preclinical basis for in vivo testing of strontium ranelate in OA.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent proinflammatory gene induction is inhibited by cyclic tensile strain in articular chondrocytes in vitro.

To understand the intracellular mechanisms of the action of mechanical strain on articular chondrocytes during inflammation. One of the major mediators responsible for cartilage destruction in inflamed articular joints is tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Therefore, in this study we examined the intracellular mechanisms of actions of cyclic tensile strain (CTS) on the recombinant human TNFalpha (rHuTNFalpha)-induced proinflammatory pathways in primary cultures of chondrocytes. The expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for TNFalpha-dependent proinflammatory proteins was examined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The synthesis of proinflammatory proteins was examined by Western blot analysis in cell extracts, followed by semiquantitative measurement of bands using densitometric analysis. Nitric oxide production was measured by Griess reaction, and prostaglandin E2 production was assessed by radioimmunoassays. The proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes was assessed by incorporation of Na2(35)SO4 in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. By exposing chondrocytes to CTS in the presence of TNFalpha in vitro, we showed that CTS is an effective antagonist of TNFalpha actions and acts as both an antiinflammatory signal and a reparative signal. CTS of low magnitude suppresses TNFalpha-induced mRNA expression of multiple proinflammatory proteins involved in catabolic responses, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, and collagenase. CTS also counteracts cartilage degradation by augmenting induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2. Additionally, CTS augments the reparative process via abrogation of TNFalpha-induced suppression of proteoglycan synthesis. Nonetheless, CTS acts on chondrocytes in a TNFalpha-dependent manner, since exposure of chondrocytes to CTS alone had no effect on these parameters. CTS of low magnitude acts as an effective antagonist of TNFalpha not only by inhibiting the TNFalpha-dependent induction of proinflammatory proteins upstream of mRNA transcription, but also by augmenting the proteoglycan synthesis that is inhibited by TNFalpha.

Electrochemical simulation of vapour side corrosion of Cu–Ni condenser tubes in multistage flash evaporation distillers

AbstractThe corrosion of 70–30 Cu–Ni condenser tubes in the vapour of multistage flash evaporation distillers occurs within a thin water film adhering to the metal surface. This, together with the fact that corrosion involves the alternate formation and dissolution of copper oxides, justifies the application of electrochemical techniques in aqueous solutions for the study of vapour side corrosion. Open circuit potential (OCP) transients were used to establish the effects of vacuum and of O2 , CO2 , and mixtures thereof on the corrosion process. The study was carried out in 4%Na2 SO4 solution at ambient temperatures. The state of vacuum in the distiller was simulated by purging the solution with N2 gas. The OCP of the working electrode tended towards more negative values, revealing the instability of the air formed oxide. This changed slowly to a Cu2O film. Introduction of O2 into the cell resulted in the instantaneous shift of potential towards less negative values. Cuprous oxide was oxidised to hydrated ...

Proteoglycan synthesis in porcine nasal cartilage grafts following Nd:YAG (lambda = 1.32 microns) laser-mediated reshaping.

Mechanically deformed morphologic cartilage grafts undergo temperature-dependent stress relaxation during sustained laser irradiation resulting in stable shape changes. In this study, porcine nasal septal cartilage specimens were evaluated for viability by measuring the incorporation of Na2(35)SO4 into proteoglycan (PTG) macromolecules in whole tissue culture following laser-mediated reshaping. Synthesis rates of PTG were determined by scintillation counting lyophilized specimens and normalizing these values by total protein content. Positive controls were established by inducing chondrocyte apoptosis using prolonged exposure to nitric oxide (NO). In chondrocytes, apoptosis induced using NO resulted in significantly lower PTG synthesis rates compared to untreated native specimens. Cartilage specimens were irradiated with light emitted from a Nd:YAG laser (25 W/cm2, lambda = 1.32 microns) while recording simultaneously radiometric surface temperature, internal stress and back-scattered light intensity from a probe laser. Each specimen received one, two or three sequential laser exposures. The duration of each exposure was determined from real-time measurements of characteristic changes in back-scattered light intensity that correlate with accelerated stress relaxation. A 5 min time interval between each laser exposures allowed the cartilage specimen to return to thermal equilibrium. Average PTG synthesis rates decreased with successive laser exposures, though these were always higher than baseline rates established for NO-treated tissues, suggesting that laser-mediated cartilage reshaping acutely does not eliminate the entire population of viable chondrocytes. The reduction in PTG synthesis is correlated with the time-temperature-dependent heating profile created during laser irradiation, supporting our hypothesis that careful monitoring of laser dosimetry is required to ensure chondrocyte viability.

