N3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Relationship of Fatty acid composition and some Biochemical parameters in Serum for women Ovarian Cancer patient

The study was designed to estimate the effect of ovarian cancer disease on the percentage and level of fatty acids and level of some biochemical parameters in serum blood for females with ovarian cancer The present study deals with the determination of the fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl ester CE and phospholipids PL and measured some of biochemical parameters are (high density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-c, total cholesterol TC, glutathione GSH, malondiadehyde MDA and uric acid U.A in healty females and females with ovarian cancer serum. The study includes 30 ovarian cancer patients and they were visitors to oncology and unclear medicine hospital in mosul 50 apparently healthy females, the measured of percentage of fatty acids, in lipids extraction from serum cholesterly ester and phospholipids by thin layer chromatography TLC, and measurement of percentage of fatty acid by capillary gas chromatograph CGC. The results showed exhibited a significant increase p=0.001 in n6-polyunsaturted fatty acids. they also exhibited asignificant decrease in n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and level of total cholesterol, HDL-c, GSH, on the other side the result showed exhibited a significant increased in MDA and uric acid level in p=0.001 It was concluded that the levels and the type of the polyunsaturated fatty acid might have a correlation with ovarian cancer on the biochemical parameters comparison with control group.

Increased dietary fatty acids determine the fatty-acid profiles of human pancreatic cancer cells and their carrier's plasma, pancreas and liver.

Primary contents of dietary fat are three or four types of fatty acids, namely saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), n6-polyunsaturated fatty acid (n6PUFA) and, to less extent, n3-polyunsaturated fatty acid (n3PUFA). Previous studies suggest that increased SFA, MUFA, and n6PUFA in high fat diets (HFDs) stimulate the origination, growth, and liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells, whereas increased n3PUFA has the opposite effects. It is unclear whether the fatty acid-induced effects are based on changed fatty-acid composition of involved cells. Here, we investigated whether increased SFA, MUFA, n6PUFA, and n3PUFA in different HFDs determine the FA profiles of pancreatic cancer cells and their carrier's plasma, pancreas, and liver. We transplanted MiaPaCa2 human pancreatic cancer cells in athymic mice and fed them normal diet or four HFDs enriched with SFA, MUFA, n6PUFA, and n3PUFA, respectively. After 7 weeks, fatty acids were profiled in tumor, plasma, pancreas, and liver, using gas chromatography. When tumor carriers were fed four HFDs, the fatty acids that were increased dietarily were also increased in the plasma. When tumor carriers were fed MUFA-, n6PUFA-, and n3PUFA-enriched HFDs, the dietarily increased fatty acids were also increased in tumor, pancreas, and liver. When tumor-carriers were fed the SFA-enriched HFD featuring lauric and myristic acids (C12:0 and C14:0), tumor, pancreas, and liver showed an increase not in the same SFAs but palmitic acid (C16:0) and/or stearic acid (C18:0). In conclusion, predominant fatty acids in HFDs determine the fatty-acid profiles of pancreatic cancer cells and their murine carriers.

Fatty Acid Profile in Fat Obtained from Edible Part of Land Snails Harvested in Poland.

IntroductionThe objective was to determine the content of fatty acids in edible snail fat by snail species, collection site, and processing stage.Material and MethodsThe research material comprised 180 edible fat samples from the three genera of edible snails collected in Poland: free-living Helix pomatia (HP) and two cultivated Cornu subspecies: C. aspersa maxima (CAM) and C. aspersum aspersum (CAA). All snails came from the Greater Poland and Lower Silesian Provinces: HP from their natural habitat and CAM and CAA from heliciculture farms. The studies focused on the raw meat, cooked meat, and frozen meat processing stages. Fatty acid (FA) profiles were determined by the gas chromatography method.ResultsHelix pomatia fat showed a higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, whereas the fat of Cornu genus snails had a higher unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) component, i.e. monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Thermal processing of snail meat increased all the determined SFA and decreased all the PUFA values, and increased the content of C18:1, C20:1, and C22:1 acids in the MUFA group. The material collection site had limited impact on FA content as differences were noted only in levels of C18:1, C18:2 n6, and C20:5. The differences pertained only to the fat of farmed snails of the Cornu genus.ConclusionDue to the high content of UFA and a favourable ratio of n6:n3 acids and PUFA:SFA, snail fat can be regarded as nutritionally valuable.

