States Of N2 Research Articles

THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY IN THE NORTH EASTERN STATES OF INDIA

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) applies the direct method of measuring poverty using the Alkire and Foster (AF) approach. The study aims at analyzing the comparative study and trends of the multi-dimensional poverty among the north eastern states of India. The MPI value was continuing to be higher in Assam and Meghalaya over the decade (2005-06 to 2015-16). Vulnerability to poverty was estimated to be lower in Mizoram over the decade as compared to all India level. On the other hand, severity of poverty was higher in two states, Assam and Meghalaya as compared to the all India estimate (8.8%) between 2005-06 and 2015-16. In can be concluded Assam, a gateway to north east India, remains as multidimensionality poor as compared to all states of NE India. Vulnerability and severity of poverty are higher in Assam over the decades among the NE States. Thus, it is recommended for pro-poor strategy for Assam in health, education and standard of living to come out of multidimensional poverty. KEYWORDS: MPI, Assam, North East India, Vulnerability of poverty, severity of poverty

Six-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface and bound States for He-H2S complex

We present a new six-dimensional potential energy surface for He-H2S including the intramolecular Q1, Q2, and Q3 normal modes for the ν1 symmetric stretching, ν2 bending and ν3 asymmetric stretching of H2S. The potential was calculated at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles with noniterative inclusion of connected triples [CCSD(T)]-F12a level with augmented correlation-consistent polarized-valence triple-zeta (aug-cc-pVTZ) basis set plus the midpoint bond function (3s3p2d1f1g). Three vibrationally averaged potentials with H2S at the vibrational ground state ν1 as well as the excited states ν2 and ν3 were generated from the integration of the six-dimensional potential over the Q1, Q2 and Q3 coordinates. Each potential has a planar T-shaped global minimum, a planar local minimum, two inplane saddle points as well as an out-plane saddle point. The global minimum is located at R=3.46 Å, θ=109.9° and φ=0.0° with a well depth of 35.301 cm−1. The radial discrete variable representation/angular finite basis representation method and the Lanczos algorithm were employed to calculate the rovibrational energy levels. The calculated band origins are blue-shifted (0.025 cm−1 and 0.031 cm−1) and (0.041 cm−1 and 0.060 cm−1) for He-(para-H2S) and He-(ortho-H2S) in the ν2 and ν3 region of the H2S molecule, respectively.

Direct EPR detection of atomic nitrogen in an atmospheric nitrogen plasma jet.

In this study, an atmospheric nitrogen plasma jet generated by a custom-built micro-plasma device was analyzed at room temperature by continuous wave and pulse EPR spectroscopy in real time. Transiently formed nitrogen atoms were detected without the necessity to use spin-traps or other reagents for their stabilization. In contrast to results from optical emission spectroscopy, only signals from the 4S ground state of 14N and 15N could be detected. EPR data analysis revealed an isotropic g value of 1.9971 and isotropic hyperfine coupling constants of a(14N) = (10.47 ± 0.02) MHz and a(15N) = (14.69 ± 0.02) MHz. Moreover, lifetime and relaxation data could be determined; both are discussed in terms of spectral widths and actual concentrations of the transiently formed nitrogen species within the plasma jet. The data show that the lifetimes of atomic nitrogen and charged particles such as N+ must be different, and for the latter below the observation time window of EPR spectroscopy. We demonstrate that the real-time (pulsed) EPR technique is a fast and reliable alternative to detect atomic nitrogen in atmospheric pressure plasma jets. The method may be used for a continuous monitoring of the quality of plasma jets.

