National Institute Of Nutrition Research Articles

Genetic Relatedness of WNIN and WNIN/Ob with Major Rat Strains in Biomedical Research.

WNIN (Wistar/NIN) is an inbred rat strain maintained at National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) for more than 90years, and WNIN/Ob is an obese mutant originated from it. To determine their genetic relatedness with major rat strains in biomedical research, they were genotyped at various marker loci. The recently identified markers for albino and hooded mutations which clustered all the known albino rats into a single lineage also included WNIN and WNIN/Ob rats. Genotyping using microsatellite DNA markers and phylogenetic analysis with 49 different rat strains suggested that WNIN shares a common ancestor with many Wistar originated strains. Fst estimates and Fischer's exact test suggest that WNIN rats differed significantly from all other strains tested. WNIN/Ob though shows hyper-leptinemia, like Zucker fatty rat, did not share the Zucker fatty rat mutation. The above analyses suggest WNIN as a highly differentiated rat strain and WNIN/Ob a novel obese mutant evolved from it.

Serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interlukin-6, and paraoxonase-1 in childhood obesity

Background/aim Obesity is becoming an epidemic health problem. Elevated cytokines and chemokines are prominent features in obesity, which play a main role in the development of other chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interlukin-6 (IL-6), and serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) in childhood obesity. Materials and methods The present study included 40 obese school-aged children (5-15 years) and 40 healthy children as controls. The patients were presented to the outpatient clinic in National Institute of Nutrition. MCP-1, IL-6, PON1, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured in all participants. Results The mean serum levels of MCP-1, IL-6, and total cholesterol were significantly higher in obese participants than in controls ( P P P P P 0.0001). Conclusion Childhood obesity is associated with increased serum MCP-1 and IL-6 and decreased PON1 and hypercholesterolemia suggesting an increase in adulthood disease risk. Measuring serum MCP-1, IL-6, PON1 activity in obese children may be a good predictor for future chronic disease development and complications.

A study on effect of Change in Prices of inputs and outputs on food security of Agricultural Households in Coastal Saline Zone of West Bengal

The study was conducted in Kakdwip block of South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. Primary data were collected from 56 agricultural households belonging to two villages by the technique of Simple Random Sampling without Replacement. The reference years of the study are 2001–02 and 2011–12 agril years. The study aimed at finding change in income of the agricultural households earned from crop production in a period from 2001–02 and 2011–12 agricultural years owing to changes in price of inputs and agricultural commodities. The study also attempted to find capabilities of agricultural households in maintaining food security with their income earned from crop production at two points in time. Requirement of food commodities of agricultural households was estimated on the basis of dietary guidelines regarding balanced diet for people given by National Institute of Nutrition under the aegis of Indian Council of Medical Research. Results of the study revealed that agricultural land was allocated to a number of crops like aman paddy, lathyrus, vegetables boro paddy and betelvine. Cropping intensity was found to decrease with the higher size classes of farms. Percentage of irrigated land was noted to be the highest in marginal size class. Cost per farm was found to escalate by 139 per cent due to increase in prices of inputs. Gross return per farm went up by 122 per cent. Net income earned from crop production could meet only 26% of expenditure on food materials in 2001–02. In 2011–12 only 21 percent of the food security was insured by this income.

Diet and nutritional status among children 24–59 months by seasons in a mountainous area of Northern Vietnam in 2012

Background Seasonal variation affects food availability. However, it is not clear if it affects dietary intake and nutritional status of children in Vietnam. Objectives This paper aims at examining the seasonal variation in nutrition status and dietary intake of children aged 24–59 months. Design A repeated cross-sectional study design was used to collect data of changes in nutritional status and diets of children from 24 to 59 months through four seasons in Chiem Hoa district, Tuyen Quang province, a predominately rural mountainous province of northern Vietnam. The quantitative component includes anthropometric measurements, 24 hours dietary recall and socio-economic characteristics. The qualitative component was conducted through focus group discussions (FGDs) with mothers of the children surveyed in the quantitative component. The purpose of FGDs was to explore the food habits of children during the different seasons and the behaviours of their mothers in relation to the food that they provide during these seasons. Results The prevalence of underweight among children aged 24–59 months is estimated at around 20–25%; it peaked in summer (24.9%) and reached a low in winter (21.3%). The prevalence of stunting was highest in summer (29.8%) and lowest in winter (22.2%). The prevalence of wasting in children was higher in spring and autumn (14.3%) and lower in summer (9.3%). Energy intake of children was highest in the autumn (1259.3 kcal) and lowest in the summer (996.9 kcal). Most of the energy and the nutrient intakes during the four seasons did not meet the Vietnamese National Institute of Nutrition recommendation. Conclusions Our study describes some seasonal variation in nutrition status and energy intake among children in a mountainous area northern Vietnam. Our study indicated that the prevalence of stunting and underweight was higher in summer and autumn, while the prevalence of wasting was higher in spring and autumn. Energy intake did not always meet national recommendations, especially in summer.