Effect of season on intrafollicular fatty acid concentrations and embryo production after in vitro fertilization and parthenogenic activation of prepubertal goat oocytes

In this study we have assessed the concentration of 13 fatty acids (FAs) in follicular fluid (FF) and tested the blastocyst development of prepubertal goat oocytes after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and parthenogenic activation (PA) during spring, summer, autumn and winter. Ovaries were collected from a local slaughterhouse and transported to the laboratory during the four seasons. Samples of FF were recovered from follicles and FAs were analyzed by gas chromatography. Oocytes were in vitro matured in TCM-199 with hormones, epidermal growth factor and 10% of fetal bovine serum for 24 h. After maturation, oocytes were inseminated with fresh semen capacitated with heparin or parthenogenically activated with ionomycin and 6-dimetylaminopurine. Zygotes from both groups were cultured in SOF medium for 8 days. The results showed that the polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) concentration of n3 was significantly reduced in autumn compared to winter (46.17 μM and 116.45 μM, respectively) and the n6 to n3 (n6:n3) PUFA ratio was significantly higher in autumn than in winter (11.17 μM vs 4.23 μM, respectively). Blastocyst production was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in winter than autumn after IVF (16.8% and 5.5%, respectively) and showed a statistical tendency (P < 0.1) after PA (22.7% and 11.5%, respectively). In conclusion, in ovaries of prepubertal goats we have observed higher concentrations of n3 PUFAs and lower n6:n3 PUFA ratio in the follicular fluid and oocytes with higher competence to develop up to blastocyst in winter compared to autumn. Moreover, spring, which is a non-breeding season in goat, have not affected in vitro blastocyst production from suckling kid oocytes.

Abstract 3224: Prospective serum metabolomic profiling of fatal prostate cancer

Abstract Metabolic dysregulation may play a role in the etiology of fatal prostate cancer, yet the association with pre-diagnostic serum metabolites has not been elucidated. We conducted a prospective serum metabolomic analysis of fatal prostate cancer risk in 523 cases and 523 matched controls nested within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study. Median time from baseline fasting serum collection to prostate cancer death was 18 years (interdecile range 10-26 years). We profiled 860 known metabolites through an ultrahigh-performance LC-MS/MS platform, and conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals of risk associated with 1-standard deviation increases in the log-metabolite signals. Based on a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.15 or lower, 34 metabolites are identified as being associated with fatal prostate cancer. Notably, increased serum thioproline and the three cysteine-related amino acids combined (thioproline, cysteine and cystine) are associated with lower odds of fatal disease (OR=0.75 and 0.71, respectively; P≤8.2×10-5). In contrast, the serum dipeptide leucylglycine (OR=1.36, P=8.2×10-5), and three gamma-glutamyl amino acids, including gamma-glutamylvaline, gamma-glutamylglycine and gamma-glutamylleucine (OR=1.28-1.30, P≤4.6×10-4), are associated with increased fatal disease risk. Several other dipeptides including histidylalanine, valylglycine and leucylglutamine, as well as the nucleotides dihydroorotate, pseudouridine, 2'-O-methyluridine, 5,6-dihydrouridine and 5-methyluridine (ribothymidine), also have significant positive associations with fatal disease risk. Findings are not materially altered by adjustment for body mass index, smoking, serum total and HDL cholesterol, serum alpha-tocopherol and retinol, or the ATBC trial supplementation. Our results are also similar across strata of time from blood collection to prostate cancer death and age at blood collection. Gene-set analysis (GSA) reveals a significant peptide super-metabolic pathway association with lethal disease (P&amp;lt;0.0001), and the sub-pathways of dipeptides, pyrimidines (uracil containing), gamma-glutamyl amino acids, glycine/serine/threonine, n3 and n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino-sugars, androgenic steroids, dicarboxylate fatty acids, and endocannabinoids are similarly associated with fatal prostate cancer (FDRs ≤ 0.1). Our study demonstrates a serum risk profile up to two decades prior to death of prostate cancer that is characterized by multiple dysregulated biochemical metabolites of redox status and dipeptide, pyrimidine (uracil), and gamma-glutamyl amino acid metabolism. The findings represent novel leads related to the molecular basis of the etiology or subclinical course of fatal prostate cancer that warrant examination in other populations. Citation Format: Jiaqi Huang, Alison M. Mondul, Stephanie J. Weinstein, Andriy Derkach, Steven C. Moore, Joshua N. Sampson, Demetrius Albanes. Prospective serum metabolomic profiling of fatal prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3224.