Organic agro tourism of Sikkim: An initiative for sustainable rural development, women empowerment and green environmental practices

Sikkim is the first state of India to bring a resolution in the state assembly to convert the state from the Inorganic system to an organic system of farming in the year 2003, which was formally declared as 100% Organic State in 2016. Other states later followed Sikkim and took a similar decision. Honble Chief Minister floated the idea of declaring NE states as Organic Zone and to request Govt. of India to include in the National policy for Agriculture. The age-old traditional system of farming practised by farmers of Sikkim is in no way different from the modern-day organic farming system. Organic farming is a practice being adopted by the farming community of the state for ages. But in due course of time when chemical fertilizers and pesticides came into use the supply of plant nutrients and control of diseases, the noble practice slowly started fading and chemicals took over in certain crops over a while. Still, the consumption of fertilizers and pesticides was very low as compared to other states of India and far below the national average. Many of the crops never encountered chemicals and have been growing at the strength of organic inputs. This had certainly made the organic movement easier. Now, when the entire world is concerned about the maintenance of the environment and ecology for better living, it is time for all of us to think about it seriously and support the cause. In this context, tourism and agriculture especially organic farming practices are sectors that best complement each other, and the interaction between them has pushed agro-tourism to the forefront. The primary locomotives of this type of tourism are Rural Areas. In this study, the importance of agro-tourism as a tool for rural empowerment and development model, especially, its role in alleviating the poverty of the concerned area is considered with a special focus on Sikkim's Organic Farming. The material for this study consists of the data that were gathered through questionnaires during the exploration and application stages of a project initiated in different Villages in the east district of India's first Organic State of Sikkim. In this study, it has been found that rural household standings are determined by their spouses’ educational levels and their household income. It has also been determined that rural folks are willing to participate in activities that would bring income, and in that sense, they would want their villages to be opened to tourism. The present study has shown that Sikkim carries great potential inapplicability of Organic agritourism and can be a torchbearer to other parts of India as well as the entire World.

Generating and sustaining long-lived spin states in 15N,15N\u2032-azobenzene

Long-Lived spin States (LLSs) hold a great promise for sustaining non-thermal spin order and investigating various slow processes by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Of special interest for such application are molecules containing nearly equivalent magnetic nuclei, which possess LLSs even at high magnetic fields. In this work, we report an LLS in trans-15N,15N′-azobenzene. The singlet state of the 15N spin pair exhibits a long-lived character. We solve the challenging problem of generating and detecting this LLS and further increase the LLS population by converting the much higher magnetization of protons into the 15N singlet spin order. As far as the longevity of this spin order is concerned, various schemes have been tested for sustaining the LLS. Lifetimes of 17 minutes have been achieved at 16.4 T, a value about 250 times longer than the longitudinal relaxation time of 15N in this magnetic field. We believe that such extended relaxation times, along with the photochromic properties of azobenzene, which changes conformation upon light irradiation and can be hyperpolarized by using parahydrogen, are promising for designing new experiments with photo-switchable long-lived hyperpolarization.

Coupled Reaction Channels and Cluster Folding Analysis for 3He+20Ne Elastic and Inelastic Scattering

The previously measured angular distributions for 3He elastically and inelastically scattered from 20Ne target at energies 33.4 and 68 MeV are reanalyzed using the microscopic coupled reaction channels (CRC) method, by taking into account simultaneously the 0+ (0.0 MeV), 2+ (1.63 MeV) and 4+ (4.25 MeV) rotational states of 20Ne. A new 3He + 20Ne interaction potential is constructed on the basis of cluster folding model and α + 16O cluster structure of 20Ne nucleus. The agreement between the experimental data and theoretical calculations is fairly good. The obtained β2 and β4 values are in a good agreement with previously reported values.