Targeting the young food consumer

Purpose – A large number of food advertisements are broadcast during children ' s programs which influence their food consumption habits. Globally, consumption of these foods is linked to increased incidence of obesity and other health-related disorders in children. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the nature and extent of food advertising directed at Indian children. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected by recording programs and advertisements aired on five popular children ' s networks from 9:00 am until 9:00 pm for ten weekdays and weekends each. On an average, total recording of 242 hours for both weekdays and weekends was done. All data were screened and both program and non-program content (advertisements) were identified and analyzed. Data were further analyzed through descriptive statistics. Findings – Out of 4,219 and 4,750 television advertisements broadcast on children ' s networks during weekdays and weekends, 43.33 and 47.62 percent are food advertisements, respectively. “Confectionery” and “sugared and salty snacks” comprise half of total foods advertised during weekdays. Whereas, advertisements for “health drinks and supplements” are most frequently aired during children ' s programs on weekends. A classification of all food advertisements into healthy and unhealthy categories according to “Food Pyramid” given by National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), India in 2010 shows that almost all the advertised foods are unhealthy. Practical implications – This study will benefit the parents by helping them understand the media content (food advertisements) offered to their children. They may then control television viewing by children, monitor food purchase behavior and take some mealtime actions to control eating habits of their children. Such awareness is critical to force the food marketers to recognize the need to self-regulate food advertising directed at children. Government may also feel the need to formulate a suitable policy for placing time and content restrictions for advertising foods to children. Originality/value – As no such study has already been conducted in India (to the best of researcher ' s knowledge), this study potentially helps in abridging gaps in literature.

Socio - Demographic Characteristics of a Group of Adolescents Attending Stunting Outpatient Clinic - National Nutrition Institute in Cairo

Socio - Demographic Characteristics of a Group of Adolescents Attending Stunting Outpatient Clinic - National Nutrition Institute in Cairo

Development and implementation of a locally produced ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) in Vietnam.

In Vietnam, malnutrition remains a public health problem, even though much progress has been made in the last decades. The number of cases of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is more than 200,000 per year. To accelerate the treatment of SAM, community-based treatment with ready-to-use-therapeutic foods (RUTFs) is preferred. However, a locally available and acceptable RUTF for the treatment of SAM was lacking. In a joint effort by the National Institute of Nutrition, UNICEF, and the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, a local RUTF was developed and tested. The product was optimalized for impact and acceptability. At the same time, capacity for the Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM) was developed. The local product was found to be highly acceptable and effective. After training of health staff the product could be introduced in the IMAM program. The IMAM program was highly successful in treating children with SAM, with more than 90% of the children recovering. Production capacity of the factory is currently being increased to enable up-scaling of the IMAM program and potential export of the product to countries in the region.

The role of healthy diet in the prevention of osteoporosis in perimenopausal period.

The aim of the study was to assess the diet for its effect on normal bone mineralization and qualitative analysis of dietary supplements used in the prevention of osteoporosis. Research data were acquired based on a questionnaire developed by the author. A 24-hour diet recall method was used with the involvement of Dieta 5.0 software developed by the National Food and Nutrition Institute in Warsaw in Poland. The second part of the study involved an analysis of the most popular dietary supplements available over the counter. Complexometric titration was used to separate and identify calcium. The results of a 24-hour diet recall indicate that 47% of the respondents consumed 550-750 mg of calcium daily, and only 21% of the subjects consumed more than 1200 mg of calcium every day. The results give cause for concern: none of the analyzed diets supplied the recommended daily amounts of vitamin D, and only 29% of the respondents admitted taking vitamin D supplements. The results of the survey indicate that consumers have insufficient knowledge about lifestyle diseases, including osteoporosis. Diet of large part of society is not properly balanced which can cause abnormalities in achieving proper bone mineralization. Long-term deficiencies in calcium and vitamin D in daily diet are the cause for taking dietary supplements. Unfortunately, some preparations on the market do not have adequate storage. It happens that these preparations are poorly absorbed and the amount of active compound is too low. Changes in the nutritional regimen are required already during childhood because nutritional mistakes are the main cause of diet-related diseases in adulthood.