Cold-pressed minke whale oil reduces circulating LDL/VLDL-cholesterol, lipid oxidation and atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a Western-type diet for 13\xa0weeks

BackgroundLong-chain n3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n3-PUFA) are well known for their anti-inflammatory activity and their impact on cardiovascular disease. Cold-pressed whale oil (CWO) has half the amount of LC n3-PUFA compared to cod liver oil (CLO). Still, there has been observed more pronounced beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease markers from intake of CWO compared to intake of CLO in human intervention studies. Extracts from CWO deprived of fatty acids have also been shown to display antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate whether intake of a high-fat Western-type diet (WD) supplemented with CWO would prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice.MethodsSeventy female ApoE−/− mice were fed a WD containing 1% CWO, CLO or corn oil (CO). Atherosclerotic lesion formation, body and tissue weights, hepatic gene expression together with serum levels of LDL/VLDL-cholesterol, ox-LDL, total antioxidant status and various serum cardiovascular disease/proinflammatory markers were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, and Shapiro-Wilk’s test was performed to determine the distribution of the variables. Statistical difference was assessed using One-Way ANOVA with Tukeys’ post hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis test. The hepatic relative gene expression was analysed with REST 2009 (V2.0.13).ResultsMice fed CWO had less atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch compared to mice fed CO. Levels of LDL/VLDL-cholesterol and ox-LDL-cholesterol were also markedly reduced whereas total antioxidant levels were enhanced in mice fed CWO compared to CO-fed mice. In addition, CWO-fed mice gained less weight and several hepatic genes involved in the cholesterol metabolism were up-regulated compared to CO-fed mice.ConclusionIn the present study mice fed a WD supplemented with 1% CWO had reduced formation of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch, reduced serum LDL/VLDL-cholesterol and ox-LDL-cholesterol, increased serum total antioxidant status and reduced body weight compared to mice fed a WD supplemented with 1% CO.

Interaction of Fads2 Genotype and Dietary Essential Fatty Acid Intake on Metabolic Risk in Mice