Reduced matrix elements for collisionally induced transitions of 12CH4

Reduced matrix elements (RMEs) for collisionally induced transitions are an important component of semi-classical line shape calculations. They give the quantum mechanical probability for a transition in the radiating molecule occurring due to a collision with one of the bath molecules. The RMEs for both the radiating and perturbing molecules are part of the quantum mechanical component of a semi-classical calculation. Evaluating the reduced matrix elements requires wavefunctions for the molecules in question. In this work, RMEs for ro-vibrational states of methane are evaluated using ab initio wavefunctions. These RMEs are compared with RMEs evaluated using a Hamiltonian model to the fourth order in the Td formalism. Comparisons are made for the ground and ν3 states, where the ν3 state is treated as an isolated state by an Effective Hamiltonian. The formulas for the reduced matrix elements are developed in both formalisms. The comparison shows good agreement for low angular momentum states, where the isolated state approximation should be valid. Using sum rules as a check of the RMEs revealed that all symmetry components of the wavefunctions are needed in a line shape calculation. Line shape parameters are evaluated using the ab initio RMEs for a number of ν3 transitions measured by Benner et al. [JQSRT 50, 65, 1993].

Doppler broadening in Mg20(βpγ)Ne19 decay

Background: The $^{15}$O($\alpha ,\gamma$)$^{19}$Ne bottleneck reaction in Type I x-ray bursts is the most important thermonuclear reaction rate to constrain experimentally, in order to improve the accuracy of burst light-curve simulations. A proposed technique to determine the thermonuclear rate of this reaction employs the $^{20}$Mg($\beta p\alpha$)$^{15}$O decay sequence. The key $^{15}$O($\alpha ,\gamma$)$^{19}$Ne resonance at an excitation of 4.03 MeV is now known to be fed in $^{20}$Mg($\beta p\gamma$)$^{19}$Ne; however, the energies of the protons feeding the 4.03 MeV state are unknown. Knowledge of the proton energies will facilitate future $^{20}$Mg($\beta p \alpha$)$^{15}$O measurements. Purpose: To determine the energy of the proton transition feeding the 4.03 MeV state in $^{19}$Ne. Method: A fast beam of $^{20}$Mg was implanted into a plastic scintillator, which was used to detect $\beta$ particles. 16 high purity germanium detectors were used to detect $\gamma$ rays emitted following $\beta p$ decay. A Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the Doppler broadening of $^{19}$Ne $\gamma$ rays and compare to the experimental data. Results: The center of mass energy between the proton and $^{19}$Ne, feeding the 4.03 MeV state, is measured to be 1.21${^{+0.25}_{-0.22}}$ MeV, corresponding to a $^{20}$Na excitation energy of 7.44${^{+0.25}_{-0.22}}$ MeV. Absolute feeding intensities and $\gamma$-decay branching ratios of $^{19}$Ne states were determined including the 1615 keV state. A new $\gamma$ decay branch from the 1536 keV state in $^{19}$Ne to the ground state is reported. The lifetime of the 1507 keV state in $^{19}$Ne is measured to be 4.3${^{+1.3}_{-1.1}}$ ps resolving discrepancies in the literature. Conflicting $^{20}$Mg($\beta p$) decay schemes in published literature are clarified.

Chalta (Dillenia indicaLinn.): an untouched fruit crop

Dillenia indica Linn. (syn. P. lanigerum; chalta in Bangla; Family Dilleniaceae) is an evergreen large shrub or small to medium-sized tree that grows all over the NE states, especially Tripura and Bangladesh. Named after Johann Jacob Dillenius, a German botanist, Dillenia is a genus of about 100 species of flowering plants in tropical and subtropical trees of southern Asia, Australasia, and the Indian Ocean Islands. However, up to now, only eight Dillenia species have been reported to be used traditionally for different medical purposes including treatment of cancerous growth. Medicinal properties of the fruit juices of D. indica are manifold, as a cooling beverage to treat fever and to relieve fatigue. Although mainly a source of food for elephants and monkeys, the ripped fruits are taken orally to increase appetite and overcome weakness, as laxative and medication for abdominal pain. Native communities in Mizoram, India, have used the fruits of the plant as a remedy for jaundice. All the plant parts viz., leaves, bark, fruit, fruit peel, etc. all have proven medicinal properties against most of the common ailments including anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties. Some of the major compounds with medicinal and nutritive value are lupeol, betulinaldehyde, betulinic acid and stigmasterol.