Role of small heat shock proteins in muscle under chronic hyperglycemia (1102.42)

Role of small heat shock proteins in muscle under chronic hyperglycemia V. Sudhakar Reddy1, G. Bhanuprakash Reddy1 1Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India Objective: To study the expression of small heat shock proteins (sHsp) and their localization in diabetic rat muscle.Methods: Diabetes was induced in rats and maintained on hyperglycemia for a period of 12 weeks. The expression of sHsp and phosphorylated sHsp was analysed by qRT‐PCR, immunoblotting. The translocation of phosphorylated sHsp (pS82‐Hsp27, pS59‐αB‐crystallin; αBC) was analyzed by detergent solubility assay and co‐immunoprecipitation. The cell death was analysed by assessing the levels bcl‐2, bax and cleaved caspase‐3. The interaction of αBC with bax was analyzed by co‐immunoprecipitation Results: Out of 10 sHsp, 7 sHsp were detected in muscle. Among them, increased expression of αBC was seen diabetic muscle. Furthermore, detergent soluble assay and co‐immunoprecipitation studies confirmed the translocation and interaction of phosphorylated sHsp with cytoskeleton (desmin) under diabetic conditions. Diabetes induced the cell death as assessed by the levels of cleaved caspase‐3, bax and bcl‐2. Moreover, diabetes reduced the interaction of αBC with bax.Conclusion: There was increased expression of αBC under hyperglycemic conditions. Further, chronic hyperglycemia induced the translocation of pS82‐Hsp27 and pS59‐αBC from cytoplasm to a striated sarcomere at or near z‐lines and intercalated discs. Altered interaction of αBC with bax seems to influence cell death in diabetic muscle.

Corrigendum to “Genetic ontogeny of pancreatic enzymes in Labrus bergylta larvae and the effect of feed type on enzyme activities and gene expression” [Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 164 (2013) 176–184

Corrigendum to “Genetic ontogeny of pancreatic enzymes in Labrus bergylta larvae and the effect of feed type on enzyme activities and gene expression” [Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 164 (2013) 176–184] Truls Wergeland Hansen, Arild Folkvord, Espen Grotan, Oystein Saele⁎ a National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway b Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway c Marine Harvest Labrus, Naturgassparken, Oygarden, Norway

Challenges in Developing Competency-based Training Curriculum for Food Safety Regulators in India.

Context:The Food Safety and Standards Act have redefined the roles and responsibilities of food regulatory workforce and calls for highly skilled human resources as it involves complex management procedures.Aims:1) Identify the competencies needed among the food regulatory workforce in India. 2) Develop a competency-based training curriculum for food safety regulators in the country. 3) Develop training materials for use to train the food regulatory workforce.Settings and Design:The Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, led the development of training curriculum on food safety with technical assistance from the Royal Society for Public Health, UK and the National Institute of Nutrition, India. The exercise was to facilitate the implementation of new Act by undertaking capacity building through a comprehensive training program.Materials and Methods:A competency-based training needs assessment was conducted before undertaking the development of the training materials.Results:The training program for Food Safety Officers was designed to comprise of five modules to include: Food science and technology, Food safety management systems, Food safety legislation, Enforcement of food safety regulations, and Administrative functions. Each module has a facilitator guide for the tutor and a handbook for the participant. Essentials of Food Hygiene-I (Basic level), II and III (Retail/ Catering/ Manufacturing) were primarily designed for training of food handlers and are part of essential reading for food safety regulators.Conclusion:The Food Safety and Standards Act calls for highly skilled human resources as it involves complex management procedures. Despite having developed a comprehensive competency-based training curriculum by joint efforts by the local, national, and international agencies, implementation remains a challenge in resource-limited setting.