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play important roles in inflammation, cardiovascular, and metabolic function. However, controversy exists regarding effects of dietary PUFA intake on metabolic risk due to inconsistent results from studies in the literature. We hypothesized that some of this controversy results from variations in individuals' metabolism of dietary essential PUFAs, suggested by altered cardiometabolic risk profiles in populations with polymorphisms in a key PUFA metabolism gene, FADS2. To address this, we developed colonies of mice with global heterozygous knockout (low), wild‐type (WT; medium) or mild transgenic overexpression (high) of FADS2 expression. Mice were fed a standardized high‐fat (40% kcal) diet containing dietary essential PUFAs at ~7% kcals provided as mostly linoleic acid (18:2n6, LA; as corn oil; 57:1 n6:n3), α‐linolenic acid (18:3n3; as flax oil; 1:4 n6:n3) or a 50/50 blend of each providing 1:1 n6:n3 PUFAs. Effects on glucose tolerance were monitored over 4 months, followed by analysis of liver fat deposition and macrophage content. In mice with WT FADS2 expression, enrichment of a high‐fat diet with n6‐PUFA augmented glucose intolerance, weight gain, and hepatic inflammation; while n3‐PUFA tended to have the opposite effect. The same metabolic syndrome phenotype was augmented by high (transgenic) FADS2 overexpression and attenuated by low FADS2 (knockdown) expression compared to WT controls when dietary n3:n6 PUFA composition was balanced 1:1, demonstrating a potent influence of FADS2 expression on metabolic phenotype and hepatic inflammation. However, dietary imbalance of n3:n6 PUFA intake, either toward higher n3 or n6 PUFA intake, tended to mitigate the effect of higher or low FADS2 expression. Taken together, these results support a complex interaction of FADS2 expression and dietary PUFA intake on metabolic risk, prompting future study of FADS2 haplotypes as potentially relevant criteria for individualized dietary recommendations.Support or Funding InformationThis project is supported by AFRI Grant # 2014‐06594 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Embryonic and larval development and fatty-acid profile of Epinephelus marginatus spawned in captivity: tools applied to captive rearing.

Development, ontogeny of the digestive system and the fatty-acid (FA) profile, were analysed during development of Epinephelus marginatus. Larvae were analysed 7 and 17 days post fertilization (dpf) to evaluate fatty-acid profile and morphological variables, respectively. Epinephelus marginatus larvae have relatively slow development of digestive structures, but were able to capture, ingest and digest prey by 5 dpf. Eggs were composed of high percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in phospholipids. The percentage of n3 PUFAs was higher than n6, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which exhibited higher levels compared with other marine species during the first 3days of development, both in terms of phospholipids and triglycerides. The larvae present a high content of docosahexaenoic acid-eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA-EPA) and, during this phase, live food of small size was required (copepods or SS-strain Brachionus rotundiformes), enriched with DHA-EPA. These results may guide future studies on the contribution of FAs required during this stage of the life cycle of E. marginatus, to advance knowledge of the use of these FAs throughout ontogeny and contribute to the culture of this species commercial production or restocking.

Dietary Fatty Acids Differentially Regulate Secretion of Adiponectin and Interleukin-6 in Primary Canine Adipose Tissue Culture.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on canine adipose tissue secretion of adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Subcutaneous and omental visceral adipose tissue samples were collected from 16 healthy intact female dogs. Concentrations of adiponectin were measured in mature adipocyte cultures, and concentrations of IL6 and TNFα were measured in undifferentiated stromovascular cell (SVC) cultures following treatment with eicosapentaenic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), or palmitic acid (PAM, 16:0) at 25, 50, or 100 μM. Secretion of adiponectin from mature adipocytes was higher (p < 0.001) following EPA treatment at 50 μM compared to control in subcutaneous tissue, and higher following EPA treatment compared to PAM treatment at 25 μM in both subcutaneous (p < 0.001) and visceral tissues (p = 0.010). Secretion of IL6 from SVC derived from subcutaneous tissue was lower following EPA treatment and higher following PAM treatment compared to control both at 50 μM (p = 0.001 and p = 0.041, respectively) and 100 μM (p = 0.013 and p < 0.001, respectively). These findings of stimulation of adiponectin secretion and inhibition of IL6 secretion by EPA, and stimulation of IL6 secretion by PAM, are consistent with findings of increased circulating concentrations of adiponectin and decreased circulating concentration of IL6 in dogs supplemented with dietary fish oil, and show that the effect of fish oil on circulating concentrations of adiponectin and IL6 is, at least partially, the result of local effects of EPA and PAM on adipose tissue.

Genetic Polymorphisms in Fatty Acid Metabolism Modify the Association Between Dietary n3: n6 Intake and Risk of Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study.