A CsI(Tl) detector array for the measurement of light charged particles in heavy-ion reactions

An array of eight CsI(Tl) detectors has been set up to measure the light charged particles in nuclear reactions using heavy ions from the Pelletron Linac Facility, Mumbai. The energy response of CsI(Tl) detector to α-particles from 5 to 40 MeV is measured using radioactive sources and the 12C(12C, α) reaction populating discrete states in 20Ne. The energy non-linearity and the count rate effect on the pulse shape discrimination property have also been measured and observed the deterioration of pulse shape discrimination with higher count rate.

The Role of $^{20}$Ne States in the $^{19}$F($p,\alpha )^{16}$O Reaction Cross Section at Low Energy

The Role of $^{20}$Ne States in the $^{19}$F($p,\alpha )^{16}$O Reaction Cross Section at Low Energy

Extended measurements and an experimental accuracy effective Hamiltonian model for the 3ν2 and ν4+ν2 states of ammonia

The infrared spectrum of ammonia has proven to be highly problematic for effective Hamiltonian analysis. The most complete previous study of the 3ν2 and ν4+ν2 bands achieved the accuracy of 0.0069 cm−1 as reflected by the root-mean-square error of their fit, which is slightly more than 10 times the experimental accuracy. In the present study, we performed a global fit of the existing 2141 literature data involving 3ν2, ν4+ν2, 3ν2-ν2, (ν4+ν2)-ν2 together with 1281 new data involving 3ν2-2ν2, 3ν2-3ν2 and (ν4+ν2)-(ν4+ν2) using an effective Hamiltonian together with the Pickett suite of program SPFIT/SPCAT. The new dataset consists of three spectra recorded at the SOLEIL synchrotron facility. The effective Hamiltonian model proposed for 3ν2/ν4+ν2 has achieved experimental accuracy. This success combined with our previous success of the 2ν2/ν4 analysis leads us to believe that the vibrational states higher than 3ν2/ν2+ν4 may be analyzed with effective Hamiltonians as well.

Equation of state of solid Ne inter-calibrated with the MgO, Au, Pt, NaCl-B2, and ruby pressure scales up to 130 GPa

ABSTRACTWe measured the unit-cell volume of thermally annealed solid Ne at 30–130 GPa, which is loaded together with MgO and Pt or Au in diamond-anvil cells. Laser annealing significantly reduced the deviatoric stress and the data scatter. We fit our data to the 3rd-order Birch–Murnaghan and Vinet equations of state (EOS) with the MgO pressure scale from [Ye Y, Prakapenka V, Meng Y, Shim SH. J Geophys Res. 2017;122:3450] (hereafter MgO-Y17 scale). In order to make consistent comparison, we converted the pressures of the reported datasets for isothermal compression on Ne, so that they are consistent with the MgO-Y17 scale. The discrepancy among different datasets reduces significantly after pressure conversion. We also identified the internally consistent EOSs of Ne, MgO, Pt, Au and NaCl-B2, together with the ruby scale. Our findings contribute to internally consistent comparison of different experimental datasets on the pressure-dependent behaviors of materials.

Unitary coupled-cluster based self-consistent polarization propagator theory: A third-order formulation and pilot applications.

In this article, the development of a third-order self-consistent polarization propagator method based on unitary coupled-cluster (UCC) parametrization of the ground-state wavefunction and the excitation manifold comprising unitary-transformed excitation operators, hereafter referred to as UCC3, is reported. The UCC3 method is designed to provide excitation energies correct up to the third order for excited states dominated by single excitations. An expansion for the UCC transformed Hamiltonian involving Bernoulli numbers as expansion coefficients is adopted in the derivation of UCC3 working equations. Interestingly, UCC-based polarization propagator theory offers an alternative derivation for the strict version of the third-order algebraic diagrammatic construction [ADC(3)-s] method. The UCC3 results for the excitation energies of excited states in H2O, HF, N2, Ne, CH2, BH, and C2 molecules are compared with benchmark full configuration interaction values as well as ADC(3) and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles results to demonstrate the accuracy of the UCC3 method. UCC-based self-consistent polarization propagator theory appears to be a promising framework for developing non-perturbative hermitian formulations for treating electronically excited states.