Dynamic aspects of obesity in a sample of Egyptian women

Introduction Obesity is actually conceptualized as a complex, multifactorial disorder, in which genetic, psychological, physiological, environmental, and socioeconomic factors play a major role. The nature of the relationship between obesity and psychological distress continues to be debated by researchers and clinicians. Some studies have suggested a relationship between being overweight and having increased psychiatric symptoms, and an association between obesity and several lifetime psychiatric disorders, whereas other studies have found no association at all. Aim It is hypothesized that there are differences between obese and normal-weight women in different dynamic aspects; therefore, here, we compare them in terms of defense mechanisms, self-esteem, and body image. Also, we attempt to explore the association between the degree of obesity and the severity of psychopathology. Patients and methods This was a case-control cross-sectional study, in which a group of 40 obese women seeking treatment for obesity were recruited from the National Nutrition Institute (BMI ≥ 30), and a group of 40 healthy normal-weight women were recruited from among the general population (control sample). They were subjected to the following psychometric procedures: Symptom Check List-90-R (SCL-90-R), Body Image Questionnaire (BIQ), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40). Results In terms of SCL-90-R, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the somatization, hostility, and paranoid ideation subscales; the scores for these on SCL-90-R were higher in the obese group. For BIQ, there was a statistically highly significant difference between the two groups; obese individuals had a disturbed body image compared with those in the control group. For DSQ-40, the obese women showed excessive use of immature defenses (displacement) and the control group showed frequent usage of neurotic defenses (reaction formation); there was a significant difference between the two groups in the two defenses. There was no significant difference in self-esteem. There was a positive correlation between BMI and the somatization subscale, BMI and the phobia subscale, and BMI and the Global Severity Index subscale of SCL-90-R in the obese group. There was a positive correlation between BMI and the depression subscale and BMI and the interpersonal sensitivity subscale of SCL-90-R in the control group. There was a negative correlation between BMI and mature defense styles in the obese group, whereas in the control group, there was a positive correlation between BMI and immature defense styles. There were no significant correlations between BMI and both BIQ and RSES. Conclusion Obese women have more disturbed body image, immature defense mechanisms, and psychopathology than the control group.

Preface

This set of papers was presented in a symposium at the International Union of Nutritional Science (IUNS) 20th International Congress of Nutrition held in Granada, Spain, on 17 September 2013. The symposium and papers were motivated by the increase awareness in the nutrition research and policy communities of the data and important scientific results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The CHNS is a unique long-term ongoing longitudinal cohort with in-depth community data and household socio-demographic data and very detailed diet, activity, body composition and cardiometabolic measures representative of large populations in one of the most rapidly changing countries in the world. Data from the survey are available for free for public dissemination, and over 14,000 individuals have downloaded the data from the CHNS web site http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/china. This session and all the CHNS work have been funded by an array of grants from NIH, UNC and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety. This specific session and publication is supported by the Fogarty International Center (D43 TW009077) but other funding comes from the Carolina Population Center (5 R24 HD050924), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the NIH (R01-HD30880, DK056350, R24 HD050924 and R01-HD38700).

Presidential Address: A new face for endocrine surgery

PAST PRESIDENTS, dear colleagues, ladies, and gentlemen. I would like to start my presentation by saying that I am very pleased to see the record turnout for the meeting. I divide my presentation into 4 parts. First, I address how I got here. Then, what would I suggest that the new face of endocrine syurgery be? After that, I describe the potential of this new image, and add a few closing remarks. I was trained at The National Institute of Nutrition, a leading institution for Internal Medicine and Surgery in M exico. As in many other institutions, surgeons at the foundation performed truly general surgery, and in many instances out of the scope of general surgery. During my residency, Dr Victor Letayf, Dr Federico Chavez Pe on, Dr Sergio C ardenas, and Dr Manuel Campuzano started to differentiate in the various components of endocrine surgery; Dr H ector Orozco felt the need to have subspecialist and started sending people abroad to expand their knowledge. And this is how I had the opportunity to spend some time at The Mayo Clinic with 2 incredible mentors, Dr John van Heerden and Dr Clive Grant. A natural implication of being devoted to endocrine surgery is that you become aware of and may be part of a true professional family, the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons, which works tirelessly to maintain the highest

Nutrition & metabolic syndrome

What we eat defines what we are. The diet and nutrition reflect on health, growth and development of an individual. Nevertheless, lifestyle changes such as dietary habits and sedentary life that have occurred over past few decades resulted in rapid increase of obesity and associated metabolic abnormalities. The cluster of interconnected factors that increase risk for obesity-induced diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases, chronic kidney diseases, hypertension and stroke, and some types of cancer are collectively referred as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Drastic changes in lifestyle have affect on all age groups including in utero . This alarming rise in incidence of MetS is significant cause of disability and premature death. There has been a remarkable increase in the consumption of dietary fats, refined starches and high fructose containing beverages, over the past few decades. The epidemic of obesity across the globe and excess burden of MetS in industrialized and developing countries including India, China and South America, necessitate primary prevention programs and health initiatives. This special issue of ‘Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome ’ with integration of eight reviews addresses the prevalence of this debilitating health issue and perspectives on dietary modification to promote healthy diets and lifestyles to reduce the global burden of MetS. The review by Philips et al. highlights the importance of stratifying obesity as metabolic healthy and unhealthy obesity in estimating MetS and discussed the determinants and clinical implications of metabolic healthy obesity. The review by Ramakrishnan provides an over view of the role of maternal malnutrition on intrauterine growth retardation and ensuing MetS in the later course of life as a part of fetal metabolic programming in adult diseases. In the third review, Andersen et al highlight the significance of dietary strategies including energy restriction, weight loss and manipulation of macronutrients that can reduce the risk-factors and physiological parameters associated with MetS. The fourth and fifth reviews compare the impact of European and Western dietary pattern on MetS and emphasize the importance to Mediterranean diet in the reduction of incidence of MetS. The beneficial feature of Mediterranean diet is attributed to high olive oil content. They also recommended adopting Mediterranean-kind of diet by other parts of the world where MetS is highly prevalent. The article by Kumar et al reviews the evolution of definition for MetS, association of MetS with chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and therapeutic dietary strategies to alleviate the burden of MetS associated CKD. The seventh review summarizes the potential therapeutic role of functional foods in management of various traits of Mets such as weight, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and inflammation. The final review in this issue examines the potential use of bioactive compounds from seaweeds as pharmacological agents in treating ailments of MetS. In summary, this special issue of the Journal will provide the readers an insight into some of the latest updates in epidemiology and evaluation ofMetS, and amechanistic basis for MetS associated chronic diseases. This issue also presents information on the use of dietary components and regimens to ameliorate the morbidities associated with MetS. A. K. Pasupulati :G. B. Reddy (*) National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India e-mail: geereddy@yahoo.com