High intake of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a decreased risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). However, results have been heterogeneous suggesting that genetic variations in PUFA metabolism may modify this risk. We conducted a case-control study nested within 2 prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II. Among women providing blood (n = 62,437) or buccal cells (n = 59,543) for genotyping, we confirmed new diagnoses of CD or UC. Dietary intake was assessed 4 years before diagnosis. Confirmed cases were matched 1:2 to controls. Subjects were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms at CYP4F3, FADS1, and FADS2 loci. Conditional logistic regression models examined the interaction between genotype, n3:n6 PUFA intake and risk of CD and UC. Our study included 101 CD and 139 UC patients matched to 495 controls. On multivariable analysis, high intake of n3:n6 PUFA (above median) demonstrated a trend toward reduced risk of UC (Odds ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-1.09, P = 0.11). High n3:n6 PUFA intake was associated with a reduced risk of UC in individuals with the GG/AG genotype at a single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP4F3 (OR 0.57, 95% CI, 0.32-0.99) but not those with the AA genotype (OR 0.95, 95% CI, 0.47-1.93) (P-interaction = 0.049). No gene-diet interactions were noted for CD. The association between dietary n3:n6 PUFA intake and risk of UC may be modified variants at CYP4F3. Further gene-environment studies of the association between diet and IBD risk are warranted.

Lipid Extracts from the Brains of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Induce Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells through the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and the Mitochondrial Pathway

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have verified the protective role of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in cancer. Fish brain lipids are rich in n3 PUFAs. However, the action and mechanism of their potent anticancer activities remain unclear. In this study, polar lipids (PLs) and neutral lipids (NLs) were isolated from the total lipids (TLs) of the silver carp brain, and the anticancer effects of the lipid fractions (LFs) were examined in a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The LFs effectively inhibited the cell proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by cell cycle arrest at the S stage and induction of apoptosis. Further analyses showed that the apoptotic effect of the LFs on MCF-7 cells was associated with the accumulation of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Among the TLs, PLs were more effective at causing breast cancer cell death than NLs. Our study showed that the LFs from silver carp brains may aid the prevention and treatment of human breast cancer.

Gene pathways associated with mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and telomere length are differentially expressed in the liver of rats fed lifelong on virgin olive, sunflower or fish oils

This study investigates the effect of lifelong intake of different fat sources rich in monounsaturated (virgin olive oil), n6 polyunsaturated (sunflower oil) or n3 polyunsaturated (fish oil) fatty acids in the aged liver. Male Wistar rats fed lifelong on diets differing in the fat source were killed at 6 and at 24 months of age. Liver histopathology, mitochondrial ultrastructure, biogenesis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial electron transport chain, relative telomere length and gene expression profiles were studied. Aging led to lipid accumulation in the liver. Virgin olive oil led to the lowest oxidation and ultrastructural alterations. Sunflower oil induced fibrosis, ultrastructural alterations and high oxidation. Fish oil intensified oxidation associated with age, lowered electron transport chain activity and enhanced the relative telomere length. Gene expression changes associated with age in animals fed virgin olive oil and fish oil were related mostly to mitochondrial function and oxidative stress pathways, followed by cell cycle and telomere length control. Sunflower oil avoided gene expression changes related to age. According to the results, virgin olive oil might be considered the dietary fat source that best preserves the liver during the aging process.

Effect of hydroxytyrosol, walnut and olive oil on nutritional profile of Low‐Fat Chicken Frankfurters