Auger decay including direct double processes of K-shell hollow states of Ne+ and the related hypersatellite radiative transitions

In this study, we theoretically investigated single and double Auger decay processes from the K−2V (V = 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p, 4d) hollow states of Ne+ in the framework of the first- and second-order perturbation theory implemented by the distorted wave approximation. The direct double Auger decay rates were calculated based on the separation of knock-out and shake-off mechanisms. Atomic data, including the transition energy, single and double Auger decay rates and natural lifetime width, are obtained and compared with the experimental and theoretical results available in the literature. The natural lifetime widths of the K−2V hollow states, including the contributions from single and direct double Auger decay, are in excellent agreement with a recent experiment. Using our theoretical results, we diagnosed the relative population fractions of the initial quantum states prepared in the experiment and interpreted the measured Auger spectra. There is an excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental results. Finally, the hypersatellite Kα radiative transitions relevant to these hollow states were investigated using the natural lifetime widths determined by single and direct double Auger rates.

Rovibrational laser jet-cooled spectroscopy of the NH3–Ar complex in the ν2 umbrella region of NH3: comparison between new infrared data and an ab initio calculated spectrum

ABSTRACTFive ortho and para bands of the ν2 umbrella mode of the NH3–Ar van der Waals complex have been recorded at high resolution using jet-cooled infrared laser spectroscopy. A rovibrational analysis provides accurate band centres and upper state rotational constants for the Πs(j = 1,k = 0) ← Σa(j,k = 0) and Σs(j = 1,k = 0) ← Σa(j,k = 0) ortho bands. The puzzling para bands observed in the region of the lower and upper components of the inversion splitting doublet have been assigned by comparison with rovibrational and tunnelling levels and transitions calculated ab initio. The latter calculations are based on the four-dimensional potential energy surface reported by Loreau et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 141, 224303 (2014)], which takes explicitly into account the umbrella motion of the ammonia molecule. The very good agreement found between Πs/a,lower(j = 1,k = 1) ← Σa(j = 1,k = 1) and Πs/a,upper(j = 1,k = 1) ← Σs(j = 1,k = 1) experimental and calculated transitions has been exploited to determine precisely two different inversion splittings in the ν2 state (32.003(1) and 36.008(1) cm−1) from extrapolated Q(0) line frequencies and to obtain a qualitative picture of Coriolis couplings present in both the ν2 = 0 and ν2 = 1 states.

A tripolar-electrode ionization gas sensor using a carbon nanotube cathode for NO detection

Nitric oxide accounts for more than 95% of the total NOX emission from power plants, which is a major air pollutant. Therefore, it is imperative to accurately detect NO for environmental protection. A tripolar-electrode ionization sensor with a carbon nanotube (CNT) cathode is proposed for NO detection. The non-self-sustaining discharge state and the tripolar-electrode configuration ensures a long nanotube life, which ensures a good stability and fast response of the sensor. Experimental results demonstrate that the tripolar-electrode ionization sensor with 120 µm separations has an intrinsic monotonously decreasing response to NO and exhibits a fast response time of 7 s and recovery time of 8 s. More consumption of the two metastable states N2(A3 ∑ u+) and N2(aʹ1 ∑ u+) of N2 with the increasing of NO concentration is responsible for this. The tripolar-electrode ionization sensor also shows excellent long-term stability of at least one month due to the long CNT life. In addition, the weak effect of SO2 introduction on NO response indicates a good selectivity of the sensor to NO.