Photoelectrochemical investigation of ac modulated passive films on 304 stainless steel in weak alkaline and neutral solutions

A photoelectrochemical investigation has been carried out on an ac modulated passive film on AISI 304 stainless steel in 0·1M Na2 B4O7 and 0·5M Na2 SO4 solutions. The results of the photocurrent measurements indicate that the photoresponse is determined by defects in the electronic structure of the films when the defects lead to localised states in the band gap region and that the photoresponse is sensitive to the passive condition and testing solutions. It is concluded that the passive film on 304 stainless steel is in a highly disordered amorphous state.

Respuestas morfológicas y anatómicas de Tessaria absinthioides (Hook. et Arn.) DC. a la salinidad

T. absinthioides, Inuleae, Compositae, is a weedy species that is spreading in the irrigation area of the Colorado River, Argentina. This species can be found in normal and saline soils. Morphological and anatomical variables were measured with two salts, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, with three levels of osmotic potential -0.4, -0.8 and -1.5 MPa, in hydroponic culture, using Hoagland solution as the cultivation media. The total diameter of the roots of plants growing in Na2SO4 and NaCl increased when the osmotic potential was -0.4 MPa. In plants growing in NaCl this may have resulted from the increase in the size of the cortical cells and in plants growing in Na2SO4, the diameter increased may be due to an increase in the cambial activity. The number and length of shoot internodes decreased with increasing salinity, even though this was not statistically significant. In comparison to the control, the total diameter of the shoot increased at -0.4 MPa and decreased with the reduction of the osmotic potential. In comparison to the control, the length of the leaves decreased at -0.4 MPa and the leaves width increased at the same concentration. The palisade parenchyma appeared less developed in saline conditions. In comparison to the control, the number of hairs increased at -0.4 MPa. T. absinthioides acts as a semihalophytic species, according to the salt ranks it tolerates. The mechanisms of adaptation to saline conditions are succulence in root and stunted growth if the salt in the media is NaCl, and the production of haloxeromorphic characters if the salt in the media is Na2 SO4

Radioautographic studies on radiosulfate incorporation in the digestive organs of mice.

The sulfate uptake and accumulation in mouse digestive organs were studied by light microscopic radioautography. Two litters of normal ddY mice 30 days after birth, each consisting of 3 animals, were studied. One litter of animals were sacrificed 30 min after the intraperitoneal injections with phosphate buffered Na2(35)SO4, and the other litter animals were sacrificed 12 hr after the injections. Then several digestive organs, the parotid gland, the submandibular gland, the sublingual gland, antrum and fundus of the stomach, the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum, the caecum, the ascending colon and the descending colon were taken out. The tissues were fixed, dehydrated, embedded in epoxy resin, sectioned, picked up onto glass slides, coated with radioautographic emulsion by a dipping method. AFter the exposure, they were developed, stained with toluidine blue and analyzed by light microscopy. As the results, many silver grains were observed on serous cells of the salivary glands, mucosa and submucosa of the stomach, villous cells and crypt cells of the small intestines and whole mucosa of the large intestines at 30 min after the injection. Then at 12 hr after the injection silver grains were observed on mucous cells of the salivary glands, some of the stomach glands, and mucigen granules of goblet cells in the small intestines and the large intestines. The numbers of silver grains observed in respective organs at 30 min were less than those at 12 hr. From these results, it is concluded that glycoprotein synthesis was demonstrated in several digestive organs by radiosulfate incorporation. In the salivary glands the silver grains were more observed in serous cells at 30 min, while in mucous cells more at 12 hr than 30 min after the injection. In other organs the silver grains were more at 30 min than at 12 hr. These results show the time difference of glycoprotein synthesis in respective organs.

Silicate esters with additives as temporary protectives on steel surfaces

A series of tetra-alkoxysilanes and dimethyldialkoxysilanes (silicate esters) was prepared by reacting SiCl4 and (CH3 )2 SiCl2 respectively with corresponding alcohols. The performance of these silicate esters as temporary protectives for mild steel surfaces has been studied by assessing the time to appearance of the first rust spot on the specimen surface, electro chemical potential changes, and the percentage protection given by these esters to steel plates under different conditions using natural sea water containing 1%Na2 SO4 with various additives including thiourea and nicotinic acid. The corrosion resistance imparted by dimethyldialkoxysilanes is greater than that imparted by tetra-alkoxysilanes. However, for both series of silicate esters, those which have high molecular weight and branching in the alkyl fraction confer better corrosion resistance than those with low branching and a linear structure. Similar measurements were made for steel coated with silicone fluid and liquid paraffin and for uncoated steel for the purpose of comparison.