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroxytyrosol extract (HXT, 50 ppm), walnut paste (2.5 g/100 g) and extra olive oil (as substitute of animal fat, 20 g/100 g) on fatty acid profiles, mineral content and sensory analysis of chicken frankfurters. Low‐fat chicken sausages produced with olive oil as fat replacement, walnut and HXT extract remained stable without a significant loss of sensory attributes during storage at 4°C for 21 days. The sausages with HXT were found to decrease rancid odour, and the samples with walnut were darker, compared with control. Whereas positive correlations were established between rancid odour, saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and negative correlations were found between polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), rancid odour and thibarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS); no significant correlations were established between TBARS and MUFA. Sausages with walnut or olive oil contained significantly larger (P &lt; 0.05) percentages of minerals (K, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, P and Zn), MUFAs, and n3 PUFAs, mainly α‐linolenic acid, in addition to significantly lower amounts (P &lt; 0.05) of SFAs, mainly miristic, palmitic and stearic acid. They also contained a significantly lower n6/n3 PUFA ratio, atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (IT) and significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) PUFA ratio. In conclusion, walnut, HXT and olive oil can be applied in meat products as additives with functional properties.Practical applications: We designed a new functional meat product using fat replacers, healthy fatty acid source and natural antioxidant. We determine whether the inclusion of walnut is able to improve the fatty acid profile and mineral content of Frankfurters. We determine whether the inclusion of hydroxytyrosol as antioxidant is able to protect the fatty acid of Frankfurters from oxidation during its storage.. Olive oil, hydroxytyrosol and walnut have potential for meat industry as new ingredients during frankfurters manufacturing.Formulation of chicken frankfurters for the different experimental treatments.

Serum Fatty Acids, Desaturase Activities and Abdominal Obesity – A Population-Based Study of 60-Year Old Men and Women

Abdominal obesity is a key contributor of metabolic disease. Recent trials suggest that dietary fat quality affects abdominal fat content, where palmitic acid and linoleic acid influence abdominal obesity differently, while effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are less studied. Also, fatty acid desaturation may be altered in abdominal obesity. We aimed to investigate cross-sectional associations of serum fatty acids and desaturases with abdominal obesity prevalence in a population-based cohort study. Serum cholesteryl ester fatty acids composition was measured by gas chromatography in 60-year old men (n = 1883) and women (n = 2015). Cross-sectional associations of fatty acids with abdominal obesity prevalence and anthropometric measures (e.g., sagittal abdominal diameter) were evaluated in multivariable-adjusted logistic and linear regression models, respectively. Similar models were employed to investigate relations between desaturase activities (estimated by fatty acid ratios) and abdominal obesity. In logistic regression analyses, palmitic acid, stearoyl-CoA-desaturase and Δ6-desaturase indices were associated with abdominal obesity; multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for highest versus lowest quartiles were 1.45 (1.19–1.76), 4.06 (3.27–5.05), and 3.07 (2.51–3.75), respectively. Linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, docohexaenoic acid, and Δ5-desaturase were inversely associated with abdominal obesity; multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals): 0.39 (0.32–0.48), 0.74 (0.61–0.89), 0.76 (0.62–0.93), and 0.40 (0.33–0.49), respectively. Eicosapentaenoic acid was not associated with abdominal obesity. Similar results were obtained from linear regression models evaluating associations with different anthropometric measures. Sex-specific and linear associations were mainly observed for n3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, while associations of the other exposures were generally non-linear and similar across sexes. In accordance with findings from short-term trials, abdominal obesity was more common among individuals with relatively high proportions of palmitic acid, whilst the contrary was true for linoleic acid. Further trials should examine the potential role of linoleic acid and its main dietary source, vegetable oils, in abdominal obesity prevention.

The role of dietary fatty acid intake in inflammatory gene expression: a critical review.

Diet is an important modifiable factor involved in obesity-induced inflammation. We reviewed clinical trials that assessed the effect of consumption of different fatty acids on the expression of inflammation-related genes, such as cytokines, adipokines, chemokines and transcription factors. Narrative review study conducted at a research center. This was a review on the effect of fat intake on inflammatory gene expression in humans. Consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) was related to postprandial upregulation of genes associated with pro-inflammatory pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), in comparison with monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake. In addition, acute intake of a high-SFA meal also induced a postprandial pro-inflammatory response for several inflammatory genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Both high-MUFA and high-PUFA diets showed anti-inflammatory profiles, or at least a less pronounced pro-inflammatory response than did SFA consumption. However, the results concerning the best substitute for SFAs were divergent because of the large variability in doses of MUFA (20% to 72% of energy intake) and n3 PUFA (0.4 g to 23.7% of energy intake) used in interventions. The lipid profile of the diet can modulate the genes relating to postprandial and long-term inflammation in PBMCs and adipose tissue. Identifying the optimal fat profile for inflammatory control may be a promising approach for treating chronic diseases such as obesity.