Quality of pregnant women's diet in Poland - macro-elements.

IntroductionThe objective was to assess the quality of pregnant women's diet in Poland concerning macro-elements and to analyze reasons for low or high quality diets.Material and methodsFive hundred and twelve pregnant women in their 20th to 30th week of pregnancy took part in the research conducted by means of a 7-day observation of diet. Consumed products were analyzed by means of DIETETYK software developed by the Polish National Food and Nutrition Institute. Obtained macro values were averaged. The results were compared with the recommendations from the World Health Organization, European Union and Polish National Food and Nutrition Institute and analyzed statistically (χ2 test).ResultsThe pregnant women consumed an average of 1898 ±380 kcal daily. Average value of macro components supplied with the diet did not deviate from EU and NFNI nutrition recommendations: protein – 72.1 g/person daily, fats overall – 72.8 g, polyunsaturated fatty acids – 10.93 g, cholesterol – 283 mg, carbohydrates – 257 g. The study proved a significant relation between a higher quality diet of pregnant women and tertiary or secondary education (p = 0.05) as well as urban residence (p = 0.01).ConclusionsPregnant women's diet in Poland is not significantly different from diet quality of pregnant women from other countries. A lower quality diet was observed among women who smoked during pregnancy and lived in rural areas.

Informal group intervention technique to promote a healthy dietary habit in adults

Introduction: Healthy dietary habit is one of the important factors in the maintenance of good health. A study was conducted to determine the effect of informal discussion to motivate adults toward healthy eating. Materials and Methods: Healthy dietary habits were discussed informally with the help of Dietary Guidelines for Indians published by National Institute of Nutrition, to an individual group in Tamil Nadu at least for 3 hours ( n = 42 in 3 groups). After 1 year of these informal discussions, without in-between follow-ups, a telephone interview (informal) was conducted to the participants individually ( n = 31) to determine the changes in their eating behavior. Results and Discussion: About 68% of the participants interviewed reduced the quantity of rice intake as a result of informal discussion, and 42% of the participants shared their learning with other people. The changes in eating behavior were significantly higher in females than in males. Participants living in urban areas made more changes in eating behaviors than in rural areas. Similarly more changes in dietary habits were observed among participants with postgraduate qualifications than with higher secondary qualification. Conclusion: This informal intervention approach has great potential to change the eating behavior toward healthy diet in India and other developing countries. However different strategies may be required for the people with different educational and economical background.

Effect of Nutrition Demonstration Programme on Knowledge Regarding Preparation of Hyderabad Mix Recipe among Mothers of Pre-school Malnourished Children

Poor knowledge of mothers on preparation of nutritive food items is one of the reasons for prevalence of malnutrition among preschoolers. Hyderabad mix recipe invented by National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad is the best supplementary food for home treatment and prevention of malnutrition. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of nutrition demonstration programme on knowledge of preparation of Hyderabad mix recipe among mothers of preschool malnourished children; knowledge scores of Hyderabad mix recipe of mothers were also associated with demographic variables. The study established that nutrition demonstration programme was quite effective in improving the mother’s knowledge about preparation of Hyderabad mix recipe.

Some determinants of Stunting in children of Tehran

Some determinants of Stunting in children of Tehran

The Changing Relationship Between Obesity and Disability in Middle and Older Adults: 1997 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Surveys

The Changing Relationship Between Obesity and Disability in Middle and Older Adults: 1997 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Surveys