Equation of motion approach for describing allowed transitions in Ne and Al3+ under classical and quantum plasmas

The equation of motion coupled cluster methodology within relativistic framework has been applied to analyze the electron correlation effects on the low lying dipole allowed excited states of Ne and Al3+ under classical and quantum plasma environments. The effect of confinement due to classical plasma has been incorporated through screened Coulomb potential, while that of quantum plasma has been treated by exponential cosine screened Coulomb potential. The confined structural properties investigated are the depression of ionization potential, low lying excitation energies (dipole allowed), oscillator strengths, transition probabilities, and frequency dependent polarizabilities under systematic variation of the plasma-atom coupling strength determined through the screening parameter. Specific atomic systems are chosen for their astrophysical importance and availability of experimental data related to laboratory plasma with special reference to Al3+ ion. Here, we consider 1s22s22p6(1S0)→1s22s22p5 ns/nd (1P1) (n=3,4) dipole allowed transitions of Ne and Al3+. Results for the free (isolated) atomic systems agree well with those available in the literature. Spectroscopic properties under confinement show systematic and interesting pattern with respect to plasma screening parameter.

Infrared spectroscopy of the ν1 + ν4 and 3ν4 bands of the nitrate radical

High-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectra of the ν1 + ν4 and 3ν4 bands of 14NO3 were observed in the 1414 and 1174 cm−1 regions, respectively, and the corresponding ones of 15NO3 in the 1407 and 1159 cm−1 regions, respectively, and analyzed as E′-A2′ bands. The rotational constants of the upper states of 14NO3 are determined to be 0.457584 and 0.46089 cm−1 for ν1 + ν4 and 3ν4, respectively, consistent with the vibrational assignment. Effective Coriolis coupling constants of the ground electronic state are partly explained by vibronic interaction from the B2E′ state, and a large change (37% decrease) in the value of the ν1 + ν4 state compared with that of the ν4 state is attributed to a mixing with the ν3 + ν4 state (1492 cm−1) through vibrational anharmonicity.

High resolution FTIR spectroscopy of fluoroform 12CHF3 and critical analysis of the infrared spectrum from 25 to 1500 cm−1

ABSTRACTWe report high-resolution ( 0.001 cm−1) Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of fluoroform (CHF3) including the pure rotational (far infrared or THz) range (28–65 cm−1), the ν3 fundamental ( = 700.099 cm−1), as well as the associated “hot’ band 2ν3 − ν3 ( = 699.295 cm−1) and the ‘atmospheric window’ range 1100–1250 cm−1 containing the strongly coupled polyad of the levels ν2, ν5 and ν3 + ν6, at room temperature and at 120 K using the collisional cooling cell coupled to our Bruker IFS 125 HR prototype (ZP2001) spectrometer and Bruker IFS 125 HR ETH-SLS prototype at the Swiss Light Source providing intense synchrotron radiation. The pure rotational spectra provide new information about the vibrational ground state of CHF3, which is useful for further analysis of excited vibrational states. The ν3 fundamental band is re-investigated together with the corresponding ‘hot’ band 2ν3 − ν3 leading to an extension of the existing line lists up to 4430 transitions with = 66 for ν3 and 1040 transitions with = 43 for 2ν3 − ν3. About 6000 transitions were assigned to rovibrational levels in the polyad ν2/ν5/ν3 + ν6 with = 63 for ν2 ( = 1141.457 cm−1), = 63 for ν5 ( = 1157.335 cm−1) and = 59 for ν3 + ν6 ( = 1208.771 cm−1)( = in each case). The resonance interactions between the ν2, ν5 and ν3 + ν6 states have been taken into account providing an accurate set of effective hamiltonian parameters, which reproduce the experimental results with an accuracy close to the experimental uncertainties (with a root mean square deviation drms = 0.00025 cm−1). The analysis is further extended to the ν4 fundamental ( = 1377.847 cm−1) interacting with 2ν3 ( = 1399.394 cm−1). The results are discussed in relation to the importance of understanding the spectra of CHF3 as a greenhouse gas and as part of our large effort to measure and understand the complete spectrum of CHF3 from the far-infrared to the near-infrared as a prototype for intramolecular quantum dynamics and rovibrational energy redistribution.