α-Linolenic Acid Reduces TNF-Induced Apoptosis in C2C12 Myoblasts by Regulating Expression of Apoptotic Proteins.

Impaired regeneration and consequent muscle wasting is a major feature of muscle degenerative diseases. Nutritional interventions such as adjuvant strategy for preventing these conditions are recently gaining increasing attention. Ingestion of n3-polyunsaturated fatty acids has been suggested as having a positive impact on muscle diseases. We recently demonstrated that a diet enriched with plant derived n3-fatty acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA), exerts potent beneficial effects in preserving skeletal muscle regeneration in models of muscle dystrophy. To better elucidate the underlying mechanism we here investigate on the expression level of the anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins, as well as caspase-3 activity, in C2C12 myoblasts challenged with pathological levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF). The results demonstrated that ALA protective effect on C2C12 myoblasts was associated with a decrease in caspase-3 activity and an increase of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Indeed, the effect of ALA was directed to rescuing Bcl-2 expression and to revert Bax translocation to mitochondria both affected in an opposite way by TNF, a major pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in damaged skeletal muscle. Therefore, ALA counteracts inflammatory signals in the muscle microenvironment and may represent a valuable strategy for ameliorating skeletal muscle pathologies.

The effects of prenatal metformin on obesogenic diet-induced alterations in maternal and fetal fatty acid metabolism.

BackgroundMaternal obesity may program the fetus and increase the susceptibility of the offspring to adult diseases. Metformin crosses the placenta and has been associated with decreased inflammation and reversal of fatty liver in obese leptin-deficient mice. We investigated the effects of metformin on maternal and fetal lipid metabolism and hepatic inflammation using a rat model of diet-induced obesity during pregnancy.MethodsFemale Wistar rats (6–7 weeks old) were fed normal or high calorie diets for 5 weeks. After mating with normal-diet fed males, half of the high calorie-fed dams received metformin (300 mg/kg, daily); dams (8 per group) continued diets through gestational day 19. Maternal and fetal livers and fetal brains were analyzed for fatty acids and for fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc testing.ResultsWhen compared to control-lean maternal livers, obesogenic-diet-exposed maternal livers showed significantly higher saturated fatty acids (14:0 and 16:0) and monounsaturated fatty acids (16:1n7 and 18:1n9) and lower polyunsaturated (18:2n6 and 20:4n6 [arachidonic acid]) and anti-inflammatory n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:3n3 and 22:6n3 [docosahexaenoic acid]) (p < 0.05). Metformin did not affect diet-induced changes in maternal livers. Fetal livers exposed to the high calorie diet showed significantly increased saturated fatty acids (18:0) and monounsaturated fatty acids (18:1n9 and 18:1n7) and decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2n6, 20:4n6 and 22:6n3) and anti-inflammatory n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, along with increased gene expression of fatty acid metabolism markers (Fasn, D5d, D6d, Scd1, Lxrα). Metformin significantly attenuated diet-induced inflammation and 18:1n9 and 22:6n3 in fetal livers, as well as n3 fatty acids (p < 0.05). Prenatal obesogenic diet exposure significantly increased fetal liver IFNγ levels (p < 0.05), which was reversed by maternal metformin treatment (p < 0.05).ConclusionsConsumption of a high calorie diet significantly affected maternal and fetal fatty acid metabolism. It reduced anti-inflammatory polyunsaturated fatty acids in maternal and fetal livers, altered gene expression of fatty acid metabolism markers, and induced inflammation in the fetal livers. Prenatal metformin attenuated some diet-induced fatty acid changes and inflammation in the fetal livers without affecting maternal livers, suggesting that maternal metformin may impact fetal/neonatal fatty acid/lipid metabolism.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0115-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Association of Plasma Phospholipid n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Type 2 Diabetes: The EPIC-InterAct Case-Cohort Study.

BackgroundWhether and how n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) is debated. Objectively measured plasma PUFAs can help to clarify these associations.Methods and FindingsPlasma phospholipid PUFAs were measured by gas chromatography among 12,132 incident T2D cases and 15,919 subcohort participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct study across eight European countries. Country-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Prentice-weighted Cox regression and pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. We also systematically reviewed published prospective studies on circulating PUFAs and T2D risk and pooled the quantitative evidence for comparison with results from EPIC-InterAct. In EPIC-InterAct, among long-chain n-3 PUFAs, α-linolenic acid (ALA) was inversely associated with T2D (HR per standard deviation [SD] 0.93; 95% CI 0.88–0.98), but eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were not significantly associated. Among n-6 PUFAs, linoleic acid (LA) (0.80; 95% CI 0.77–0.83) and eicosadienoic acid (EDA) (0.89; 95% CI 0.85–0.94) were inversely related, and arachidonic acid (AA) was not significantly associated, while significant positive associations were observed with γ-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-GLA, docosatetraenoic acid (DTA), and docosapentaenoic acid (n6-DPA), with HRs between 1.13 to 1.46 per SD. These findings from EPIC-InterAct were broadly similar to comparative findings from summary estimates from up to nine studies including between 71 to 2,499 T2D cases. Limitations included potential residual confounding and the inability to distinguish between dietary and metabolic influences on plasma phospholipid PUFAs.ConclusionsThese large-scale findings suggest an important inverse association of circulating plant-origin n-3 PUFA (ALA) but no convincing association of marine-derived n3 PUFAs (EPA and DHA) with T2D. Moreover, they highlight that the most abundant n6-PUFA (LA) is inversely associated with T2D. The detection of associations with previously less well-investigated PUFAs points to the importance of considering individual fatty acids rather than focusing on fatty acid class.

Variation in proximate composition and fatty acid profiles of mud crab meat with regard to sex and body parts

Mud crabs are the most widely distributed and cultured group among portunid crabs. The meat yield, proximate composition and fatty acid profile of two species of mud crabs Scylla serrata and Scylla tranquebarica were compared with respect to gender and different body parts and the results showed significant differences (p&lt;0.05) in biochemical composition. Meat yield was higher in males, whereas females had higher protein content. The lowest moisture content (78.5%) was in the female body meat of both the species and the highest (83.85%) in male claw meat of S. serrata. Health beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content was found in the range of 28.81-42.66% with a higher n3 to n6 PUFA ratio of 1.34-5.28. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed higher n3 PUFA content in the claw meat of S. tranquebarica and body meat of S. serrata. The results throw light on the possibilities for both farmers as well as processors to judiciously select the species, gender and the meat source based on their compositional features in order to cater specifically to the market requirements.

Variation in proximate composition and fatty acid profiles of mud crab meat with regard to sex and body parts

Mud crabs are the most widely distributed and cultured group among portunid crabs. The meat yield, proximate composition and fatty acid profile of two species of mud crabs Scylla serrata and Scylla tranquebarica were compared with respect to gender and different body parts and the results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in biochemical composition. Meat yield was higher in males, whereas females had higher protein content. The lowest moisture content (78.5%) was in the female body meat of both the species and the highest (83.85%) in male claw meat of S. serrata . Health beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content was found in the range of 28.81-42.66% with a higher n3 to n6 PUFA ratio of 1.34-5.28. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed higher n3 PUFA content in the claw meat of S. tranquebarica and body meat of S. serrata . The results throw light on the possibilities for both farmers as well as processors to judiciously select the species, gender and the meat source based on their compositional features in order to cater specifically to the market requirements.